Name of some important mycotoxin-producing fungi, susceptible foods, and mycotoxin effects on humans and animals [19].
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8355",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Infrastructure Management and Construction",title:"Infrastructure Management and Construction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book covers topics relevant to the concept of infrastructure construction, including key requirements of development such as measuring productivity and maintenance. It presents different categories of sustainability maintenance of critical infrastructures. In addition, it presents a complex simulation model, the reconfiguration simulator, which enables evaluation of the effectiveness of resilience enhancement strategies for electric distribution networks and the required resources to implement them. Then, it discusses health services as a critical sector in this field, which should be able to perform its function, even in times of crisis. The last chapter presents a brief review of different bridges, including the processes of design, material selection, construction, and maintenance.",isbn:"978-1-78984-549-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-548-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-316-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78484",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"infrastructure-management-and-construction",numberOfPages:132,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"65dbf9dbd943d058488488e73b6c592a",bookSignature:"Samad M.E. Sepasgozar, Faham Tahmasebinia and Sara Shirowzhan",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8355.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2935,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 30th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 12th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 10th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 1st 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 30th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"221172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samad M.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Sepasgozar",slug:"samad-m.e.-sepasgozar",fullName:"Samad M.E. Sepasgozar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221172/images/system/221172.JPG",biography:"Dr. Samad M.E. Sepasgozar is a senior lecturer in digital construction and property management who has published more than 100 trending papers in the last seven years. He has been granted funds as chief investigator for different projects on the application of advanced technologies. Dr. Sepasgozar has a strong background in developing smart technologies for the built environment. His work has been recognized by world leaders, as evidenced by 'best paper’” awards for some of his publications in high-quality journals and world-class conferences. He is an editorial board member for a leading Q1 journal, and guest editor and reviewer of many high-ranked journals focusing on innovation and smart technologies.",institutionString:"UNSW Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"UNSW Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",middleName:null,surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211659/images/system/211659.jpg",biography:"Faham Tahmasebinia holds ME and ME-Research degrees in Civil/Structural Engineering from the University of Wollongong – Australia. He has also completed two Ph.D. degrees in the field of Structural Engineering at the University of Sydney and in the field of Rock Mechanics at the University of New South Wales – Sydney. Currently, he is an academic at the University of Sydney – Australia. His research areas are numerical and analytical simulations in both ductile and brittle materials.",institutionString:"The University of Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"UNSW Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"273838",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Shirowzhan",slug:"sara-shirowzhan",fullName:"Sara Shirowzhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273838/images/system/273838.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Sara Shirowzhan completed her Ph.D. in Geomatic Engineering at UNSW and her strong capability in designing and conducting high-quality multi-disciplinary research has been demonstrated by solving complex problems facing digital representation and analysis of the built environment and civil engineering infrastructures. Her areas of interest for research are automation, laser scanning technologies and robotics for construction, remote sensing and advanced GIS for Smart Cities and monitoring 3D urban growth, metric development for sustainability assessment and urban infrastructures. Some of her areas of expertise include lidar technology, machine learning algorithms, and app development. She has taught and supervised students in architecture, urban planning and construction departments as a lecturer, and research supervisor in several universities for over 10 years.",institutionString:"UNSW Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"UNSW Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"712",title:"Structural Engineering",slug:"engineering-civil-engineering-structural-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"66991",title:"Introductory Chapter: Infrastructure Management, Construction, Structure and Industry 4.0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86142",slug:"introductory-chapter-infrastructure-management-construction-structure-and-industry-4-0",totalDownloads:508,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Samad M.E. Sepasgozar, Sara Shirowzhan and Faham Tahmasebinia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66991",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66991",authors:[{id:"221172",title:"Dr.",name:"Samad M.E.",surname:"Sepasgozar",slug:"samad-m.e.-sepasgozar",fullName:"Samad M.E. Sepasgozar"}],corrections:null},{id:"66727",title:"Maintaining the Sustainability of Critical Infrastructure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85915",slug:"maintaining-the-sustainability-of-critical-infrastructure",totalDownloads:819,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66727",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66727",authors:[{id:"283849",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mohammadsoroush",surname:"Tafazzoli",slug:"mohammadsoroush-tafazzoli",fullName:"Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli"}],corrections:null},{id:"66820",title:"Modeling Resilience in Electrical Distribution Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85917",slug:"modeling-resilience-in-electrical-distribution-networks",totalDownloads:301,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Alberto Tofani, Gregorio D’Agostino, Antonio Di Pietro, Sonia Giovinazzi, Luigi La Porta, Giacomo Parmendola, Maurizio Pollino and Vittorio Rosato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66820",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66820",authors:[{id:"27002",title:"Dr.",name:"Vittorio",surname:"Rosato",slug:"vittorio-rosato",fullName:"Vittorio Rosato"},{id:"29775",title:"Mr.",name:"Gregorio",surname:"D'Agostino",slug:"gregorio-d'agostino",fullName:"Gregorio D'Agostino"},{id:"127746",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Tofani",slug:"alberto-tofani",fullName:"Alberto Tofani"},{id:"228674",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Giovinazzi",slug:"sonia-giovinazzi",fullName:"Sonia Giovinazzi"},{id:"284589",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Di Pietro",slug:"antonio-di-pietro",fullName:"Antonio Di Pietro"},{id:"284590",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Pollino",slug:"maurizio-pollino",fullName:"Maurizio Pollino"},{id:"292438",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"La Porta",slug:"luigi-la-porta",fullName:"Luigi La Porta"}],corrections:null},{id:"67400",title:"Measuring Infrastructure Skills Productivity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85953",slug:"measuring-infrastructure-skills-productivity",totalDownloads:397,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Rex Asibuodu Ugulu, Stephen Allen and Andrew Arewa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67400",authors:[{id:"285544",title:"Dr.",name:"Rex",surname:"Ugulu",slug:"rex-ugulu",fullName:"Rex Ugulu"},{id:"290691",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Allen",slug:"stephen-allen",fullName:"Stephen Allen"},{id:"290732",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Arewa",slug:"andrew-arewa",fullName:"Andrew Arewa"}],corrections:null},{id:"67012",title:"Hospital Energy Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86137",slug:"hospital-energy-resilience",totalDownloads:279,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Katerina Vichova and Martin Hromada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67012",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67012",authors:[{id:"240637",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",surname:"Hromada",slug:"martin-hromada",fullName:"Martin Hromada"},{id:"303533",title:"Dr.",name:"Kateřina",surname:"Víchová",slug:"katerina-vichova",fullName:"Kateřina Víchová"}],corrections:null},{id:"70758",title:"Bridges: Structures and Materials, Ancient and Modern",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90718",slug:"bridges-structures-and-materials-ancient-and-modern",totalDownloads:636,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Arturo Gonzalez, Michael Schorr, Benjamin Valdez and Alejandro Mungaray",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70758",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70758",authors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"},{id:"65522",title:"Dr.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Valdez",slug:"benjamin-valdez",fullName:"Benjamin Valdez"},{id:"311533",title:"MSc.",name:"Arturo",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"arturo-gonzalez",fullName:"Arturo Gonzalez"},{id:"311534",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Mungaray",slug:"alejandro-mungaray",fullName:"Alejandro Mungaray"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5503",title:"Wood in Civil Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb659c92f0d45acc8f960d9a656b54e2",slug:"wood-in-civil-engineering",bookSignature:"Giovanna Concu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108709",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanna",surname:"Concu",slug:"giovanna-concu",fullName:"Giovanna Concu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2193",title:"Advances on Analysis and Control of Vibrations",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"926bac5ebecf5b70140e42105b5e2527",slug:"advances-on-analysis-and-control-of-vibrations-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mauricio Zapateiro de la Hoz and Francesc Pozo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148213",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Zapateiro",slug:"mauricio-zapateiro",fullName:"Mauricio Zapateiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8822",title:"Advances in Structural Health Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"429d24d493e64821ae08df0a71d33e37",slug:"advances-in-structural-health-monitoring",bookSignature:"Maguid H.M. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8822.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"141308",title:"Prof.",name:"Maguid H.M.",surname:"Hassan",slug:"maguid-h.m.-hassan",fullName:"Maguid H.M. Hassan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5248",title:"Structural Bridge Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a6b781d7ca98b6008887c99915a62ec",slug:"structural-bridge-engineering",bookSignature:"Shahiron Shahidan, Shahrul Niza Mokhatar, Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim, Norwati Jamaluddin, Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini and Noorwirdawati Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5248.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145588",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahiron",surname:"Shahidan",slug:"shahiron-shahidan",fullName:"Shahiron Shahidan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6957",title:"New Trends in Structural Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c26eaf65a25f29d43abd17ff651746f",slug:"new-trends-in-structural-engineering",bookSignature:"Hakan Yalciner and Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6957.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72283",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dr. Hakan",surname:"Yalçıner",slug:"dr.-hakan-yalciner",fullName:"Dr. Hakan Yalçıner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10028",title:"Structural Integrity and Failure",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3bf0a0d2767ca9f748ec686d2725ba0e",slug:"structural-integrity-and-failure",bookSignature:"Resat Oyguc and Faham Tahmasebinia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10028.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"239239",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Resat",surname:"Oyguc",slug:"resat-oyguc",fullName:"Resat Oyguc"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",middleName:null,surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211659/images/system/211659.jpg",biography:"Faham Tahmasebinia holds ME and ME-Research degrees in Civil/Structural Engineering from the University of Wollongong – Australia. He has also completed two Ph.D. degrees in the field of Structural Engineering at the University of Sydney and in the field of Rock Mechanics at the University of New South Wales – Sydney. Currently, he is an academic at the University of Sydney – Australia. His research areas are numerical and analytical simulations in both ductile and brittle materials.",institutionString:"The University of Sydney",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"UNSW Sydney",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8589",title:"Bridge Optimization",subtitle:"Inspection and Condition Monitoring",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8713f4c0933358bac0d2f3d64ea34ff",slug:"bridge-optimization-inspection-and-condition-monitoring",bookSignature:"Yun Lai Zhou and Magd Abdel Wahab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235629",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun Lai",surname:"Zhou",slug:"yun-lai-zhou",fullName:"Yun Lai Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7369",title:"Failure Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef22a4739e8f6aa0eb6f7ee49f088c6",slug:"failure-analysis",bookSignature:"Zheng-Ming Huang and Sayed Hemeda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7369.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196101",title:"Dr.",name:"Zheng-Ming",surname:"Huang",slug:"zheng-ming-huang",fullName:"Zheng-Ming Huang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6597",title:"Elasticity of Materials",subtitle:"Basic Principles and Design of Structures",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fa760a58144d1a77a16afba49a3685d",slug:"elasticity-of-materials-basic-principles-and-design-of-structures",bookSignature:"Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186402",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ezgi",surname:"Günay",slug:"ezgi-gunay",fullName:"Ezgi Günay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6015",title:"Proceedings of the 2nd Czech-China Scientific Conference 2016",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a180d0c50ce1f279a1b4d6e3cf0e69",slug:"proceedings-of-the-2nd-czech-china-scientific-conference-2016",bookSignature:"Jaromir Gottvald and Petr Praus",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6015.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"200987",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaromir",surname:"Gottvald",slug:"jaromir-gottvald",fullName:"Jaromir Gottvald"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74918",slug:"corrigendum-to-a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-co",title:"Corrigendum to: A Hybrid Control Approach Based on the Combination of PID Control with LQR Optimal Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74918.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74918",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74918",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74918",chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"74293",slug:"a-hybrid-control-approach-based-on-the-combination-of-pid-control-with-lqr-optimal-control",signatures:"Ibrahim K. Mohammed",dateSubmitted:"July 8th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 3rd 2020",datePublished:null,book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"9887",title:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advance Innovation and Expansion of PID Controllers",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"5198",leadTitle:null,title:"Numerical Simulation",subtitle:"From Brain Imaging to Turbulent Flows",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays mathematical modeling and numerical simulations play an important role in life and natural science. Numerous researchers are working in developing different methods and techniques to help understand the behavior of very complex systems, from the brain activity with real importance in medicine to the turbulent flows with important applications in physics and engineering. This book presents an overview of some models, methods, and numerical computations that are useful for the applied research scientists and mathematicians, fluid tech engineers, and postgraduate students.",isbn:"978-953-51-2565-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2564-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5784-7",doi:"10.5772/61500",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"numerical-simulation-from-brain-imaging-to-turbulent-flows",numberOfPages:440,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6bf6d0e6b25e77e717dd3b6c9d494cf9",bookSignature:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz",publishedDate:"August 24th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5198.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:21587,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfTotalCitations:39,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 15th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 5th 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 9th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 31st 2016",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9849/images/system/9849.jpeg",biography:"Ricardo López-Ruiz, MS, Ph.D., works as an associate professor at the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Spain. He also serves as a researcher in Complex Systems at the School of Mathematics, University of Zaragoza. He has worked as a lecturer at the University of Navarra, the Public University of Navarra, and at the UNED of Calatayud. He completed his postdoc with Prof. Yves Pomeau at the École Normale Supérieure of Paris, and with Prof. Gabriel Mindlin at the University of Buenos Aires. He has published over one hundred papers in journals, proceedings, and books, and has held about thirty presentations at various meetings and conferences. His areas of interest include statistical complexity and nonlinear models, chaotic maps and applications, multi-agent systems, and econophysics.",institutionString:"University of Zaragoza",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Zaragoza",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"599",title:"Computer Simulation",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-computer-simulation"}],chapters:[{id:"50911",title:"BOLD fMRI Simulation",slug:"bold-fmri-simulation",totalDownloads:1198,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"179437",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zikuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"zikuan-chen",fullName:"Zikuan Chen"}]},{id:"50398",title:"Basics of Multibody Systems: Presented by Practical Simulation Examples of Spine Models",slug:"basics-of-multibody-systems-presented-by-practical-simulation-examples-of-spine-models",totalDownloads:971,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"180120",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Bauer",slug:"sabine-bauer",fullName:"Sabine Bauer"}]},{id:"51596",title:"Simulation of Neural Behavior",slug:"simulation-of-neural-behavior",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"180149",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsuo",surname:"Kitajima",slug:"tatsuo-kitajima",fullName:"Tatsuo Kitajima"},{id:"184933",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhonggang",surname:"Feng",slug:"zhonggang-feng",fullName:"Zhonggang Feng"},{id:"184934",title:"Prof.",name:"Azran",surname:"Azhim",slug:"azran-azhim",fullName:"Azran Azhim"}]},{id:"50522",title:"Numerical Simulations of Dynamics Behaviour of the Action Potential of the Human Heart's Conduction System",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-dynamics-behaviour-of-the-action-potential-of-the-human-heart-s-conduction-",totalDownloads:1285,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"180003",title:"Dr.",name:"Beata",surname:"Jackowska-Zduniak",slug:"beata-jackowska-zduniak",fullName:"Beata Jackowska-Zduniak"}]},{id:"51085",title:"Numerical Simulation Using Artificial Neural Network on Fractional Differential Equations",slug:"numerical-simulation-using-artificial-neural-network-on-fractional-differential-equations",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"180327",title:"Dr.",name:"Najeeb",surname:"Khan",slug:"najeeb-khan",fullName:"Najeeb Khan"},{id:"184888",title:"Dr.",name:"Amber",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"amber-shaikh",fullName:"Amber Shaikh"},{id:"184889",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",surname:"Khan",slug:"sidra-khan",fullName:"Sidra Khan"},{id:"184890",title:"Dr.",name:"Faqiha",surname:"Sultan",slug:"faqiha-sultan",fullName:"Faqiha Sultan"}]},{id:"51603",title:"Numerical Simulations of Some Real-Life Problems Governed by ODEs",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-some-real-life-problems-governed-by-odes",totalDownloads:981,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"180285",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Sweilam",slug:"nasser-sweilam",fullName:"Nasser Sweilam"}]},{id:"50913",title:"A Multi-Domain Spectral Collocation Approach for Solving Lane-Emden Type Equations",slug:"a-multi-domain-spectral-collocation-approach-for-solving-lane-emden-type-equations",totalDownloads:1210,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"18031",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandile",surname:"Motsa",slug:"sandile-motsa",fullName:"Sandile Motsa"},{id:"41622",title:"Prof.",name:"Precious",surname:"Sibanda",slug:"precious-sibanda",fullName:"Precious Sibanda"},{id:"180865",title:"Dr.",name:"Vusi",surname:"Magagula",slug:"vusi-magagula",fullName:"Vusi Magagula"},{id:"180867",title:"Mr.",name:"Sicelo",surname:"Goqo",slug:"sicelo-goqo",fullName:"Sicelo Goqo"},{id:"180868",title:"Ms.",name:"Ibukun",surname:"Oyelakin",slug:"ibukun-oyelakin",fullName:"Ibukun Oyelakin"}]},{id:"51721",title:"Numerical Solution of System of Fractional Differential Equations in Imprecise Environment",slug:"numerical-solution-of-system-of-fractional-differential-equations-in-imprecise-environment",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"180327",title:"Dr.",name:"Najeeb",surname:"Khan",slug:"najeeb-khan",fullName:"Najeeb Khan"},{id:"181244",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Fatima",surname:"Riaz",slug:"fatima-riaz",fullName:"Fatima Riaz"},{id:"181248",title:"Dr.",name:"Oyoon",surname:"Razzaq",slug:"oyoon-razzaq",fullName:"Oyoon Razzaq"},{id:"184887",title:"Dr.",name:"Asmat",surname:"Ara",slug:"asmat-ara",fullName:"Asmat Ara"}]},{id:"51210",title:"Analysis of Heat Transfer in an Experimental Heat Exchanger Using Numerical Simulation",slug:"analysis-of-heat-transfer-in-an-experimental-heat-exchanger-using-numerical-simulation",totalDownloads:1690,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"108593",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Urquiza",slug:"gustavo-urquiza",fullName:"Gustavo Urquiza"},{id:"179471",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Castro Gómez",slug:"laura-castro-gomez",fullName:"Laura Castro Gómez"}]},{id:"51534",title:"Solving Inverse Heat Transfer Problems When Using CFD Modeling",slug:"solving-inverse-heat-transfer-problems-when-using-cfd-modeling",totalDownloads:1830,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"15203",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawid",surname:"Taler",slug:"dawid-taler",fullName:"Dawid Taler"},{id:"43955",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Taler",slug:"jan-taler",fullName:"Jan Taler"},{id:"179938",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Ludowski",slug:"pawel-ludowski",fullName:"Paweł Ludowski"}]},{id:"51422",title:"A Numerical Procedure for 2D Fluid Flow Simulation in Unstructured Meshes",slug:"a-numerical-procedure-for-2d-fluid-flow-simulation-in-unstructured-meshes",totalDownloads:1132,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"180158",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Gameiro Lopes",slug:"antonio-gameiro-lopes",fullName:"Antonio Gameiro Lopes"}]},{id:"51081",title:"On a New Numerical Approach on Micropolar Fluid, Heat and Mass Transfer Over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet Through Porous Media in the Presence of a Heat Source/Sink and Chemical Reaction",slug:"on-a-new-numerical-approach-on-micropolar-fluid-heat-and-mass-transfer-over-an-unsteady-stretching-s",totalDownloads:1485,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"16056",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanford",surname:"Shateyi",slug:"stanford-shateyi",fullName:"Stanford Shateyi"},{id:"185291",title:"Dr.",name:"Fazle",surname:"Mabood",slug:"fazle-mabood",fullName:"Fazle Mabood"},{id:"185293",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald T",surname:"Marewo",slug:"gerald-t-marewo",fullName:"Gerald T Marewo"}]},{id:"51428",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics in Turbulent Flow Applications",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-in-turbulent-flow-applications",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"185292",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Alonzo-García",slug:"alejandro-alonzo-garcia",fullName:"Alejandro Alonzo-García"},{id:"185294",title:"Dr.",name:"José Alfredo",surname:"Jiménez-Bernal",slug:"jose-alfredo-jimenez-bernal",fullName:"José Alfredo Jiménez-Bernal"},{id:"189760",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Del C.",surname:"Gutierrez-Torres",slug:"claudia-del-c.-gutierrez-torres",fullName:"Claudia Del C. Gutierrez-Torres"}]},{id:"51087",title:"Two-Fluid RANS-RSTM-PDF Model for Turbulent Particulate Flows",slug:"two-fluid-rans-rstm-pdf-model-for-turbulent-particulate-flows",totalDownloads:1056,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"57704",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kartushinsky",slug:"alexander-kartushinsky",fullName:"Alexander Kartushinsky"},{id:"169397",title:"Dr.",name:"Medhat",surname:"Hussainov",slug:"medhat-hussainov",fullName:"Medhat Hussainov"},{id:"169398",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",surname:"Shcheglov",slug:"igor-shcheglov",fullName:"Igor Shcheglov"},{id:"169399",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergei",surname:"Tisler",slug:"sergei-tisler",fullName:"Sergei Tisler"},{id:"188304",title:"Dr.",name:"Peep",surname:"Lauk",slug:"peep-lauk",fullName:"Peep Lauk"},{id:"188305",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulo",surname:"Rudi",slug:"ulo-rudi",fullName:"Ulo Rudi"},{id:"188306",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Karl",surname:"Seegel",slug:"karl-seegel",fullName:"Karl Seegel"},{id:"188376",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",surname:"Polonscky",slug:"andrei-polonscky",fullName:"Andrei Polonscky"}]},{id:"51693",title:"Free Surface Flow Simulation Using VOF Method",slug:"free-surface-flow-simulation-using-vof-method",totalDownloads:2057,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"181430",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Javad",surname:"Ketabdari",slug:"mohammad-javad-ketabdari",fullName:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari"},{id:"191220",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Javad",surname:"Ketabdari",slug:"mohammad-javad-ketabdari",fullName:"Mohammad Javad Ketabdari"}]},{id:"51748",title:"Transport and Mixing in Liquid Phase Using Large Eddy Simulation: A Review",slug:"transport-and-mixing-in-liquid-phase-using-large-eddy-simulation-a-review",totalDownloads:1217,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"180046",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan M.",surname:"Mejía",slug:"juan-m.-mejia",fullName:"Juan M. Mejía"},{id:"181375",title:"Prof.",name:"Amsini",surname:"Sadiki",slug:"amsini-sadiki",fullName:"Amsini Sadiki"},{id:"181377",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",surname:"Chejne",slug:"farid-chejne",fullName:"Farid Chejne"},{id:"181378",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Molina",slug:"alejandro-molina",fullName:"Alejandro Molina"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"9699",firstName:"Iva",lastName:"Lipović",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9699/images/4740_n.png",email:"iva.l@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6554",title:"From Natural to Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Algorithms and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b018b22e9462ac7c75edbc6392b2a6e",slug:"from-natural-to-artificial-intelligence-algorithms-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Lopez-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6216",title:"Complexity in Biological and Physical Systems",subtitle:"Bifurcations, Solitons and Fractals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c511a26efc1b9c0638c8f9244240cb93",slug:"complexity-in-biological-and-physical-systems-bifurcations-solitons-and-fractals",bookSignature:"Ricardo López-Ruiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Lopez-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8872",title:"Multi Agent Systems",subtitle:"Strategies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b0454f8f575d5d65603f329af59c80b",slug:"multi-agent-systems-strategies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ricardo López - Ruiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Lopez-Ruiz",slug:"ricardo-lopez-ruiz",fullName:"Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3036",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 2",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39d85d5d566c24744e4ac69fc297bb36",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-2",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3036.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3037",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 3",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de63ac4f2c398a1304a7c08ee883655",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-3",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3037.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1485",title:"Applications of Monte Carlo Method in Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08abe20f1549c83cfb208c83e12ee7df",slug:"applications-of-monte-carlo-method-in-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Shaul Mordechai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21994",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaul",surname:"Mordechai",slug:"shaul-mordechai",fullName:"Shaul Mordechai"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1025",title:"Engineering Education and Research Using MATLAB",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6e4cf9f0e6d7dccba13bc8edc4bf8e70",slug:"engineering-education-and-research-using-matlab",bookSignature:"Ali H. Assi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1025.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12279",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Assi",slug:"ali-assi",fullName:"Ali Assi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1027",title:"Applications of MATLAB in Science and Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64f208a73ca0da9038418788e86dfe28",slug:"applications-of-matlab-in-science-and-engineering",bookSignature:"Tadeusz Michałowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35273",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",surname:"Michalowski",slug:"tadeusz-michalowski",fullName:"Tadeusz Michalowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"405",title:"Computational Simulations and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84a582eb7ec291ae468bc75d0fc9a101",slug:"computational-simulations-and-applications",bookSignature:"Jianping Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianping",surname:"Zhu",slug:"jianping-zhu",fullName:"Jianping Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"12578",title:"Application of Short Laser Pulses",doi:"10.5772/13300",slug:"application-of-short-laser-pulses",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/12578.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/12578",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/12578",totalDownloads:2208,totalViews:186,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 27th 2010",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 30th 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/12578",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/12578",book:{slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission"},signatures:"S. Mehdi Sharifi and Abdossamad Talebpour",authors:[{id:"13471",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharifi Kalahroudi",fullName:"Seyed Mehdi Sharifi Kalahroudi",slug:"seyed-mehdi-sharifi-kalahroudi",email:"msharifi@denagreen.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"10",title:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coherence and Ultrashort Pulse Laser Emission",slug:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",publishedDate:"December 30th 2010",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-242-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4538-7",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12556",title:"Electrically-Pumped Organic-Semiconductor Coherent Emission: a Review",slug:"electrically-pumped-organic-semiconductor-coherent-emission-a-review",totalDownloads:2737,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"F. J. Duarte",authors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",middleName:null,surname:"Duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte"}]},{id:"12557",title:"Coherence of XUV Laser Sources",slug:"coherence-of-xuv-laser-sources",totalDownloads:2489,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sebastian Roling and Helmut Zacharias",authors:[{id:"14275",title:"Dr.",name:"Helmut",middleName:null,surname:"Zacharias",fullName:"Helmut Zacharias",slug:"helmut-zacharias"}]},{id:"12558",title:"Laser Technology for Compact, Narrow-bandwidth Gamma-ray Sources",slug:"laser-technology-for-compact-narrow-bandwidth-gamma-ray-sources",totalDownloads:3313,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miro Shverdin, Fred Hartemann, Felicie Albert, Mike Messerly, David Gibson, Craig Siders and Chris Barty",authors:[{id:"13649",title:"Dr.",name:"Miro",middleName:null,surname:"Shverdin",fullName:"Miro Shverdin",slug:"miro-shverdin"},{id:"14313",title:"Dr.",name:"Fred",middleName:null,surname:"Hartemann",fullName:"Fred Hartemann",slug:"fred-hartemann"},{id:"23647",title:"Dr.",name:"Felicie",middleName:null,surname:"Albert",fullName:"Felicie Albert",slug:"felicie-albert"},{id:"23648",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Messerly",fullName:"Mike Messerly",slug:"mike-messerly"},{id:"23649",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Gibson",fullName:"David Gibson",slug:"david-gibson"},{id:"23650",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Siders",fullName:"Craig Siders",slug:"craig-siders"},{id:"23652",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Barty",fullName:"Chris Barty",slug:"chris-barty"}]},{id:"12559",title:"Quantum Manipulations of Single Trapped-Ions beyond the Lamb-Dicke Limit",slug:"quantum-manipulations-of-single-trapped-ions-beyond-the-lamb-dicke-limit",totalDownloads:1985,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miao Zhang and L.F. Wei",authors:[{id:"23983",title:"Dr.",name:"Miao",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Miao Zhang",slug:"miao-zhang"}]},{id:"12675",title:"Coherent Optical Phonons in Bismuth Crystal",slug:"coherent-optical-phonons-in-bismuth-crystal",totalDownloads:2621,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Davide Boschetto and Antoine Rousse",authors:[{id:"13438",title:"Dr.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Boschetto",fullName:"Davide Boschetto",slug:"davide-boschetto"},{id:"14591",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoine",middleName:null,surname:"Rousse",fullName:"Antoine Rousse",slug:"antoine-rousse"}]},{id:"12560",title:"Quantum Interference Signal from an Inhomogeneously Broadened System Excited by an Optically Phase-Controlled Laser-Pulse Pair",slug:"quantum-interference-signal-from-an-inhomogeneously-broadened-system-excited-by-an-optically-phase-c",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shin-ichiro Sato and Takayuki Kiba",authors:[{id:"14246",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin-ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Shin-ichiro Sato",slug:"shin-ichiro-sato"}]},{id:"12561",title:"Quantum Control of Laser-driven Chiral Molecular Motors",slug:"quantum-control-of-laser-driven-chiral-molecular-motors",totalDownloads:1981,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masahiro Yamaki, Kunihito Hoki, Yuichi Fujimura and Sheng H. Lin",authors:[{id:"13778",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimura",fullName:"Yuichi Fujimura",slug:"yuichi-fujimura"},{id:"13779",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamaki",fullName:"Masahiro Yamaki",slug:"masahiro-yamaki"},{id:"13780",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihito",middleName:null,surname:"Hoki",fullName:"Kunihito Hoki",slug:"kunihito-hoki"},{id:"37785",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheng",middleName:null,surname:"H. Lin",fullName:"Sheng H. Lin",slug:"sheng-h.-lin"}]},{id:"12562",title:"Energy Approach to Atoms in a Laser Filed and Quantum Dynamics with Laser Pulses of Different Shape",slug:"energy-approach-to-atoms-in-a-laser-filed-and-quantum-dynamics-with-laser-pulses-of-different-shape",totalDownloads:1726,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alexander Glushkov, Olga Khetselius, Andrey Svinarenko and Georgy Prepelitsa",authors:[{id:"13795",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:"V.",surname:"Glushkov",fullName:"Alexander Glushkov",slug:"alexander-glushkov"},{id:"14495",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Svinarenko",fullName:"Andrey Svinarenko",slug:"andrey-svinarenko"},{id:"48675",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Prepelitsa",fullName:"George Prepelitsa",slug:"george-prepelitsa"},{id:"207215",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Khetselius",fullName:"Olga Khetselius",slug:"olga-khetselius"}]},{id:"12563",title:"Second Harmonic Generation under Strong Influence of Dispersion and Cubic Nonlinearity Effects",slug:"second-harmonic-generation-under-strong-influence-of-dispersion-and-cubic-nonlinearity-effects",totalDownloads:3079,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sergey Mironov, Vladimir Lozhkarev, Vladislav Ginzburg, Ivan Yakovlev, Grigory Luchinin, Efim Khazanov, Alexander Sergeev and Gerard Mourou",authors:[{id:"5015",title:"Prof.",name:"Efim",middleName:null,surname:"Khazanov",fullName:"Efim Khazanov",slug:"efim-khazanov"},{id:"13347",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Mironov",fullName:"Sergey Mironov",slug:"sergey-mironov"},{id:"14449",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Lozhkarev",fullName:"Vladimir Lozhkarev",slug:"vladimir-lozhkarev"},{id:"14450",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:null,surname:"Ginzburg",fullName:"Vladislav Ginzburg",slug:"vladislav-ginzburg"},{id:"14451",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Yakovlev",fullName:"Ivan Yakovlev",slug:"ivan-yakovlev"},{id:"14452",title:"Prof.",name:"Grigory",middleName:null,surname:"Luchinin",fullName:"Grigory Luchinin",slug:"grigory-luchinin"},{id:"14453",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Sergeev",fullName:"Alexander Sergeev",slug:"alexander-sergeev"},{id:"14454",title:"Dr.",name:"Gérard",middleName:null,surname:"Mourou",fullName:"Gérard Mourou",slug:"gerard-mourou"}]},{id:"12760",title:"Temporal Stretching of Laser Pulses",slug:"temporal-stretching-of-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:6067,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Rajeev Khare and Paritosh K. Shukla",authors:[{id:"13328",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Khare",fullName:"Rajeev Khare",slug:"rajeev-khare"},{id:"14363",title:"Prof.",name:"Paritosh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Paritosh K. Shukla",slug:"paritosh-k.-shukla"}]},{id:"12564",title:"Ultrafast Laser Pulse Synchronization",slug:"ultrafast-laser-pulse-synchronization",totalDownloads:4069,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wenxue Li, Qiang Hao, Yao Li, Ming Yan, Hui Zhou and Heping Zeng",authors:[{id:"14193",title:"Prof.",name:"Heping",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Heping Zeng",slug:"heping-zeng"},{id:"14196",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenxue",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Wenxue Li",slug:"wenxue-li"},{id:"14197",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiang",middleName:null,surname:"Hao",fullName:"Qiang Hao",slug:"qiang-hao"},{id:"14198",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yao Li",slug:"yao-li"},{id:"14199",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Ming Yan",slug:"ming-yan"},{id:"14200",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Hui Zhou",slug:"hui-zhou"}]},{id:"12565",title:"Carrier-Envelope Phase Stablization of Grating Based High-Power Ultrafast Laser",slug:"carrier-envelope-phase-stablization-of-grating-based-high-power-ultrafast-laser",totalDownloads:2003,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shouyuan Chen, Yi Wu, Kun Zhao and Zenghu Chang",authors:[{id:"15015",title:"Prof.",name:"Shouyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Shouyuan Chen",slug:"shouyuan-chen"},{id:"15017",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Yi Wu",slug:"yi-wu"},{id:"15018",title:"Dr.",name:"Kun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Kun Zhao",slug:"kun-zhao"},{id:"15019",title:"Prof.",name:"Zenghu",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Zenghu Chang",slug:"zenghu-chang"}]},{id:"12566",title:"The Generation and Characterisation of Ultrashort Mid-Infrared Pulses",slug:"the-generation-and-characterisation-of-ultrashort-mid-infrared-pulses",totalDownloads:3068,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jens Biegert, Olivier Chalus and Philip Bates",authors:[{id:"13988",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",middleName:null,surname:"Biegert",fullName:"Jens Biegert",slug:"jens-biegert"},{id:"13989",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Chalus",fullName:"Olivier Chalus",slug:"olivier-chalus"},{id:"13990",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Bates",fullName:"Philip Bates",slug:"philip-bates"}]},{id:"12567",title:"Contrast Improvement of Relativistic Few-Cycle Light Pulses",slug:"contrast-improvement-of-relativistic-few-cycle-light-pulses",totalDownloads:2021,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Laszlo Veisz",authors:[{id:"13500",title:"Prof.",name:"Laszlo",middleName:null,surname:"Veisz",fullName:"Laszlo Veisz",slug:"laszlo-veisz"}]},{id:"12568",title:"Modeling the Interaction of a Single-Cycle Laser Pulse with a Bound Electron without Ionization",slug:"modeling-the-interaction-of-a-single-cycle-laser-pulse-with-a-bound-electron-without-ionization",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ufuk Parali and Dennis Alexander",authors:[{id:"13269",title:"Dr.",name:"Dennis",middleName:null,surname:"Alexander",fullName:"Dennis Alexander",slug:"dennis-alexander"},{id:"13933",title:"Prof.",name:"Ufuk",middleName:null,surname:"Parali",fullName:"Ufuk Parali",slug:"ufuk-parali"}]},{id:"12677",title:"Ultrashort, Strongly Focused Laser Pulses in Free Space",slug:"ultrashort-strongly-focused-laser-pulses-in-free-space",totalDownloads:2500,totalCrossrefCites:11,signatures:"Alexandre April",authors:[{id:"13499",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"April",fullName:"Alexandre April",slug:"alexandre-april"}]},{id:"12569",title:"Interaction of Short Laser Pulses with Gases and Ionized Gases",slug:"interaction-of-short-laser-pulses-with-gases-and-ionized-gases",totalDownloads:4103,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Stephan Brückner, Wolfgang Viöl and Stephan Wieneke",authors:[{id:"13598",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Wieneke",fullName:"Stephan Wieneke",slug:"stephan-wieneke"},{id:"13823",title:"MSc.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Brückner",fullName:"Stephan Brückner",slug:"stephan-bruckner"},{id:"13824",title:"Dr.",name:"Wolfgang",middleName:null,surname:"Viöl",fullName:"Wolfgang Viöl",slug:"wolfgang-viol"}]},{id:"12570",title:"Characterisation and Manipulation of Proton Beams Accelerated by Ultra-Short and High-Contrast Laser Pulses",slug:"characterisation-and-manipulation-of-proton-beams-accelerated-by-ultra-short-and-high-contrast-laser",totalDownloads:2489,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sargis Ter-Avetisyan, Matthias Schnürer and Peter Victor Nickles",authors:[{id:"13571",title:"Dr.",name:"Sargis",middleName:null,surname:"Ter-Avetisyan",fullName:"Sargis Ter-Avetisyan",slug:"sargis-ter-avetisyan"},{id:"14238",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Schnürer",fullName:"Matthias Schnürer",slug:"matthias-schnurer"},{id:"14239",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Nickles",fullName:"Peter Victor Nickles",slug:"peter-victor-nickles"}]},{id:"12571",title:"Picosecond Laser Pulse Distortion by Propagation through a Turbulent Atmosphere",slug:"picosecond-laser-pulse-distortion-by-propagation-through-a-turbulent-atmosphere",totalDownloads:3071,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivan Prochazka, Lukas Kral and Josef Blazej",authors:[{id:"14960",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Blazej",fullName:"Josef Blazej",slug:"josef-blazej"},{id:"14967",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Prochazka",fullName:"Ivan Prochazka",slug:"ivan-prochazka"},{id:"14968",title:"Dr.",name:"Lukas",middleName:null,surname:"Kral",fullName:"Lukas Kral",slug:"lukas-kral"}]},{id:"12678",title:"Comparison between Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method and Experimental Results for Femtosecond Laser Pulse Propagation",slug:"comparison-between-finite-difference-time-domain-method-and-experimental-results-for-femtosecond-las",totalDownloads:2391,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Shinki Nakamura",authors:[{id:"4143",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Shinki Nakamura",slug:"shinki-nakamura"}]},{id:"12572",title:"Non Perturbative Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, TDDFT: Study of Ionization and Harmonic Generation in Linear Di-(N₂) and Tri-(CO₂, OCS, CS₂) Atomic Molecules with Ultrashort Intense Laser Pulses-Orientational Effects",slug:"non-perturbative-time-dependent-density-functional-theory-tddft-study-of-ionization-and-harmonic-gen",totalDownloads:2200,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Andre D Bandrauk and Emmanuel Penka Fowe",authors:[{id:"14146",title:"Dr.",name:"Andre D.",middleName:null,surname:"Bandrauk",fullName:"Andre D. Bandrauk",slug:"andre-d.-bandrauk"},{id:"14147",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Penka Fowe",fullName:"Emmanuel Penka Fowe",slug:"emmanuel-penka-fowe"}]},{id:"12679",title:"Femtosecond Fabrication of Waveguides in Ion-Doped Laser Crystals",slug:"femtosecond-fabrication-of-waveguides-in-ion-doped-laser-crystals",totalDownloads:2118,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Andrey Okhrimchuk",authors:[{id:"13399",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Okhrimchuk",fullName:"Andrey Okhrimchuk",slug:"andrey-okhrimchuk"}]},{id:"12573",title:"Heat Absorption, Transport and Phase Transformation in Noble Metals Excited by Femtosecond Laser Pulses",slug:"heat-absorption-transport-and-phase-transformation-in-noble-metals-excited-by-femtosecond-laser-puls",totalDownloads:2476,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wai-lun Chan and Robert Averback",authors:[{id:"14122",title:"Dr.",name:"Wai-Lun",middleName:null,surname:"Chan",fullName:"Wai-Lun Chan",slug:"wai-lun-chan"},{id:"14123",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Averback",fullName:"Robert S. Averback",slug:"robert-s.-averback"}]},{id:"12574",title:"Probing Ultrafast Dynamics of Polarization Clusters in BaTiO₃ by Pulsed Soft X-Ray Laser Speckle Technique",slug:"probing-ultrafast-dynamics-of-polarization-clusters-in-batio-by-pulsed-soft-x-ray-laser-speckle-tech",totalDownloads:2047,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kai Ji and Keiichiro Nasu",authors:[{id:"14564",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",fullName:"Kai Ji",slug:"kai-ji"},{id:"14599",title:"Prof.",name:"Keiichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Nasu",fullName:"Keiichiro Nasu",slug:"keiichiro-nasu"}]},{id:"12575",title:"Two-Photon Polymerization of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymers as Scalable Technology Using Ultra-Short Laser Pulses",slug:"two-photon-polymerization-of-inorganic-organic-hybrid-polymers-as-scalable-technology-using-ultra-sh",totalDownloads:2960,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Houbertz, Ruth, Steenhusen, Sönke, Stiche, Thomas1, and Sext, Gerhard",authors:[{id:"14099",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",middleName:null,surname:"Houbertz",fullName:"Ruth Houbertz",slug:"ruth-houbertz"}]},{id:"12576",title:"Several Diffractive Optical Elements Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses Writing Directly",slug:"several-diffractive-optical-elements-fabricated-by-femtosecond-laser-pulses-writing-directly",totalDownloads:2275,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhongyi Guo, Lingling Ran, Shiliang Qu and Shutian Liu",authors:[{id:"15733",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongyi",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Zhongyi Guo",slug:"zhongyi-guo"}]},{id:"12577",title:"Sub-Wavelength Patterning of Self-Assembled Organic Monolayers via Nonlinear Processing with Femtosecond Laser Pulses",slug:"sub-wavelength-patterning-of-self-assembled-organic-monolayers-via-nonlinear-processing-with-femtose",totalDownloads:1840,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nils Hartmann",authors:[{id:"13736",title:"Dr.",name:"Nils",middleName:null,surname:"Hartmann",fullName:"Nils Hartmann",slug:"nils-hartmann"}]},{id:"12578",title:"Application of Short Laser Pulses",slug:"application-of-short-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:2208,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"S. Mehdi Sharifi and Abdossamad Talebpour",authors:[{id:"13471",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharifi Kalahroudi",fullName:"Seyed Mehdi Sharifi Kalahroudi",slug:"seyed-mehdi-sharifi-kalahroudi"}]},{id:"12579",title:"Ultrashort Laser Pulses Applications",slug:"ultrashort-laser-pulses-applications",totalDownloads:3323,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ricardo Samad, Lilia Courrol, Sonia Baldochi and Nilson Vieira",authors:[{id:"13815",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Samad",fullName:"Ricardo Samad",slug:"ricardo-samad"},{id:"14327",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Courol",fullName:"Lilia Courol",slug:"lilia-courol"},{id:"14328",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Baldochi",fullName:"Sonia Baldochi",slug:"sonia-baldochi"},{id:"14329",title:"Dr.",name:"Nilson Dias",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira Junior",fullName:"Nilson Dias Vieira Junior",slug:"nilson-dias-vieira-junior"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"356",title:"Laser Pulse Phenomena and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0326c656c0dd5480c2dd15d22a772d18",slug:"laser-pulse-phenomena-and-applications",bookSignature:"F. J. Duarte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13752",title:"Dr.",name:"F. J.",surname:"Duarte",slug:"f.-j.-duarte",fullName:"F. J. Duarte"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"12537",title:"Pulse-Laser Powered Orbital Launcher",slug:"pulse-laser-powered-orbital-launcher",signatures:"Hiroshi Katsurayma, Kimiya Komurasaki and Yoshihiro Arakawa",authors:[{id:"14407",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Katsurayama",fullName:"Hiroshi Katsurayama",slug:"hiroshi-katsurayama"},{id:"14409",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimiya",middleName:null,surname:"Komurasaki",fullName:"Kimiya Komurasaki",slug:"kimiya-komurasaki"},{id:"14410",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Arakawa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Arakawa",slug:"yoshihiro-arakawa"}]},{id:"12680",title:"'Impulsar': New Application for High Power High Repetition Rate Pulse-Periodic Lasers",slug:"impulsar-new-application-for-high-power-high-repetition-rate-pulse-periodic-lasers",signatures:"Victor Apollonov",authors:[{id:"13259",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Apollonov",fullName:"Victor Apollonov",slug:"victor-apollonov"}]},{id:"12538",title:"The Effect of the Time Structure of Laser Pulse on Temperature Distribution and Thermal Stresses in Homogeneous Body with Coating",slug:"the-effect-of-the-time-structure-of-laser-pulse-on-temperature-distribution-and-thermal-stresses-in-",signatures:"Aleksander Yevtushenko and Malgorzata Rozniakowska-Klosinska",authors:[null]},{id:"12539",title:"High-order Harmonic Generation",slug:"high-order-harmonic-generation",signatures:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",authors:[{id:"13731",title:"Dr",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Jakubczak",fullName:"Krzysztof Jakubczak",slug:"krzysztof-jakubczak"}]},{id:"12540",title:"Burst Mode Q:switched Laser Pulses for Plasma Excitation in LIBS Analysis",slug:"burst-mode-q-switched-laser-pulses-for-plasma-excitation-in-libs-analysis",signatures:"Luis Ponce, Lesther Moreira, Eduardo de Posada, Miguel Arronte, Teresa Flores and Eugenio Rodriguez",authors:[{id:"14171",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Ponce",fullName:"Luis Ponce",slug:"luis-ponce"}]},{id:"12541",title:"Numerical Simulations of Temperature-dependence on Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) and Performance Analyses for Proton-Implant/Oxide Confined VCSEL: Comparison with Transmission Matrix, Matrix Calculating Methods and Macleod Model",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-temperature-dependence-on-distributed-bragg-reflector-dbr-and-performance-a",signatures:"Tzu-chiang Chen",authors:[{id:"4131",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiang-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Shiang-Feng Tang",slug:"shiang-feng-tang"}]},{id:"12542",title:"Various Ambiguities in Generating and Reconstructing Laser Pulse Parameters",slug:"various-ambiguities-in-generating-re-constructing-laser-pulse-parameters-",signatures:"Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri",authors:[{id:"13273",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrasekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Roychoudhuri",fullName:"Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri",slug:"chandrasekhar-roychoudhuri"}]},{id:"12543",title:"Infrared Thermo-Electric Photodetectors",slug:"infrared-thermo-electric-photodetectors",signatures:"Johan Stiens, Cathleen De Tandt, Gennady Shkerdin, Vladimir Kotov, Roger Vounckx and Werner Vandermeiren",authors:[{id:"14014",title:"Dr.",name:"Werner",middleName:null,surname:"Vandermeiren",fullName:"Werner Vandermeiren",slug:"werner-vandermeiren"},{id:"14082",title:"Prof",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Stiens",fullName:"Johan Stiens",slug:"johan-stiens"},{id:"14083",title:"Prof.",name:"Cathleen",middleName:null,surname:"De Tandt",fullName:"Cathleen De Tandt",slug:"cathleen-de-tandt"},{id:"14084",title:"Prof",name:"Gennady",middleName:null,surname:"Shkerdin",fullName:"Gennady Shkerdin",slug:"gennady-shkerdin"},{id:"14085",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Kotov",fullName:"Vladimir Kotov",slug:"vladimir-kotov"},{id:"14086",title:"Prof",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Vounckx",fullName:"Roger Vounckx",slug:"roger-vounckx"}]},{id:"12555",title:"Laser Pulses Characterization with Pyroelectric Sensors",slug:"laser-pulses-characterization-with-pyroelectric-sensors",signatures:"Lorenzo Capineri and Marina Mazzoni",authors:[{id:"14284",title:"Prof.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Capineri",fullName:"Lorenzo Capineri",slug:"lorenzo-capineri"}]},{id:"12544",title:"Time-gated Single Photon Counting Lock-in Detection at 1550 nm Wavelength",slug:"time-gated-single-photon-counting-lock-in-detection-at-1550-nm-wavelength",signatures:"Liantuan Xiao, Xiaobo Wang, Guofeng Zhang and Suotang Jia",authors:[{id:"13260",title:"Prof.",name:"Liantuan",middleName:null,surname:"Xiao",fullName:"Liantuan Xiao",slug:"liantuan-xiao"}]},{id:"12545",title:"Laser Beam Diagnostics in a Spatial Domain",slug:"laser-beam-diagnostics-in-a-spatial-domain",signatures:"Tae Moon Jeong and Jongmin Lee",authors:[{id:"14353",title:"Prof.",name:"Jongmin",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Jongmin Lee",slug:"jongmin-lee"},{id:"14608",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae Moon",middleName:null,surname:"Jeong",fullName:"Tae Moon Jeong",slug:"tae-moon-jeong"}]},{id:"12546",title:"Intensity Effects and Absolute Phase Effects in Nonlinear Laser-Matter Interactions",slug:"intensity-effects-and-absolute-phase-effects-in-nonlinear-laser-matter-interactions",signatures:"Sandor Varro",authors:[{id:"13256",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandor",middleName:null,surname:"Varro",fullName:"Sandor Varro",slug:"sandor-varro"}]},{id:"12547",title:"Multiphoton Selective Excitation and Analytical Control of Small Molecules in Intense Laser Fields: an Algebraic Model",slug:"multiphoton-selective-excitation-and-analytical-control-of-small-molecules-in-intense-laser-fields-a",signatures:"Yujun Zheng",authors:[{id:"13337",title:"Prof.",name:"Yujun",middleName:null,surname:"Zheng",fullName:"Yujun Zheng",slug:"yujun-zheng"}]},{id:"12548",title:"Laser Plasma Accelerators: towards High Quality Electron Beam",slug:"laser-plasma-accelerators-towards-high-quality-electron-beam",signatures:"Victor Malka",authors:[{id:"13828",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Malka",fullName:"Victor Malka",slug:"victor-malka"}]},{id:"12549",title:"Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Formation by Laser Ablation",slug:"mechanisms-of-nanoparticle-formation-by-laser-ablation",signatures:"Tatiana Itina",authors:[{id:"13419",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Itina",fullName:"Tatiana Itina",slug:"tatiana-itina"}]},{id:"12550",title:"Ablation of 2-6 Compounds with Low Power Pulses of YAG:Nd Laser",slug:"ablation-of-2-6-compounds-with-low-power-pulses-of-yag-nd-laser",signatures:"Maciej Oszwaldowski, Janusz Rzeszutek and Piotr Kuswik",authors:[{id:"14481",title:"Prof.",name:"Maciej",middleName:null,surname:"Oszwaldowski",fullName:"Maciej Oszwaldowski",slug:"maciej-oszwaldowski"},{id:"14485",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Rzeszutek",fullName:"Janusz Rzeszutek",slug:"janusz-rzeszutek"},{id:"14486",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Kuswik",fullName:"Piotr Kuswik",slug:"piotr-kuswik"}]},{id:"12551",title:"Photoinduced Structural Changes of Doped SiO₂ Glasses using Ultraviolet Laser Pulses",slug:"photoinduced-structural-changes-of-doped-sio2-glasses-using-ultraviolet-laser-pulses",signatures:"Hiroaki Nishiyama and Junji Nishii",authors:[{id:"13754",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Nishiyama",fullName:"Hiroaki Nishiyama",slug:"hiroaki-nishiyama"}]},{id:"12552",title:"Hot Chemistry with Cold Molecules",slug:"hot-chemistry-with-cold-molecules-",signatures:"Debabrata Goswami and Tapas Goswami",authors:[{id:"12562",title:"Prof.",name:"Debabrata",middleName:null,surname:"Goswami",fullName:"Debabrata Goswami",slug:"debabrata-goswami"},{id:"23398",title:"Dr.",name:"Tapas",middleName:null,surname:"Goswami",fullName:"Tapas Goswami",slug:"tapas-goswami"}]},{id:"12553",title:"UV-Laser and LED Fluorescence Detection of Trace Organic Compounds in Drinking Water and Distilled Spirits",slug:"uv-laser-and-led-fluorescence-detection-of-trace-organic-compounds-in-drinking-water-and-distilled-s",signatures:"Anna Sharikova and Dennis Killinger",authors:[{id:"14480",title:"Prof.",name:"Dennis",middleName:"K.",surname:"Killinger",fullName:"Dennis Killinger",slug:"dennis-killinger"},{id:"14484",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Sharikova",fullName:"Anna Sharikova",slug:"anna-sharikova"}]},{id:"12554",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography: Development and Applications",slug:"optical-coherence-tomography-development-and-applications",signatures:"Anderson Freitas, Marcello Amaral and Marcus Raele",authors:[{id:"13431",title:"Dr.",name:"Anderson",middleName:"Zanardi",surname:"Freitas",fullName:"Anderson Freitas",slug:"anderson-freitas"},{id:"13432",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Amaral",fullName:"Marcello Amaral",slug:"marcello-amaral"},{id:"13433",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcus",middleName:null,surname:"Raele",fullName:"Marcus Raele",slug:"marcus-raele"}]},{id:"12681",title:"High Resolution Biological Visualization Techniques",slug:"high-resolution-biological-visualization-techniques",signatures:"Pavlina Pike, Christian Parigger and Robert Splinter",authors:[{id:"13520",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Parigger",fullName:"Christian Parigger",slug:"christian-parigger"},{id:"13521",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavlina",middleName:null,surname:"Pike",fullName:"Pavlina Pike",slug:"pavlina-pike"},{id:"13522",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Splinter",fullName:"Robert Splinter",slug:"robert-splinter"}]},{id:"12682",title:"CO₂ Laser Pulse-Evoked Nocifensive Behavior Mediated by C-Fibers",slug:"co-laser-pulse-evoked-nocifensive-behavior-mediated-by-c-fiber",signatures:"Bai Chuang Shyu",authors:[{id:"13258",title:"Dr.",name:"Bai Chuang",middleName:null,surname:"Shyu",fullName:"Bai Chuang Shyu",slug:"bai-chuang-shyu"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69163",title:"Mycotoxins: The Hidden Danger in Foods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89001",slug:"mycotoxins-the-hidden-danger-in-foods",body:'Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites with a wide variety of chemical structures synthesized by fungi (mold) [1]. Mycotoxins are thought to be a kind of “chemical defense system” to protect mold from insects, microorganisms, nematodes, grazing animals, and humans [2]. Molds reproduce by means of spores, and their small molecular weight spores are easily disseminated to environment by wind. They cannot be affected by the adverse environmental conditions and can be present in the latent state for long periods. Moreover, when the environmental conditions are appropriate, spores return to vegetative form and can form into new mold colonies. Agricultural products can be contaminated with mold in pre-harvest via insect and bird damage and harsh weather condition damage such as hail damage. In addition, selected harvesting method is one of the most important reasons in contamination of the mold to the products. Improper storage, transport, and marketing can also cause the mold growth and synthesis of mycotoxins [3].
Mycotoxin can occur in food and agricultural products via many contamination pathways, at any stage of production, processing, transport, and storage (Figure 1) [4]. Factors that affect mold growth and mycotoxin production are temperature, relative humidity, fungicides and/or fertilizers, interaction between the colonizing toxigenic fungal species, type of subtract and nutritional factors, geographical location, genetic requirements, and insect infestation [5, 6].
Factors affecting mycotoxin occurrence in the food and feed chain [
Approximately 400 fungal secondary metabolites are known to be toxic, and one quarter of agricultural products have been reported to be contaminated with mycotoxins in the world [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. While a type of mold may form more than one mycotoxin, a mycotoxin can be synthesized by many molds. The most common types of mold which are known to produce mycotoxins are
According to the result of many studies in poultry and mammals, mycotoxins can be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, and embryotoxic [11]. The phenomenon of toxicity is called mycotoxicosis occurring after consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated product by human and animal [12].
Especially cereals, grains, nuts, oilseeds, fruits, dried fruits, vegetables, cocoa and coffee beans, wine, beer, herbs, and spices are major mycotoxin vectors since they are consumed by a large mass of people and animals [4]. Mycotoxins cause different degrees of toxicity according to exposure time, mycotoxin amount, physiological state, and sensitivity of the organism in humans and animals.
In addition to risk of public health, mycotoxins generate high level of economical loses for food industry due to reduced crop yields, lost trade revenues (local and international), and livestock illnesses [13, 14]. Elimination of mycotoxin is quite though due to resistant to physical, chemical, and biological methods; however, some of the measures described in the following sections may help to prevent mycotoxin. The methods used for mycotoxin determination are chromatography such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and also enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and biosensor-based screening methods [15]. Detection is complicated due to limitations in analytical methodology [16]. Therefore, prevention of mold contamination and mycotoxin synthesis is essential for food safety in food industry.
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 77 countries have established guidance and regulations on mycotoxin in food and feed to control the level of mycotoxin. On the other hand, 13 countries including African countries still do not have specific regulation for food safety [4].
Ergotism is one of the oldest determined mycotoxicoses (disease) in human and results from consumption of the ergot body in rye or other grains infected by a parasitic fungus of the genus
Mycotoxins can occur in the food in several ways (Figure 1), but technically divided into two groups; first is mold growth as a pathogen plant in field, another one is grow on stored. After plant materials are contaminated with mold spores from soil and air, they easily contaminate other food source, production area, laboratory, and even kitchen of our homes. Certain species of mold are capable of mycotoxin synthesis; therefore, each food contaminated with mold always may not contain mycotoxins. Nevertheless, moldy products are considered to be risky products in terms of mycotoxin.
Mycotoxins appear in almost all kinds of animal feed and products such as wheat bran, noug cake, pea hulls, maize grain, milk and meat, and also human food such as cereal, fruit and vegetables, spice, etc. [5]. Consuming these foods creates serious health risks in human and all animal species. Mycotoxin intake by feed or food causes chronic intoxication rather than acute symptoms. Acute toxicity is observed in high-dose mycotoxin exposure, and symptoms show a rapid effect such as borborygmy, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc. On the other hand, low-level mycotoxin exposure in long period causes serious impairments in the liver, kidney, and immune system organs and tissues. Therefore, mycotoxin plays a significant role in cancer in these organs [2]. Some important mycotoxin health effects are shown in Figure 2. Toxic effects on humans and animals of important mycotoxins are shown in Table 1 [19].
Aflatoxin (AFL), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), fumonisin (FUM), trichothecenes (TCT), and zearalenone (ZEA) mycotoxin health effects [
Mycotoxins | Genus/species | Major food | Toxic effects and diseases |
---|---|---|---|
Aflatoxin | Cereals, feeds, oilseeds and pulp, coconut | Carcinogenic, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, decreasing immune systems, affecting the structure of DNA, hepatitis, bleeding, kidney lesions | |
Fumonisin | Cereals, corn | Encephalomalacia, pulmonary edema, carcinogenic, neurotoxicity, liver damage, heart failure, esophageal cancer in humans | |
Ochratoxin OTA | Cereals, herbs, oil seeds, figs, beef jerky, fruits, and wine | Kidney and liver damage, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, suppression of immune system, carcinogenic | |
Patulin | Silage, wheat, feeds, apples, grapes, peaches, pears, apricots, olives, cereals | Neural syndromes, brain hemorrhage, skin lesions, skin cancer, lung, mutagenicity, antibacterial effect | |
Trichothecenes (T2, DON, DAS, HT2) | Cereals, feeds, silage, legumes, fruits, and vegetables | Immune suppression, cytotoxic, skin necrosis, hemorrhage, anemia, granulocytopenia, oral epithelial lesions, GIS lesions, hematopoietic, alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA), hypotension, coagulopathy | |
Zearalenone | Cereals, corn, silage, timothy grass, fodder | Carcinogenic, hormonal imbalance estrogenic effect, reproductive problems, teratogenic |
Name of some important mycotoxin-producing fungi, susceptible foods, and mycotoxin effects on humans and animals [19].
Mycotoxins have caused many serious outbreaks worldwide. There was an outbreak that occurred in 1967, and 26 people were poisoned because of the consumption of moldy rice for up to 3 weeks in Taiwan [21]. An outbreak of aflatoxicosis affecting humans, reported in India, led to the death of 100 people in 1974 [22]. Another outbreak was reported in India in 1995, affecting 1424 people due to sorghum and maize contaminated with fumonisin [23]. During January–June 2004, an aflatoxicosis outbreak in eastern Kenya resulted in 317 cases and 125 deaths [24].
Mycotoxin contamination in foods and fodder has been becoming a global concern day by day. According to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) reports, it is estimated that mycotoxin affects nearly 25% of the world’s crop each year and is causing huge agricultural product and industrial losses in billions of dollars [25]. For example, estimated annual loss in the United States is approximately $ 0.5–1.5 billion [19]. The main effects of mycotoxins on national economies can be thought in five ways:
Product yield losses due to toxigenic mold diseases
Decrease in commercial value because of contaminated food and feed
Human and animal health losses due to harmful impacts associated with mycotoxin-contaminated food and fodder consumption
Cost of analysis of mycotoxin
Strategies to control mycotoxin contamination
Economic impacts are felt by agricultural chain such as manufacturer of plant and animal, especially cereal industry, consumers, and briefly all farm-to-fork steps.
Aflatoxins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi,
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a natural mycotoxin produced mainly by fungal type of
Fumonisins are generated by various fungal species such as
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) identified FB1 as possibly carcinogenic to humans (group 2B). Recent studies reported that FB1 causes an increased prevalence of esophageal and liver cancer in humans [59]. Furthermore, this mycotoxin has been found to have toxic effects against several organs (nervous and cardiovascular systems, liver, lung, kidney) in animals [60]. Fumonisins are largely found in corn and corn-based foods and also FB1 in rice, beer, sorghum, cowpea seeds, triticale, beans, asparagus, and soybeans [61].
Zearalenone (ZEA), known as an estrogenic mycotoxin, is a secondary metabolite produced by
Several in vivo studies found that ZEA disrupts hormonal balance due to its similarity to naturally occurring estrogens [64]. The mycotoxin has high affinity for estrogen receptors, causing reproduction and fertility disorders in mammals [65]. In addition, it is known that progressive exposure to endocrine-modulatory compound has been linked with carcinogenesis in human [64]. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) report in 2014, the bioavailability of toxin is up to 80% in human and animals such as rats, rabbits, and pigs [66]. Moreover, recent works report ZEA is metabolized in the liver and has shown hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, carcinogenic, and nephrotoxic effect in animal tests [67, 68, 69]. As this mycotoxin possesses such consumer health risks, the European Union (EU) has prescribed the limits of ZEA (20–350 μg/kg) for various processed and unprocessed cereals [66].
Trichothecenes are a large group of mycotoxins produced predominantly by
The mechanism of action of trichothecenes is based on the inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. This mycotoxin affects peptidyl transferase enzyme binding the 60S ribosomal subunit, thus causing the inhibition of protein translation and ribotoxic stress [75]. Also, Pestka reported these groups of mycotoxins cause immunosuppression or immune stimulation by affecting the leucocytes [76].
The family of trichothecenes has a significant impact on cereal and grain production due to health risk for human consumption, livestock feed, or malting purposes [77, 78]. According to report from the FDA, economic losses associated with mycotoxin ranges from USD 0.5 million to over USD 1.5 billion from aflatoxin (corn and peanuts), fumonisin (corn), and deoxynivalenol (wheat) in the United States. [72]. Hence, control of these mycotoxins is essential for human and animal health and economic reasons.
Deoxynivalenol (DON), known as vomitoxin, is the most commonly detected trichothecenes in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale [79]. Even though NIV presence of cereals appears generally to be lower than DON [80], it has been reported that the occurrence of NIV in of wheat and barley is as prevalent as that of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Japan [81]. According to animal toxicity studies, NIV shows higher toxicity than DON. The LD50 values for DON and NIV in tests in mice were 78 and 39 mg/kg, respectively, and DON and NIV, similarly to other trichothecenes, show inhibitor effect on cell metabolism such as protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis [82]. In addition, these mycotoxins affect cell division and mitochondrial functions [83, 84, 70]. Both mycotoxins exhibit major symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, vomiting, and inflammation of the throat, weight loss, and anorexia [85].
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that trichothecenes shows fatal and chronic intoxications on human and livestock and also DON shows teratogenic, neurotoxigenic, and immunosuppressant effects [86].
According to the conducted BIOMIN World Mycotoxin Survey, DON appeared in 81% of livestock feed from 81 countries worldwide followed by fumonisins that were detected in 71% of samples. Therefore, DON is reported as the most common mycotoxin worldwide (https://www.biomin.net/en/biomin-mycotoxin-survey/).
Food safety is a key component in public health issue, and a mycotoxin is a huge food safety risk in developing countries. Prevention is the most important and effective way in reducing fungal growth and mycotoxin production to ensure food safety. The following steps that explain prevention and control of mycotoxin occurrence include good agricultural practices (GAP) in field, control practices of harvesting and storage, physical methods (cleaning, milling, etc.), implementation of biotechnological application, biological control through the use of controlled atmosphere during storage, detoxification/degradation, and fermentation techniques.
Pre-harvesting is considered first and one of the most important stages to prevent mold growth and mycotoxin synthesis. Several strategies are available for the produce of healthy products and reduce the mold formation at pre-harvesting, including selection of plants according to the soil structure and production capacity, use of plant which is resistant to fungi and insects, irrigation time, make fertilization, use of insecticides to prevent insect damage [87].
Harvesting at the appropriate time periods (low moisture and full maturity) is essential for reducing the risk of a mycotoxin contamination since overmaturity creates sensitivity to mold growth. Additionally, suitable harvesting equipment and procedures should be used, and crops should be dried after maturity to both reduce grain moisture to safe levels [88].
The latest technological advances provided new paths in mycotoxin control strategies that include the use of a controlled atmosphere with inhibitory or a protective effect and use of naturally occurring compounds under different conditions and essential oils with antioxidant properties to decrease fungal growth and mycotoxin production in grains during storage [89]. Moreover, these strategies also include using regularly cleaned transport vehicles to prevent cross contamination of products; monitoring of temperature, humidity, aeration and pest infestation periodic during storage [90]; using mold inhibitors (propionic acid) to contaminated food and feed; and application of disinfectant such as sodium hypochlorite to storage area [91].
Some studies have shown that using physical methods (dehulling, washing, sorting, and cleaning of visible moldy seed) reduces different mycotoxin species in foods regardless of grain genre [70]. Scudamore and Pascale et al. [92] and Patel [93] observed a reduction of T-2 (62%) and HT-2 (53%) and DON (50%) in wheat seeds after cleaning. Scudamore and Patel also reported a 32% reduction in fumonisin levels in corn in an industrial enterprise [94]. Moreover, milling is an important effect in the reduction of
One of the best applicable strategies for the prevention of mycotoxin formation is the cultivation of fungal infestation-resistant plants and improvement of the genetic composition to suppress mycotoxin production [96]. The benefits of biotechnological applications were observed with Aflasafe. Aflasafe is a biocontrol product that includes a blend of four fungal species covered over grains which reduce aflatoxigenic fungi that produce AFs in maize and groundnuts (https://aflasafe.com/).
Mycotoxins are resistant to heat and cannot be completely destroyed under normal cooking process. On the other hand, mycotoxin reduction has been determined after heating, and this may be the result of reactions changing the chemical structure [70]. Ryu et al. reported heat treatment (at temperature 120–160°C) causes a reduction between 66 and 83% of ZEN [97]. Scott and Lawrence also reported a reduction of 60–100% of fumonisins with a heat treatment at 190°C (60 min) and 220°C (25 min).
Biological control of mycotoxins via detoxification/degradation offers a promising alternative method [98]. Recently the effectiveness of fermentation for the reduction and elimination of mycotoxins has also been proven. Studies documented in the literature generally show that mycotoxins are reduced by conversion, detoxification, binding, degradation, and decontamination after food fermentation [99]. Modification of the chemical structure of the mycotoxin molecule, removal or detoxification/inactivation, and adhesion to bacterial cell walls provide a reduced toxicity during fermentation [99]. Implementation of these preventive methods cannot solve the problem alone; also it must be an integral part of an integrated food safety management system based on the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP).
HACCP is a food management system where food safety is addressed through the analysis, control, and monitoring of physical, chemical, and biological hazards from raw material manufacturing, supply, and handling to production, distribution, and consumption of the finished product [100]. The National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods (NACMCF) published a guideline about HACCP containing seven basic principles, decision tree, and all plans in 1992 [101]. Implementation of HACCP is an effective strategy for prevention, control, and periodic monitoring of mycotoxin in all stages from field to the consumer. There are 12 successive steps recommended to implementation of HACCP system. Previous HACCP studies can be researched to set up tasks from 1 to 5 that specify each food process, and tasks required for mycotoxin control begin at 6 (Principle 1).
Establish the HACCP team.
Describe the product.
Identify the product’s intended use.
Draw up the commodity flow diagram.
Confirm the flow diagram on-site.
Identify and analyze hazard(s) (Principle 1).
Determine the critical control points (CCPs) (Principle 2).
Establish critical limits for each (CCP) (Principle 3).
Establish a monitoring procedure (Principle 4).
Establish corrective action (Principle 5).
Verify the HACCP plan (Principle 6).
Keep record (Principle 7).
Crops and tolerated levels of mycotoxins (μgkg−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Mycotoxins | Rice | Maize | Spices | Fruit juices |
Brazil | AFB1/AFG1 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
China | AFB1 | 10 | 20 | — | — |
France | FB1 | 1000 | 1000 | — | — |
Hungary | Total AF OTA | 50 5 | 50 5 | - - | - - |
Japan | AFB1 Patulin | 10 | 10 | 10 | — |
The United States | Total AF Patulin | 20 - | 20 - | 20 - | - 50 |
Turkey | AFB1 Patulin | 2 - | 2 - | 5 - | - - |
Global regulation of mycotoxin contamination in agricultural products [103].
Microbiological and/or chemical tests can be used to confirm which product is meeting CCP.
Asking questions especially to CCP employees.
Internal or external audit by independent person to check whether HACCP system is being implemented.
Step/CCP | Hazard analysis | Monitoring | Corrective action | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hazard | Control | Critical limit | Monitoring | Frequency | ||
Pre-harvest/ growing | Low soil moisture leading to plant stress during kernel development | Irrigate | Lower limit of critical water activity (aw) (check with your agronomist/extension staff for an exact value) | Measure soil moisture and record | Weekly on Monday morning | Additional irrigation; record amounts |
Insufficient soil nutrients leading to plant stress during kernel development | Fertilize | N, P, and K applications as recommended for hybrid by local agronomists (insert the values) | Fertilizer applied (appropriate for soil type and hybrid); amounts and type recorded | As recommended for hybrid | Additional fertilizer; record amounts added | |
Insect attack leading to damaged kernels | Integrated pest management (IPM) plan | Insect population within acceptable limits as determined by control program | Visual inspection and sample, with results recorded | Weekly | Apply pesticide in accordance with IPM plan | |
Harvest | Damage to kernels from harvester | Harvest when kernels are dry | Moisture content ≤14% | Measure and record grain moisture | Prior to harvest | Delay harvest till kernels are dried enough |
Storage | Excessive moisture content of kernels | Do not store until kernels are dry | Moisture content ≤14% | Measure and record grain moisture | Immediately prior to storage | Dry mechanically |
Insect attack, allowing fungi to penetrate kernels | IPM plan | No evidence of insect or rodent infestation using inspection protocols specified in IPM plan | Visual inspection with results recorded | Weekly | Apply pest control methods in accordance with IPM plan | |
High ambient humidity and temperature | Aerate grain to control temperature and humidity | Temperature and humidity within limits recommended in industry literature | Measure and record humidity, ambient temperature, and airflow | Daily during storage | Adjust aeration time of day or airflow to achieve desired temperature and humidity |
HACCP plan of maize [102].
Mycotoxin is a well-known food safety risk, which is a threat to human and livestock health, and has high economic significance in food industry. Recently, the food industry has become aware of the new term modified mycotoxins introduced by Rychlik et al. (masked mycotoxin) [104]. Food safety risk has risen since masked mycotoxins which pose many difficulties including the unknown occurrence/co-occurrence of these compounds and their toxicological properties. In addition, Lorenz et al. reported that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has taken into account efforts to address this emerging issue in food safety by developing strategies on how to evaluate potential added health risk due to the occurrence of modified mycotoxins [104].
Mycotoxigenic molds are difficult to prevent and control due to their widespread presence in nature. Prevention of mycotoxin synthesis in all stages of food processing is an essential point for public health and economic reasons. Many practices used for prevention of mycotoxin include good agricultural practices (GAP) in field, control practices of harvesting and storage, physical methods (cleaning, milling, etc.), implementation of biotechnological application, biological control through the use of controlled atmosphere during storage, detoxification/degradation, and fermentation techniques.
Meanwhile a number of techniques for mycotoxin control and management prove to be quite costly and/or unenforceable in some cases. On the other hand, using fermentation process for appropriate process has been recommended for mycotoxin reduction by Adebiyi et al. [99]. In the future, more emphasis should be given to nanotechnology and genetic engineering practices in the development of durable product types to ensure food safety.
In addition to these applications, food safety management systems such as HACCP, GAP, and good manufacturing practices (GMP) should be integrated at all stages of production, transport, and storage, in order to minimize contamination in food industry. Also fairly new food safety system including threat assessment critical control points (TACCP), vulnerability critical control points (VACCP), and hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC) should be investigated and implemented to ensure an effective control system.
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
',metaTitle:"Horizon 2020 Compliance",metaDescription:"General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\\n\\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\\n\\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\\n\\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\\n\\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\\n\\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\\n\\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Publishing with IntechOpen means that your scientific publications already meet these basic requirements. It also means that through our utilization of open licensing, our publications are also able to be copied, shared, searched, linked, crawled, and mined for text and data, optimizing our authors' compliance as suggested by the European Commission.
\n\nMetadata for all publications is also automatically deposited in IntechOpen's OAI repository, making them available through the Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe's (OpenAIRE) search interface further establishing our compliance.
\n\nIn other words, publishing with IntechOpen guarantees compliance.
\n\nRead more about Open Access in Horizon 2020 here.
\n\nWhich scientific publication to choose?
\n\nWhen choosing a publication, Horizon 2020 grant recipients are encouraged to provide open access to various types of scientific publications including monographs, edited books and conference proceedings.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes all of the aforementioned formats in compliance with the requirements and criteria established by the European Commission for the Horizon 2020 Program.
\n\nAuthors requiring additional information are welcome to send their inquiries to funders@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5820},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5289},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1761},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10546},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:909},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15932}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119318},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:48},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9515",title:"Update in Geriatrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"913e16c0ae977474b283bbd4269564c8",slug:"update-in-geriatrics",bookSignature:"Somchai Amornyotin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185484",title:"Prof.",name:"Somchai",middleName:null,surname:"Amornyotin",slug:"somchai-amornyotin",fullName:"Somchai Amornyotin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9021",title:"Novel Perspectives of Stem Cell Manufacturing and Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"522c6db871783d2a11c17b83f1fd4e18",slug:"novel-perspectives-of-stem-cell-manufacturing-and-therapies",bookSignature:"Diana Kitala and Ana Colette Maurício",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9021.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",middleName:null,surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7030",title:"Satellite Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9db6d2645ef248ceb1b33ea75f38e88",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Tien Nguyen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7030.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210657",title:"Dr.",name:"Tien M.",middleName:"Manh",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"tien-m.-nguyen",fullName:"Tien M. Nguyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10413",title:"A Collection of Papers on Chaos Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900b71b164948830fec3d6254b7881f7",slug:"a-collection-of-papers-on-chaos-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken and Dimo I. Uzunov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9154",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"313f1dffa803b60a14ff1e6966e93d91",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",bookSignature:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov and Gokulakannan Kandasamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94802",title:"Dr.",name:"Josette",middleName:null,surname:"Bettany-Saltikov",slug:"josette-bettany-saltikov",fullName:"Josette Bettany-Saltikov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8148",title:"Investment Strategies in Emerging New Trends in Finance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b714d96a68d2acdfbd7b50aba6504ca",slug:"investment-strategies-in-emerging-new-trends-in-finance",bookSignature:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar and Asma Salman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91081",title:"Dr.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Gharoie Ahangar",slug:"reza-gharoie-ahangar",fullName:"Reza Gharoie Ahangar"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206443/images/system/206443.png",biography:"Professor Asma Salman is a blockchain developer and Professor of Finance at the American University in the Emirates, UAE. An Honorary Global Advisor at the Global Academy of Finance and Management, USA, she completed her MBA in Finance and Accounting and earned a Ph.D. in Finance from an AACSB member, AMBA accredited, School of Management at Harbin Institute of Technology, China. Her research credentials include a one-year residency at the Brunel Business School, Brunel University, UK. Prof. Salman also served as the Dubai Cohort supervisor for DBA students under the Nottingham Business School, UK, for seven years and is currently a Ph.D. supervisor at the University of Northampton, UK, where she is a visiting fellow. She also served on the Board of Etihad Airlines during 2019–2020. One of her recent articles on “Bitcoin and Blockchain” gained wide visibility and she is an active speaker on Fintech, blockchain, and crypto events around the GCC. She holds various professional certifications including Chartered Fintech Professional (USA), Certified Financial Manager (USA), Women in Leadership and Management in Higher Education, (UK), and Taxation GCC VAT Compliance, (UK). She recently won an award for “Blockchain Trainer of the Year” from Berkeley Middle East. Other recognitions include the Women Leadership Impact Award by H.E First Lady of Armenia, Research Excellence Award, and the Global Inspirational Women Leadership Award by H.H Sheikh Juma Bin Maktoum Juma Al Maktoum.",institutionString:"American University in the Emirates",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"American University in the Emirates",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10201",title:"Post-Transition Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc7f53ff5269916e3ce29f65a51a87ae",slug:"post-transition-metals",bookSignature:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Abdullah Mohammed Asiri, Anish Khan, Inamuddin and Thamer Tabbakh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10201.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24438",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed Muzibur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"mohammed-muzibur-rahman",fullName:"Mohammed Muzibur Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics",parent:{title:"Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology"},numberOfBooks:143,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:3401,numberOfWosCitations:3946,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1614,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3509,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"physics ",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9984",title:"Geophysics and Ocean Waves Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"271d086381f9ba04162b0dc7cd57755f",slug:"geophysics-and-ocean-waves-studies",bookSignature:"Khalid S. Essa, Marcello Di Risio, Daniele Celli and Davide Pasquali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9984.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",middleName:null,surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10042",title:"Noise and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11e8fca2f0f623d87dfbc3cf2b185e0d",slug:"noise-and-environment",bookSignature:"Daniela Siano and Alice Elizabeth González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10042.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9960",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Siano",slug:"daniela-siano",fullName:"Daniela Siano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10074",title:"Recent Techniques and Applications in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129deeec2186f6392f154ed41f64477a",slug:"recent-techniques-and-applications-in-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby and Basim Almayyahi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8679",title:"Inverse Heat Conduction and Heat Exchangers",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a994b17ac471c6d414d63c74a7ab74de",slug:"inverse-heat-conduction-and-heat-exchangers",bookSignature:"Suvanjan Bhattacharya, Mohammad Moghimi Ardekani, Ranjib Biswas and R. C. Mehta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233630",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvanjan",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharyya",slug:"suvanjan-bhattacharyya",fullName:"Suvanjan Bhattacharyya"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"56358",title:"Dr.",name:"R. C.",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",slug:"r.-c.-mehta",fullName:"R. C. Mehta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/56358/images/system/56358.jpeg",biography:"R. C. Mehta obtained his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. He has worked as the Head of Aerodynamics\nDivision of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre/Indian Space Research\nOrganization. He has participated in the design of launch and\nreentry vehicles. He has served as a Senior Fellow in the School\nof Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is the recipient of the Life Time\nAchievement Award from the Flow Physics Society of India. He is a senior member\nof AIAA. He has published over 120 papers in peer-reviewed national and international journals. He has published five chapters and co-authored two books. He is a\nreviewer for many international journals. He is presently Dean in the Noorul Islam\nCentre for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, India.",institutionString:"Noorul Islam University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Noorul Islam University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8490",title:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0fe936bfad77ae70ad96c46de8b7730d",slug:"selected-topics-in-plasma-physics",bookSignature:"Sukhmander Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8490.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9211",title:"Single Photon Manipulation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"567ddcc14b68fa14e54df3bce2f51acc",slug:"single-photon-manipulation",bookSignature:"Keyu Xia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9211.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210723",title:"Prof.",name:"Keyu",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",slug:"keyu-xia",fullName:"Keyu Xia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10076",title:"Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78f2b316d6bb97464dbbf9b683164aff",slug:"quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7965",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb83772cea6200bdd685b8a1b93ee35d",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",bookSignature:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari and Irina Carlescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64949",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Sasani Ghamsari",slug:"morteza-sasani-ghamsari",fullName:"Morteza Sasani Ghamsari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9276",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03a2501c6fc0ac90a8b328850b712da7",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-simulations",bookSignature:"Guozhao Ji and Jiujiang Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9276.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190139",title:"Dr.",name:"Guozhao",middleName:null,surname:"Ji",slug:"guozhao-ji",fullName:"Guozhao Ji"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10162",title:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8c90b653db4fa7a59132d39cca185d8",slug:"a-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",bookSignature:"Theodore V. Hromadka II, Chung-Cheng Yen and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10162.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:143,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"32842",doi:"10.5772/34901",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:73518,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"49652",doi:"10.5772/61720",title:"Sample Preparations for Scanning Electron Microscopy – Life Sciences",slug:"sample-preparations-for-scanning-electron-microscopy-life-sciences",totalDownloads:8115,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:54,book:{slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mogana Das Murtey and Patchamuthu Ramasamy",authors:[{id:"176330",title:"Dr.",name:"Mogana",middleName:"Das",surname:"Murtey",slug:"mogana-murtey",fullName:"Mogana Murtey"},{id:"181159",title:"Mr.",name:"Patchamuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Ramasamy",slug:"patchamuthu-ramasamy",fullName:"Patchamuthu Ramasamy"}]},{id:"26791",doi:"10.5772/28067",title:"Optical Vortices in a Fiber: Mode Division Multiplexing and Multimode Self-Imaging",slug:"optical-vortices-in-a-fiber-mode-division-multiplexing-and-multimode-self-reproducing",totalDownloads:3952,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:39,book:{slug:"recent-progress-in-optical-fiber-research",title:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research",fullTitle:"Recent Progress in Optical Fiber Research"},signatures:"S.N. Khonina, N.L. Kazanskiy and V.A. Soifer",authors:[{id:"72613",title:"Prof.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Khonina",slug:"svetlana-khonina",fullName:"Svetlana Khonina"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71926",title:"An Overview of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals Composite Films and Their Applications",slug:"an-overview-of-polymer-dispersed-liquid-crystals-composite-films-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:561,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Anuja Katariya Jain and Rajendra R. Deshmukh",authors:[{id:"34437",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendrasing",middleName:"Rajesing",surname:"Deshmukh",slug:"rajendrasing-deshmukh",fullName:"Rajendrasing Deshmukh"},{id:"318245",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuja",middleName:null,surname:"Katariya-Jain",slug:"anuja-katariya-jain",fullName:"Anuja Katariya-Jain"}]},{id:"72824",title:"Applications of Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",slug:"applications-of-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",totalDownloads:312,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"a-diffusion-hydrodynamic-model",title:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model",fullTitle:"A Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model"},signatures:"Theodore V. Hromadka II and Chung-Cheng Yen",authors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}]},{id:"49537",title:"Electron Diffraction",slug:"electron-diffraction",totalDownloads:8488,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"modern-electron-microscopy-in-physical-and-life-sciences",title:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences",fullTitle:"Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences"},signatures:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad and Mohammad Jafari Eskandari",authors:[{id:"176352",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Asadi Asadabad",slug:"mohsen-asadi-asadabad",fullName:"Mohsen Asadi Asadabad"},{id:"177600",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Jafari Eskandari",slug:"mohammad-jafari-eskandari",fullName:"Mohammad Jafari Eskandari"}]},{id:"32842",title:"Sterilization by Gamma Irradiation",slug:"sterilization-by-gamma-irradiation",totalDownloads:73518,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:58,book:{slug:"gamma-radiation",title:"Gamma Radiation",fullTitle:"Gamma Radiation"},signatures:"Kátia Aparecida da Silva Aquino",authors:[{id:"102109",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:"Aparecida Da S.",surname:"Aquino",slug:"katia-aquino",fullName:"Katia Aquino"}]},{id:"71638",title:"Plasma Antennas",slug:"plasma-antennas",totalDownloads:300,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"selected-topics-in-plasma-physics",title:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plasma Physics"},signatures:"Theodore Anderson",authors:null},{id:"50866",title:"Effects of Different Laser Pulse Regimes (Nanosecond, Picosecond and Femtosecond) on the Ablation of Materials for Production of Nanoparticles in Liquid Solution",slug:"effects-of-different-laser-pulse-regimes-nanosecond-picosecond-and-femtosecond-on-the-ablation-of-ma",totalDownloads:4902,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"high-energy-and-short-pulse-lasers",title:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers",fullTitle:"High Energy and Short Pulse Lasers"},signatures:"Abubaker Hassan Hamad",authors:[{id:"183494",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubaker",middleName:"Hassan",surname:"Hamad",slug:"abubaker-hamad",fullName:"Abubaker Hamad"}]},{id:"68746",title:"Optically Clear Adhesives for OLED",slug:"optically-clear-adhesives-for-oled",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"luminescence-oled-technology-and-applications",title:"Luminescence",fullTitle:"Luminescence - OLED Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Joel T. Abrahamson, Hollis Z. Beagi, Fay Salmon and Christopher J. Campbell",authors:null},{id:"59379",title:"Graphene, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, and Perovskite Photodetectors",slug:"graphene-transition-metal-dichalcogenides-and-perovskite-photodetectors",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"two-dimensional-materials-for-photodetector",title:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector",fullTitle:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector"},signatures:"Zhi Yang, Jinjuan Dou and Minqiang Wang",authors:[{id:"225612",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"zhi-yang",fullName:"Zhi Yang"},{id:"238944",title:"MSc.",name:"Jinjuan",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",slug:"jinjuan-dou",fullName:"Jinjuan Dou"},{id:"238946",title:"Prof.",name:"Minqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"minqiang-wang",fullName:"Minqiang Wang"}]},{id:"70578",title:"Gallium-68: Radiolabeling of Radiopharmaceuticals for PET Imaging - A Lot to Consider",slug:"gallium-68-radiolabeling-of-radiopharmaceuticals-for-pet-imaging-a-lot-to-consider",totalDownloads:717,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"medical-isotopes",title:"Medical Isotopes",fullTitle:"Medical Isotopes"},signatures:"Michael Meisenheimer, Yury Saenko and Elisabeth Eppard",authors:null},{id:"58452",title:"Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photodetectors",slug:"transition-metal-dichalcogenide-photodetectors",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"two-dimensional-materials-for-photodetector",title:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector",fullTitle:"Two-dimensional Materials for Photodetector"},signatures:"Inturu Omkaram, Young Ki Hong and Sunkook Kim",authors:[{id:"210186",title:"Dr.",name:"Inturu",middleName:null,surname:"Omkaram",slug:"inturu-omkaram",fullName:"Inturu Omkaram"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"physics ",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"76308",title:"Quarks Mixing in Chiral Symmetries",slug:"quarks-mixing-in-chiral-symmetries",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95233",book:{title:"Quantum Chromodynamic"},signatures:"Zbigniew Szadkowski"},{id:"76271",title:"Double Pole Method in QCD Sum Rules for Vector Mesons",slug:"double-pole-method-in-qcd-sum-rules-for-vector-mesons",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97421",book:{title:"Quantum Chromodynamic"},signatures:"Mikael Souto Maior de Sousa and Rômulo Rodrigues da Silva"},{id:"76259",title:"Paramagnetic Transitions Ions as Structural Modifiers in Ferroelectrics",slug:"paramagnetic-transitions-ions-as-structural-modifiers-in-ferroelectrics",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95983",book:{title:"Paramagnetism - Fundamentals, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Veronica Lucero Villegas Rueda"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:35},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission/application-of-short-laser-pulses",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission",chapter:"application-of-short-laser-pulses"},fullPath:"/books/coherence-and-ultrashort-pulse-laser-emission/application-of-short-laser-pulses",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()