Nutritional values of
\r\n\tA quark exhibits confinement, which means that the quarks are not observed independently but always in combination with other quarks. This makes determining the properties (mass, spin, and parity) impossible to measure directly; these traits must be inferred from the particles composed of them. There are six flavors of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. The flavor of the quark determines its properties.
\r\n\tThere are three generations of quarks, based on pairs of weak positive/negative, weak isospin. The first generation quarks are up and down quarks, the second-generation quarks are strange and charm quarks, the third generation quarks are top and bottom quarks. The up and down quarks make up protons and neutrons, seen in the nucleus of ordinary matter. They are the lightest and most stable. The heavier quarks are produced in high-energy collisions and rapidly decay into up and down quarks.
\r\n\tThe baryons and mesons known at the time fell into symmetric families of multiplets (octuplets, decuplets) sharing two identical quantum numbers (spin and parity), but differing in an ordered way in others (mass, charge, baryon number and strangeness). The mathematical group to fit this complex situation-SU3, the symmetric, unitary group of dimension 3-was proposed independently by Gell-Mann and Ne'eman. The validity of SU3 was demonstrated by the experiment. A major prediction was that a particle (the omega-minus), an isotopic singlet with spin = 3/2, positive parity, mass of roughly 1,680 MeV, negative charge, baryon number +1, strangeness = -3, and stable to strong decay, should exist to complete the 3/2+ baryon decuplet. It was therefore a major triumph for the scheme when the omega-minus, a baryon with the precise mass, charge, and strangeness predicted, was discovered in 1964. All these facts introduced a quark idea fully into modern physics.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-313-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-312-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-314-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d9403b5c874f6e63b0686cd7c432e00",bookSignature:"Prof. Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10205.jpg",keywords:"Chiral Symmetries, Weak Interactions, Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay, Deep Inelastic Scattering, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), Color Confinement, Quarks Mixing, Cabibbo Angle, Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix, Quarks Multiplets, CP-Nonconservation, Neutrino Oscillation",numberOfDownloads:81,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 6th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 8th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 7th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 25th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 26th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"The designer of the 2nd level trigger for the fluorescence detector and the designer of the 1st level trigger and the Front-End Boards for the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"67836",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Szadkowski",slug:"zbigniew-piotr-szadkowski",fullName:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67836/images/system/67836.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Szadkowski completed his Ph.D. with a thesis 'Quarks mixing in chiral symmetries SU4 x SU4 and SU6 x SU6”. Habilitation: „Triggers in the Pierre Auger Observatory: Designs, Implementation and the Impact on the Experimental Results”.\r\nDevelopment of the FPGA-based 2nd level trigger for 24 fluorescence detectors and 1st level trigger for 1660 surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory, FPGA based filters suppressing radio-frequency interferences (RFI) in radio detector of Auger Engineering Radio Array, FPGA based triggers for the Auger surface detectors dedicated for a recognition of very inclined EAS induced by 'old” proton showers or 'young” neutrino showers.\r\nDr. Szadkowski has worked as a research scientist in Michigan Technological University, Associate Professor in College de France, Senior Wissenschaftler, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, and currently is working as the head of the Department of High-Energy Astrophysics and as an Associate Professor at the University of Łódź.",institutionString:"University of Łódź",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Łódź",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:[{id:"76271",title:"Double Pole Method in QCD Sum Rules for Vector Mesons",slug:"double-pole-method-in-qcd-sum-rules-for-vector-mesons",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,authors:[null]},{id:"73971",title:"The Inter-Nucleon Up-to-Down Quark Bond and its Implications for Nuclear Binding",slug:"the-inter-nucleon-up-to-down-quark-bond-and-its-implications-for-nuclear-binding",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6768",title:"Cosmic Rays",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1578350f18d0bc3abfbcf62278630739",slug:"cosmic-rays",bookSignature:"Zbigniew Szadkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6768.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67836",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew Piotr",surname:"Szadkowski",slug:"zbigniew-piotr-szadkowski",fullName:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"28747",title:"Colorectal Cancer and Alcohol",doi:"10.5772/22297",slug:"colorectal-cancer-alcohol",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/28747.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/28747",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/28747",totalDownloads:1934,totalViews:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 18th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 5th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 17th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/28747",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/28747",book:{slug:"colorectal-cancer-from-prevention-to-patient-care"},signatures:"Seitz K. Helmut and Homann Nils",authors:[{id:"47132",title:"Prof.",name:"Helmut",middleName:"K.",surname:"Seitz",fullName:"Helmut Seitz",slug:"helmut-seitz",email:"helmut_karl.seitz@urz.uni-heidelberg.de",position:null,institution:null},{id:"53219",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils",middleName:null,surname:"Homann",fullName:"Nils Homann",slug:"nils-homann",email:"nils.homann@klinikum.wolfsburg.de",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2031",title:"Colorectal Cancer",subtitle:"From Prevention to Patient Care",fullTitle:"Colorectal Cancer - From Prevention to Patient Care",slug:"colorectal-cancer-from-prevention-to-patient-care",publishedDate:"February 17th 2012",bookSignature:"Rajunor Ettarh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2031.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0028-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6808-9",editors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",middleName:null,surname:"Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28738",title:"Tumor Engineering: Finding the Brakes",slug:"tumor-engineering-finding-the-brakes",totalDownloads:1481,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rajunor Ettarh",authors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",middleName:null,surname:"Ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh"}]},{id:"28739",title:"Colorectal Carcinoma in the Young",slug:"colorectal-carcinoma-in-the-young",totalDownloads:2092,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Shahana Gupta and Anadi Nath Acharya",authors:[{id:"73394",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahana",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Shahana Gupta",slug:"shahana-gupta"},{id:"81645",title:"Dr.",name:"Anadi Nath",middleName:null,surname:"Acharya",fullName:"Anadi Nath Acharya",slug:"anadi-nath-acharya"}]},{id:"28740",title:"Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Population Screening Tests",slug:"early-detection-of-colorectal-cancer-and-population-screening-tests",totalDownloads:1747,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Christos Lionis and Elena Petelos",authors:[{id:"69985",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",middleName:null,surname:"Lionis",fullName:"Christos Lionis",slug:"christos-lionis"}]},{id:"28741",title:"Turning Intention Into Behaviour: The Effect of Providing Cues to Action on Participation Rates for Colorectal Cancer Screening",slug:"turning-intention-into-behaviour-the-effect-of-providing-cues-to-action-on-participation-rates-for-c",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ingrid Flight, Carlene Wilson and Jane McGillivray",authors:[{id:"70870",title:"Ms.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Flight",fullName:"Ingrid Flight",slug:"ingrid-flight"},{id:"81338",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlene",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",fullName:"Carlene Wilson",slug:"carlene-wilson"},{id:"81340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",middleName:"Anne",surname:"McGillivray",fullName:"Jane McGillivray",slug:"jane-mcgillivray"}]},{id:"28742",title:"Psychological Impact and Associated Factors After Disclosure of Genetic Test Results Concerning Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer",slug:"psychological-impact-and-associated-factors-after-disclosure-of-genetic-test-results-concerning-here",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hitoshi Okamura",authors:[{id:"75691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Okamura",fullName:"Hitoshi Okamura",slug:"hitoshi-okamura"}]},{id:"28743",title:"Physical Activity, Dietary Fat and Colorectal Cancer",slug:"physical-activity-dietary-fat-and-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1324,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martina Perše",authors:[{id:"70255",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Perse",fullName:"Martina Perse",slug:"martina-perse"}]},{id:"28744",title:"Dietary Anthocyanins: Impact on Colorectal Cancer and Mechanisms of Action",slug:"dietary-anthocyanins-impact-on-colorectal-cancer-and-mechanisms-of-action",totalDownloads:3169,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Federica Tramer, Spela Moze, Ayokunle O. Ademosun, Sabina Passamonti and Jovana Cvorovic",authors:[{id:"71074",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabina",middleName:null,surname:"Passamonti",fullName:"Sabina Passamonti",slug:"sabina-passamonti"},{id:"126535",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovana",middleName:null,surname:"Cvorovic",fullName:"Jovana Cvorovic",slug:"jovana-cvorovic"}]},{id:"28745",title:"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Ulcerative Colitis and Cancer Prevention",slug:"can-pufa-rich-diets-improve-ulcerative-colitis-and-prevent-the-colorectal-cancer-",totalDownloads:1678,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karina Vieira de Barros, Ana Paula Cassulino and Vera Lucia Flor Silveira",authors:[{id:"75651",title:"Prof.",name:"Vera",middleName:"Lucia",surname:"Flor Silveira",fullName:"Vera Flor Silveira",slug:"vera-flor-silveira"},{id:"81833",title:"MSc.",name:"Karina",middleName:null,surname:"Barros Munhoz",fullName:"Karina Barros Munhoz",slug:"karina-barros-munhoz"},{id:"123304",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Cassulino",fullName:"Ana Paula Cassulino",slug:"ana-paula-cassulino"}]},{id:"28746",title:"The Molecular Genetic Events in Colorectal Cancer and Diet",slug:"diet-and-the-molecular-genetic-changes-of-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1518,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adam Naguib, Laura J Gay,\r\nPanagiota N. Mitrou and Mark J. Arends",authors:[{id:"77511",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:"J",surname:"Arends",fullName:"Mark Arends",slug:"mark-arends"},{id:"77514",title:"Dr",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"Naguib",fullName:"Adam Naguib",slug:"adam-naguib"},{id:"77515",title:"Dr",name:"Laura",middleName:"J",surname:"Gay",fullName:"Laura Gay",slug:"laura-gay"},{id:"77518",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiota",middleName:null,surname:"Mitrou",fullName:"Panagiota Mitrou",slug:"panagiota-mitrou"}]},{id:"28747",title:"Colorectal Cancer and Alcohol",slug:"colorectal-cancer-alcohol",totalDownloads:1934,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seitz K. Helmut and Homann Nils",authors:[{id:"47132",title:"Prof.",name:"Helmut",middleName:"K.",surname:"Seitz",fullName:"Helmut Seitz",slug:"helmut-seitz"},{id:"53219",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils",middleName:null,surname:"Homann",fullName:"Nils Homann",slug:"nils-homann"}]},{id:"28748",title:"Effects of Dietary Counseling on Patients with Colorectal Cancer",slug:"effects-of-dietary-counseling-on-patients-with-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:2147,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Renata Dobrila-Dintinjana, Dragan Trivanović, Marijan Dintinjana, Jelena Vukelic and Nenad Vanis",authors:[{id:"73706",title:"Prof.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrila-Dintinjana",fullName:"Renata Dobrila-Dintinjana",slug:"renata-dobrila-dintinjana"},{id:"86893",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:null,surname:"Trivanović",fullName:"Dragan Trivanović",slug:"dragan-trivanovic"},{id:"86895",title:"Dr.",name:"Marijan",middleName:null,surname:"Dintinjana",fullName:"Marijan Dintinjana",slug:"marijan-dintinjana"},{id:"126193",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Vukelic",fullName:"Jelena Vukelic",slug:"jelena-vukelic"},{id:"149359",title:"Dr.",name:"Nenad",middleName:null,surname:"Vanis",fullName:"Nenad Vanis",slug:"nenad-vanis"}]},{id:"28749",title:"Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"therapeutic-targets-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:1388,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rajunor Ettarh, Alvise Calamai and Anthony Cullen",authors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",middleName:null,surname:"Ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh"},{id:"81155",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvise",middleName:null,surname:"Calamai",fullName:"Alvise Calamai",slug:"alvise-calamai"},{id:"82952",title:"Mr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Cullen",fullName:"Anthony Cullen",slug:"anthony-cullen"}]},{id:"28750",title:"Anti-EGFR Treatment in Patients with Colorectal Cancer",slug:"anti-egfr-treatment-of-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:2648,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Camilla Qvortrup and Per Pfeiffer",authors:[{id:"80726",title:"Dr",name:"Camilla",middleName:null,surname:"Qvortrup",fullName:"Camilla Qvortrup",slug:"camilla-qvortrup"},{id:"80730",title:"Dr.",name:"Per",middleName:null,surname:"Pfeiffer",fullName:"Per Pfeiffer",slug:"per-pfeiffer"}]},{id:"28751",title:"Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics of Colorectal Cancer: Moving Towards Personalized Medicine",slug:"pharmacogenetics-pharmacogenomics-of-colorectal-cancer-moving-towards-personalized-medicine",totalDownloads:2451,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joseph Ciccolini, Fréderic Fina, L’Houcine Ouafik and Bruno Lacarelle",authors:[{id:"74017",title:"Dr",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Ciccolini",fullName:"Joseph Ciccolini",slug:"joseph-ciccolini"},{id:"79935",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Lacarelle",fullName:"Bruno Lacarelle",slug:"bruno-lacarelle"},{id:"126858",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Fina",fullName:"Frédéric Fina",slug:"frederic-fina"},{id:"126860",title:"Dr.",name:"LHoucine",middleName:null,surname:"Ouafik",fullName:"LHoucine Ouafik",slug:"lhoucine-ouafik"}]},{id:"28752",title:"Animal Models of Colorectal Cancer in Chemoprevention and Therapeutics Development",slug:"animal-models-of-colorectal-cancer-in-chemoprevention-and-therapeutics-development",totalDownloads:3774,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Shubhankar Suman, Albert J. Fornace Jr. and Kamal Datta",authors:[{id:"74075",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Datta",fullName:"Kamal Datta",slug:"kamal-datta"},{id:"121217",title:"Dr.",name:"Shubhankar",middleName:null,surname:"Suman",fullName:"Shubhankar Suman",slug:"shubhankar-suman"},{id:"121218",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Fornace",fullName:"Albert Fornace",slug:"albert-fornace"}]},{id:"28753",title:"The Stem Cell Environment: Kinetics, Signaling and Markers",slug:"the-significance-of-stem-cell-for-rectal-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:1510,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"George D. Wilson and Bryan J. Thibodeau",authors:[{id:"72804",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",fullName:"George Wilson",slug:"george-wilson"}]},{id:"28754",title:"Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment for Colorectal Cancer",slug:"endoscopic-diagnosis-and-treatment-for-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:10955,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroyuki Kato, Teruhiko Sakamoto, Hiroko Otsuka, Rieko Yamada and Kiyo Watanabe",authors:[{id:"70877",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kato",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kato",slug:"hiroyuki-kato"}]},{id:"28755",title:"Peri-Operative Care in Colorectal Surgery in the Twenty-First Century",slug:"peri-operative-colorectal-surgical-care-in-the-twenty-first-century",totalDownloads:2344,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ned Abraham",authors:[{id:"77014",title:"Prof.",name:"Ned",middleName:"S",surname:"Abraham",fullName:"Ned Abraham",slug:"ned-abraham"}]},{id:"28756",title:"Follow Up and Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer",slug:"follow-up-and-recurrence-of-colorectal-cancer-",totalDownloads:5064,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miroslav Levy",authors:[{id:"77208",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Levy",fullName:"Miroslav Levy",slug:"miroslav-levy"}]},{id:"28757",title:"Panitumumab for the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer",slug:"panitumumab-for-the-treatment-of-metastatic-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:2385,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Béla Pikó, Ali Bassam, Enikő Török, Henriette Ócsai and Farkas Sükösd",authors:[{id:"69962",title:"Dr.",name:"Béla",middleName:null,surname:"Pikó",fullName:"Béla Pikó",slug:"bela-piko"},{id:"80745",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Bassam",fullName:"Ali Bassam",slug:"ali-bassam"}]},{id:"28758",title:"Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastases",slug:"resection-of-colorectal-liver-metastases",totalDownloads:1695,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Kostov and Georgi Kobakov",authors:[{id:"74015",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Kostov",fullName:"Daniel Kostov",slug:"daniel-kostov"},{id:"74029",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobakov",fullName:"Georgi Kobakov",slug:"georgi-kobakov"}]},{id:"28759",title:"Experimental Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis",slug:"experimental-colorectal-cancer-liver-metastasis",totalDownloads:1659,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rania B. Georges, Hassan Adwan and Martin R. Berger",authors:[{id:"72759",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Berger",fullName:"Martin Berger",slug:"martin-berger"},{id:"72948",title:"Dr.",name:"Rania",middleName:null,surname:"Georges",fullName:"Rania Georges",slug:"rania-georges"},{id:"72949",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Adwan",fullName:"Hassan Adwan",slug:"hassan-adwan"}]},{id:"28760",title:"Risk Factors for Wound Infection After Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: A Matched Case – Control Study",slug:"risk-factors-for-wound-infection-after-surgery-for-colorectal-cancer-a-matched-case-control-study",totalDownloads:2560,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Takatoshi Nakamura and Masahiko Watanabe",authors:[{id:"69637",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",fullName:"Masahiko Watanabe",slug:"masahiko-watanabe"}]},{id:"28761",title:"Modelling and Inference in Screening: Exemplification with the Faecal Occult Blood Test",slug:"probability-modeling-and-inference-in-colorectal-cancer-screening-exemplification-with-the-fecal-occ",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dongfeng Wu and Adriana Pérez",authors:[{id:"79813",title:"Prof.",name:"Dongfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Dongfeng Wu",slug:"dongfeng-wu"},{id:"81119",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",fullName:"Adriana Perez",slug:"adriana-perez"}]},{id:"28762",title:"Dietary Risks: Folate, Alcohol and Gene Polymorphisms",slug:"dietary-risks-folate-alcohol-and-gene-polymorphisms",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zi-Yuan Zhou, Keitaro Matsuo, Wen-Chang Wang, Huan Yang, Kazuo Tajima and Jia Cao",authors:[{id:"79534",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Jia Cao",slug:"jia-cao"},{id:"80207",title:"Dr.",name:"Ziyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Ziyuan Zhou",slug:"ziyuan-zhou"},{id:"80211",title:"Dr.",name:"Keitaro",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuo",fullName:"Keitaro Matsuo",slug:"keitaro-matsuo"},{id:"80214",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Tajima",fullName:"Kazuo Tajima",slug:"kazuo-tajima"},{id:"80217",title:"MSc.",name:"WenChang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"WenChang Wang",slug:"wenchang-wang"},{id:"80222",title:"Dr.",name:"Huan",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Huan Yang",slug:"huan-yang"}]},{id:"28763",title:"The Prognostic Significance of Number of Lymph Node Metastasis in Colon Cancer – Based on Japanese Techniques of Resection and Handling of Resected Specimens",slug:"prognostic-relationship-between-colon-cancer-and-metastatic-number-of-lymph-nodes-the-examination-ba",totalDownloads:4123,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Yoshito Akagi, Romeo Kansakar and Kazuo Shirouz",authors:[{id:"73177",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshito",middleName:null,surname:"Akagi",fullName:"Yoshito Akagi",slug:"yoshito-akagi"},{id:"81612",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuo",middleName:null,surname:"Shirouzu",fullName:"Kazuo Shirouzu",slug:"kazuo-shirouzu"},{id:"136281",title:"Dr.",name:"Romeo",middleName:null,surname:"Kansakar",fullName:"Romeo Kansakar",slug:"romeo-kansakar"}]},{id:"28764",title:"Minimally Invasive Robot – Assisted Colorectal Resections",slug:"minimally-invasive-robot-assisted-colorectal-resections",totalDownloads:2211,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Annibale D’Annibale, Graziano Pernazza, Vito Pende and Igor Monsellato",authors:[{id:"69534",title:"Dr.",name:"Graziano",middleName:null,surname:"Pernazza",fullName:"Graziano Pernazza",slug:"graziano-pernazza"},{id:"80719",title:"Dr.",name:"Annibale",middleName:null,surname:"D'Annibale",fullName:"Annibale D'Annibale",slug:"annibale-d'annibale"},{id:"80720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Monsellato",fullName:"Igor Monsellato",slug:"igor-monsellato"},{id:"128019",title:"Dr.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Pende",fullName:"Vito Pende",slug:"vito-pende"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4723",title:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer with Colonoscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d7cbe85af06291d1d823919d7006ba0",slug:"screening-for-colorectal-cancer-with-colonoscopy",bookSignature:"Rajunor Ettarh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4723.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78549",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajunor",surname:"Ettarh",slug:"rajunor-ettarh",fullName:"Rajunor Ettarh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"49567",title:"Colonoscopy Screening for Colorectal Cancer — Overview of the Literature",slug:"colonoscopy-screening-for-colorectal-cancer-overview-of-the-literature",signatures:"Carlos Eduardo Pinzon-Florez, Oscar Andres Gamboa-Garay and\nDiana Marcela Diaz-Quijano",authors:[{id:"174431",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Pinzón-Florez",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Pinzón-Florez",slug:"carlos-eduardo-pinzon-florez"},{id:"174432",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana Marcela",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz Quijano",fullName:"Diana Marcela Diaz Quijano",slug:"diana-marcela-diaz-quijano"},{id:"174434",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Gamboa-Garay",fullName:"Oscar Andres Gamboa-Garay",slug:"oscar-andres-gamboa-garay"}]},{id:"49016",title:"Screening and Surveillance Colonoscopy",slug:"screening-and-surveillance-colonoscopy-2015-12-02",signatures:"Rotimi R. Ayoola, Hamza Abdulla, Evan K. Brady, Muhammed Sherid\nand Humberto Sifuentes",authors:[{id:"174788",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Sifuentes",fullName:"Humberto Sifuentes",slug:"humberto-sifuentes"},{id:"175980",title:"Dr.",name:"Rotimi",middleName:null,surname:"Ayoola",fullName:"Rotimi Ayoola",slug:"rotimi-ayoola"},{id:"175981",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamza",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulla",fullName:"Hamza Abdulla",slug:"hamza-abdulla"},{id:"175982",title:"Mr.",name:"Evan",middleName:null,surname:"Brady",fullName:"Evan Brady",slug:"evan-brady"},{id:"175983",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammed",middleName:null,surname:"Sherid",fullName:"Muhammed Sherid",slug:"muhammed-sherid"}]},{id:"48954",title:"Colonoscopy — Indications and Contraindications",slug:"colonoscopy-indications-and-contraindications",signatures:"Jigar Bhagatwala, Arpit Singhal, Summer Aldrugh, Muhammed\nSherid, Humberto Sifuentes and Subbaramiah Sridhar",authors:[{id:"174788",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Sifuentes",fullName:"Humberto Sifuentes",slug:"humberto-sifuentes"},{id:"174959",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammed",middleName:null,surname:"Sherid",fullName:"Muhammed Sherid",slug:"muhammed-sherid"},{id:"175350",title:"Dr.",name:"Jigar",middleName:null,surname:"Bhagatwala",fullName:"Jigar Bhagatwala",slug:"jigar-bhagatwala"},{id:"175351",title:"Dr.",name:"Arpit",middleName:null,surname:"Singhal",fullName:"Arpit Singhal",slug:"arpit-singhal"},{id:"175352",title:"Prof.",name:"Subbaramiah",middleName:null,surname:"Sridhar",fullName:"Subbaramiah Sridhar",slug:"subbaramiah-sridhar"},{id:"175955",title:"Ms.",name:"Summer",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrugh",fullName:"Summer Aldrugh",slug:"summer-aldrugh"}]},{id:"49625",title:"Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer — Incidence, Lifetime Risk Factors Statistics and Temporal Trends",slug:"epidemiology-of-colorectal-cancer-incidence-lifetime-risk-factors-statistics-and-temporal-trends",signatures:"Camille Thélin and Sanjay Sikka",authors:[{id:"175650",title:"M.D.",name:"Camille",middleName:null,surname:"Thelin",fullName:"Camille Thelin",slug:"camille-thelin"}]},{id:"49127",title:"Basic Endoscopic Findings — Normal and Pathological Findings",slug:"basic-endoscopic-findings-normal-and-pathological-findings",signatures:"Parth J. Parekh and Sanjay K. Sikka",authors:[{id:"175816",title:"Dr.",name:"Parth",middleName:null,surname:"Parekh",fullName:"Parth Parekh",slug:"parth-parekh"},{id:"177185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjay",middleName:null,surname:"Sikka",fullName:"Sanjay Sikka",slug:"sanjay-sikka"}]},{id:"49037",title:"Building up the Future of Colonoscopy – A Synergy between Clinicians and Computer Scientists",slug:"building-up-the-future-of-colonoscopy-a-synergy-between-clinicians-and-computer-scientists",signatures:"Jorge Bernal, F. Javier Sánchez, Cristina Rodríguez de Miguel and\nGloria Fernández-Esparrach",authors:[{id:"58626",title:"Mr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Bernal",fullName:"Jorge Bernal",slug:"jorge-bernal"},{id:"175152",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez Pujadas",fullName:"Francisco Javier Sánchez Pujadas",slug:"francisco-javier-sanchez-pujadas"},{id:"175153",title:"Dr.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Espárrach",fullName:"Gloria Fernández-Espárrach",slug:"gloria-fernandez-esparrach"},{id:"175154",title:"MSc.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez De Miguel",fullName:"Cristina Rodríguez De Miguel",slug:"cristina-rodriguez-de-miguel"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"62401",title:"Prosopis cineraria as an Unconventional Legumes, Nutrition and Health Benefits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79291",slug:"prosopis-cineraria-as-an-unconventional-legumes-nutrition-and-health-benefits",body:'The continuous world population growth, inadequate protein sources, exorbitant cost of animal protein are considered the main reasons for malnutrition and undernourishment among people living in many developing countries around the world. To meet the increasing demand of protein, alternative strategies and unconventional sources of protein for human and animal nutrition have been considered recently.
Trees of
Despite its fabulous importance in local culture, there is minimal aware by the developed communities about
The genus
The species
The tree of
Flowers are small, yellow or creamy white, nearly sessile in slender pedunculated axillary spikes 5–13 cm long. Pods are yellow to reddish brown with cylindrical shape and slightly curved; 10–20 cm long and 0.5–0.8 cm thick. Seeds 10–25, oblong or rhomboidal, brown, smooth, with a moderately hard taste [13, 14]. The tap root of
The tree grows on a variety of soils. It is seen at its best on alluvial soils consisting of various mixtures of sand and clay [19]. In arid areas, the growth is better in dune lows than in sandy plains. Good drainage is very essential.
The unripe pods are used for making curry and pickle. The green pods are consumed as vegetables. The flour of mature pods is used for cookies preparation and other local dishes. The leaves and dry pods are annually harvested for cattle and sheep feed, where an adult tree produce 2–5 kg/year dry pods. A resin occurring naturally on the tree, known as mesquite gum, is also occasionally eaten by people [25].
The rounded shape crown provides the shade and shelter for animals and wildlife during hot season. It is widely used for sand dune stabilization program because of it is deep mass root system which enable plant not to compete with others for moisture and nutrients [28]. It provides good quality resources of wood for basic construction and fuel for people in the desert regions.
Numerous people around the world, especially in Africa and Asia, are suffering from protein deficiency due to lack of protein-rich food
Besides the ecological value of
Leguminous
The
Compounds | Plain white wheat flour | |
---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/100 g) | 361 | 338 |
Carbohydrate (g/100 g) | 69.2 | 72.2 |
Total sugars (g/100 g) | 13.0 | 1.5 |
Fiber (g/100 g) | 47.8 | 3.2 |
Protein (g/100 g) | 16.2 | 9.4 |
Fat content (g/100 g) | 2.12 | 1.3 |
Saturated fatty acids (g/100 g) | 0.6 | 0.2 |
Nutritional values of
The dried pods are used to make flour after collecting pods directly from the tree or from pods that have recently fallen to the ground. Sometimes they store the dried pods to provide food year round. The flour particle size is varied depending on the grinding processing, e.g., pounded using pestle and mortar produces coarse powder, while using stone grinding produces a fine powder.
The
In many places, the
In addition to the previous uses, amber colored gum is produced from the
The leaves contained 12.1% crude protein, 20.1% crude fiber, 3.2% ether extract and 12.2% ash [53]. The ripened pods contained 91% dry matter, 13.5% crude protein, 14.3% crude fiber, 1.3% ether extract and 5.2% ash [54]. Feeding
Despite the economic importance of
The pods of
Moreover, studies show that the alkaloid mixture of
Studies show that the methanolic extract of
Many researchers illustrated that the bark extract of the
The 70% hydroalcoholic bark extract dose of 500 mg/Kg BW of albino male New Zealand white rabbits reduced significantly the serum total cholesterol by 88%, LDL-C by 95%, triglyceride by 59%, VLDL-C by 60% and ischemic indices compared to hypercholesterolemic control [64, 65, 66].
A study on
Studies show that aqueous extract of the
Toxicity effect of 50% Hydroalcoholic extracts of
These are not the only uses of the
There are few studies on the chemistry and bioactive compounds of
Plant part | Chemical constituent present | Medicinal effect |
---|---|---|
Flowers | Patuletin glycoside patulitrin, luteolin and rutin sitosterol, and spicigerine. Flavone derivatives Prosogerin A and Prosogerin B | -Flowers are known as an anti-diabetic agent. -Flowers can be mixed with sugar when administered orally prevent miscarriage. -It contains Patulitrin3, 5, 6, 3, 4-pentamethoxy-7-hydroxy flavone which has significant activity against Lewis lung carcinoma in vivo. |
Leaves | -Alkaloid: spicigerine -Steroids: campesterol, cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, actacosanol -Alcohol: octacosanal, triacontane-1-ol, Tricosan-1-ol, -Alkane: hentriacontane, Diisopropyl-10,11-dihydroxyicosane-1,20-dioate | -Leaf paste of -Smoke of the leaves is considered good for eye troubles and infections. |
Seeds | Prosogerin C, Prosogerin D, Prosogerin E, gallic acid, patuletin, patulitrin, luteolin, and rutin | |
Pods | 3-benzyl-2-hydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, maslinic acid-3 glucoside, linoleic acid, prosophylline, 5,5′-oxybis-1,3-benzenediol, 3,4,5-trihydroxycinnamic acid 2-hydroxyethyl ester and 5,3′,4’trihydroxyflavanone 7-glycoside | -Dry pods help in preventing protein calorie malnutrition and iron calcium deficiency in blood. |
Barks | Hexacosan-25-on-l-ol, a new keto alcohol along with ombuin and a triterpenoid glycoside.vitamin K1, n-octacosyl acetate, the long-chain aliphatic acid. Presence of glucose, rhamnose, sucrose and starch | -Bark used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, dysentery, leucoderma, leprosy, muscle tremors and piles. -Different extracts of stem bark possessed a weak antibacterial activity. |
Phytochemical constituents of the
Phytochemicals | Plant parts | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flower | Leaf | Pod | Seed | Stem | ||||||
Aqueous | Ethanol | Aqueous | Ethanol | Aqueous | Ethanol | Aqueous | Ethanol | Aqueous | Ethanol | |
Carbohydrates | + | + | — | — | +++ | +++ | + | + | — | — |
Proteins | — | — | + | + | ++ | ++ | + | + | — | — |
Tannin | — | — | + | + | + | + | + | + | — | — |
Flavonoids | ++ | +++ | + | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | — |
Cardia glycoside | — | — | — | — | + | + | — | — | — | — |
Alkaloids | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | — | — |
Terpenes | — | — | + | + | + | + | + | ++ | + | + |
Steroids | + | + | +++ | +++ | — | — | + | ++ | — | — |
Concentration of phytochemicals of different parts of
+; low concentration, ++; moderate concentration, +++; high concentration, −; absent.
The authors tried to drag the attention toward this significant tree as alternative type for the traditional legumes and possibility to use it as a source of protein in free-gluten products and functional foods which can be added value in food product development.
Future efforts are required to be focus on integrated management of
Authors would like to thank Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, UAE.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this chapter.
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\\n\\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\nOAI-PMH
\\n\\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\nLicense
\\n\\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\nOA Publishing Fees
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5818},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5287},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1757},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10539},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15929}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119317},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:47},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8511",title:"Cyberspace",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c1cdeb133dbe6cc1151367061c1bba6",slug:"cyberspace",bookSignature:"Evon Abu-Taieh, Abdelkrim El Mouatasim and Issam H. Al Hadid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8511.jpg",editors:[{id:"223522",title:"Dr.",name:"Evon",middleName:"M.O.",surname:"Abu-Taieh",slug:"evon-abu-taieh",fullName:"Evon Abu-Taieh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5319},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics",parent:{title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology"},numberOfBooks:143,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:3401,numberOfWosCitations:3946,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1608,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3504,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"physics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9984",title:"Geophysics and Ocean Waves Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"271d086381f9ba04162b0dc7cd57755f",slug:"geophysics-and-ocean-waves-studies",bookSignature:"Khalid S. Essa, Marcello Di Risio, Daniele Celli and Davide Pasquali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9984.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",middleName:null,surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10042",title:"Noise and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11e8fca2f0f623d87dfbc3cf2b185e0d",slug:"noise-and-environment",bookSignature:"Daniela Siano and Alice Elizabeth González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10042.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9960",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Siano",slug:"daniela-siano",fullName:"Daniela Siano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10074",title:"Recent Techniques and Applications in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129deeec2186f6392f154ed41f64477a",slug:"recent-techniques-and-applications-in-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby and Basim Almayyahi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8679",title:"Inverse Heat Conduction and Heat Exchangers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a994b17ac471c6d414d63c74a7ab74de",slug:"inverse-heat-conduction-and-heat-exchangers",bookSignature:"Suvanjan Bhattacharya, Mohammad Moghimi Ardekani, Ranjib Biswas and R. C. Mehta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233630",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvanjan",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"suvanjan-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Suvanjan Bhattacharyya"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"56358",title:"Dr.",name:"R. C.",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",slug:"r.-c.-mehta",fullName:"R. C. Mehta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/56358/images/system/56358.jpeg",biography:"R. C. Mehta obtained his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He has worked as the Head of Aerodynamics\nDivision of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre/Indian Space Research\nOrganization. He has participated in the design of launch and\nreentry vehicles. He has served as a Senior Fellow in the School\nof Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is the recipient of the Life Time\nAchievement Award from the Flow Physics Society of India. He is a senior member\nof AIAA. He has published over 120 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals. He has published five chapters and co-authored two books. He is a\nreviewer for many international journals. He is presently Dean in the Noorul Islam\nCentre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, India.",institutionString:"Noorul Islam University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Noorul Islam University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8490",title:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fe936bfad77ae70ad96c46de8b7730d",slug:"selected-topics-in-plasma-physics",bookSignature:"Sukhmander Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8490.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9211",title:"Single Photon Manipulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"567ddcc14b68fa14e54df3bce2f51acc",slug:"single-photon-manipulation",bookSignature:"Keyu Xia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210723",title:"Prof.",name:"Keyu",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",slug:"keyu-xia",fullName:"Keyu Xia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10076",title:"Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78f2b316d6bb97464dbbf9b683164aff",slug:"quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7965",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb83772cea6200bdd685b8a1b93ee35d",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",bookSignature:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari and Irina Carlescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64949",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Sasani Ghamsari",slug:"morteza-sasani-ghamsari",fullName:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10162",title:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8c90b653db4fa7a59132d39cca185d8",slug:"a-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",bookSignature:"Theodore V. Hromadka II, Chung-Cheng Yen and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10162.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"9276",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03a2501c6fc0ac90a8b328850b712da7",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-simulations",bookSignature:"Guozhao Ji and Jiujiang Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190139",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozhao",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"guozhao-ji",fullName:"Guozhao Ji"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:143,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32842",doi:"10.5772/34901",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:73506,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"49652",doi:"10.5772/61720",title:"Sample Preparations for Scanning Electron Microscopy – Life Sciences",slug:"sample-preparations-for-scanning-electron-microscopy-life-sciences",totalDownloads:8111,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:54,book:{slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mogana Das Murtey and Patchamuthu Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"176330",title:"Dr.",name:"Mogana",middleName:"Das",surname:"Murtey",slug:"mogana-murtey",fullName:"Mogana Murtey"},{id:"181159",title:"Mr.",name:"Patchamuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"patchamuthu-ramasamy",fullName:"Patchamuthu Ramasamy"}]},{id:"26791",doi:"10.5772/28067",title:"Optical Vortices in a Fiber: Mode Division Multiplexing and Multimode Self-Imaging",slug:"optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",totalDownloads:3951,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:39,book:{slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",title:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research"},signatures:"S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy and V.A. Soifer",authors:[{id:"72613",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Khonina",slug:"svetlana-khonina",fullName:"Svetlana Khonina"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49537",title:"Electron Diffraction",slug:"electron-diffraction",totalDownloads:8477,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad and Mohammad Jafari Eskandari",authors:[{id:"176352",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Asadi Asadabad",slug:"mohsen-asadi-asadabad",fullName:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad"},{id:"177600",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Jafari Eskandari",slug:"mohammad-jafari-eskandari",fullName:"Mohammad Jafari Eskandari"}]},{id:"32842",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:73506,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"68746",title:"Optically Clear Adhesives for OLED",slug:"optically-clear-adhesives-for-oled",totalDownloads:1486,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"luminescence-oled-technology-and-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - OLED Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Joel T. Abrahamson, Hollis Z. Beagi, Fay Salmon and Christopher J. Campbell",authors:null},{id:"71638",title:"Plasma Antennas",slug:"plasma-antennas",totalDownloads:297,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"selected-topics-in-plasma-physics",title:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics"},signatures:"Theodore Anderson",authors:null},{id:"70578",title:"Gallium-68: Radiolabeling of Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging - A Lot to Consider",slug:"gallium-68-radiolabeling-of-radiopharmaceuticals-for-pet-imaging-a-lot-to-consider",totalDownloads:712,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"medical-isotopes",title:"Medical Isotopes",fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes"},signatures:"Michael Meisenheimer, Yury Saenko and Elisabeth Eppard",authors:null},{id:"59379",title:"Graphene, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, and Perovskite Photodetectors",slug:"graphene-transition-metal-dichalcogenides-and-perovskite-photodetectors",totalDownloads:1635,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"two-dimensional-materials-for-photodetector",title:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector",fullTitle:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector"},signatures:"Zhi Yang, Jinjuan Dou and Minqiang Wang",authors:[{id:"225612",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"zhi-yang",fullName:"Zhi Yang"},{id:"238944",title:"MSc.",name:"Jinjuan",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",slug:"jinjuan-dou",fullName:"Jinjuan Dou"},{id:"238946",title:"Prof.",name:"Minqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"minqiang-wang",fullName:"Minqiang Wang"}]},{id:"49526",title:"Focused Ion Beams (FIB) — Novel Methodologies and Recent Applications for Multidisciplinary Sciences",slug:"focused-ion-beams-fib-novel-methodologies-and-recent-applications-for-multidisciplinary-sciences",totalDownloads:3444,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Meltem Sezen",authors:[{id:"176338",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meltem",middleName:null,surname:"Sezen",slug:"meltem-sezen",fullName:"Meltem Sezen"}]},{id:"58452",title:"Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photodetectors",slug:"transition-metal-dichalcogenide-photodetectors",totalDownloads:1539,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"two-dimensional-materials-for-photodetector",title:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector",fullTitle:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector"},signatures:"Inturu Omkaram, Young Ki Hong and Sunkook Kim",authors:[{id:"210186",title:"Dr.",name:"Inturu",middleName:null,surname:"Omkaram",slug:"inturu-omkaram",fullName:"Inturu Omkaram"}]},{id:"50866",title:"Effects of Different Laser Pulse Regimes (Nanosecond, Picosecond and Femtosecond) on the Ablation of Materials for Production of Nanoparticles in Liquid Solution",slug:"effects-of-different-laser-pulse-regimes-nanosecond-picosecond-and-femtosecond-on-the-ablation-of-ma",totalDownloads:4884,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"high-energy-and-short-pulse-lasers",title:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers",fullTitle:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers"},signatures:"Abubaker Hassan Hamad",authors:[{id:"183494",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubaker",middleName:"Hassan",surname:"Hamad",slug:"abubaker-hamad",fullName:"Abubaker Hamad"}]},{id:"64351",title:"Progress in Plasma-Assisted Catalysis for Carbon Dioxide Reduction",slug:"progress-in-plasma-assisted-catalysis-for-carbon-dioxide-reduction",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"plasma-chemistry-and-gas-conversion",title:"Plasma Chemistry and Gas Conversion",fullTitle:"Plasma Chemistry and Gas Conversion"},signatures:"Guoxing Chen, Ling Wang, Thomas Godfroid and Rony Snyders",authors:[{id:"199226",title:"Mr.",name:"Guoxing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"guoxing-chen",fullName:"Guoxing Chen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"physics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"76271",title:"Double Pole Method in QCD Sum Rules for Vector Mesons",slug:"double-pole-method-in-qcd-sum-rules-for-vector-mesons",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97421",book:{title:"Quantum Chromodynamic"},signatures:"Mikael Souto Maior de Sousa and Rômulo Rodrigues da Silva"},{id:"76259",title:"Paramagnetic Transitions Ions as Structural Modifiers in Ferroelectrics",slug:"paramagnetic-transitions-ions-as-structural-modifiers-in-ferroelectrics",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95983",book:{title:"Paramagnetism - Fundamentals, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Veronica Lucero Villegas Rueda"},{id:"76260",title:"Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Unidirectional Porous Media under High Heat Flux Conditions",slug:"heat-transfer-enhancement-using-unidirectional-porous-media-under-high-heat-flux-conditions",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96594",book:{title:"Porous Fluids - Advances in Fluid Flow and Transport phenomena in Porous Media"},signatures:"Kazuhisa Yuki"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:21},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/colorectal-cancer-from-prevention-to-patient-care/colorectal-cancer-alcohol",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"colorectal-cancer-from-prevention-to-patient-care",chapter:"colorectal-cancer-alcohol"},fullPath:"/books/colorectal-cancer-from-prevention-to-patient-care/colorectal-cancer-alcohol",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()