\r\n\tAs multi-factor phenomena, it's comprehension, as well as the identification of solutions, needs a interdisciplinary approach and the harmonization of definitions and methodologies. Therefore, the studies contained in this publication will cover theoretical issues, including related methodological aspects, as well as case studies that provide elements to demonstrate the effectiveness of the solutions adopted. The topics will include, but not be limited to: \r\n\t- Global environmental change: evidences and risks for human society \r\n\t- Sustainable development \r\n\t- Community empowerment and sustainability \r\n\t- Renewable energy \r\n\t- Waste management \r\n\t- Vulnerability to climate change and disaster risk management \r\n\t- Biodiversity conservation \r\n\t- Environmental policy and governance for sustainability \r\n\t- Land management and sustainability
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c381e4a5177baabd0fbe2c4d8c16bf5b",bookSignature:"Dr. Michela Izzo and Dr. Jose Contreras",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7050.jpg",keywords:"Sustainable Development, Community Empowerment, Vulnerability, Anthropocene, Global Environmental Change, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Waste Management, Sustainable Land Management, Biodiversity Management, Disaster Risk Management, Environmental Policy, Governance",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 31st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 18th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"212734",title:"Dr.",name:"Michela",middleName:null,surname:"Izzo",slug:"michela-izzo",fullName:"Michela Izzo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212734/images/system/212734.jpg",biography:"Specialist in the environment, with a Ph.D. in Land and Environment, Michela Izzo is an expert in feasibility and environmental impact studies, as well as land vulnerability to climate change, having worked with numerous national and international institutions on the issue.\nFor more than ten years she has been collaborating, as Executive Director of the Dominican NGO Guakía Ambiente, with the GEF Small Grants Programme, accompanying processes of community development based on local empowerment. In this context, she has worked at the construction of more than 40 community micro hydropower systems that are providing electricity to more than 4500 families in isolated rural areas.\nShe is a professor of sustainable development and other environmental related topics at the Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM).",institutionString:"Pontifical Catholic University Mother And Teacher",position:"Executive Director",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"279213",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"jose-contreras",fullName:"Jose Contreras",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279213/images/system/279213.jpg",biography:"Dr. Contreras has a Ph.D. in Environmental Chemistry from Technical University of Leuna-Merseburg, Germany and a bachelor\\'s degree in Chemistry from Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo. He is a teacher and researcher at the Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo and director of the Center for Environmental Management (CEGA-INTEC). He was a Coordinator of the USAID Environmental Protection Programm executed by INTEC in alliance with The Nature Conservancy (TNC) from 2009 to 2012. From 2013 to 2016 he was a researcher in the project “Hydric Safety and Climate Change in Central América and the Caribbean: Yaque del Sur River´s Basin” sponsored by The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada. He is a president of the National Steering Committee of the Small Grants Programme of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). He has 28 years of experience on environmental management projects in the Dominican Republic. He has extensive experience in providing technical assistance to government agencies, non-governmental organizations and community members for site-based and system-level natural resource management projects sponsored by the Gemeinsan International Zuzammenarbeit (GIZ), German Technical Cooperation, Friedrich Naumann Foundation, and the KFW (German Development Bank). Dr Contreras prepared Guidelines of Environmental Education for the Ministry of Education of the Dominican Republic. Mr. Contreras has designed and facilitated training workshops for the GTZ.",institutionString:"Instituto Tecnologico de Santo Domingo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"249632",firstName:"Petra",lastName:"Svob",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/249632/images/7222_n.jpg",email:"petra.s@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"38853",title:"Distribution and Origin of Clay Minerals During Hydrothermal Alteration of Ore Deposits",doi:"10.5772/48312",slug:"distribution-and-origin-of-clay-minerals-during-hydrothermal-alteration-of-ore-deposits",body:'
1. Introduction
Hydrothermal alterations of host rocks (granites and metasediments) connected with origin Sn-W and U deposits are often accompanied by origin of chlorite, clay minerals and white mica (muscovite, hydromuscovite, phengite) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Clay minerals originated usually in last stages of these alterations, when temperature of hydrothermal fluids is in range of 50–200 ºC. In area of Central European Variscan belt (Bohemian Massif) occur a few Sn-W- and U-ore deposits in which are evolved altered rocks with highly interested chlorite, clay minerals and white mica assemblages (Fig. 1). This paper is concentrated on description and discussion of chloritization and argillization, originated during alteration of host rocks series at selected Sn-W and U ore deposits in the area of the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic).
2. Geological background
The Sn-W greisen deposits are connected with topaz-granite stocks in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Bohemian Massif (Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district, Cínovec). The Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district comprises topaz-bearing granite stocks evolved along the southeastern margin of the Krudum granite body in the Slavkovský les Mts. area (Fig. 2). The inner structure of these stocks (Hub, Schnöd and Vysoký Kámen) is well stratified, comprising partly greisenized topaz-albite granites, leucocratic topaz-albite granites and layers of alkali-feldspar syenites. In upper parts of the Hub and Schnöd stocks are evolved topaz-mica greisens, accompanied by partly greisenized topaz-albite granites and distinctly argillitized topaz-albite granites. The highly interested clay mineral assemblage occurs in Sn-W ore spots enclosed in greisens [8] and in argillitized topaz-bearing granites. The Cínovec granite stock is relatively small, elliptical, vertical stratified body occurred in the central part of the Altenberg-Teplice caldera. The borehole CS-1, located in the center of granite stock, transacted lepidolite-bearing granite at the top of the section (about 90 m thick), an intermediate zone of zinnwaldite-bearing granite (thickness about 640 m) and a lower zone of protolithionite-bearing granite to the depth 1596 m. In uppermost part of granite stocks occurs irregular topaz-mica greisen bodies together with flat Sn-W ore veins enriched also in zinnwaldite and quartz. Clay minerals occur usually as filling of small cavities in quartz and/or as filling of small fissures accompanied flat ore veins [9].
Figure 1.
Geological sketch map of the Bohemian Massif.
Uranium ore deposits with a huge evolved argillization of country rocks occur in some shear zones of the Moldanubian Zone (Rožná–Olší ore district, Okrouhlá Radouň, Zadní Chodov, Vítkov II). The Moldanubian Zone represents a central, deeply eroded part of the Bohemian Massif. Therefore, in present-day section, it is composed dominantly of plutonic and high-grade metamorphic rocks (two-mica and biotite granites of the Moldanubian batholith, Třebíč pluton and Bor pluton).
Figure 2.
Geological sketch map of the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district.
The Rožná–Olší uranium district lies in the NE part of the Moldanubian Zone of the Bohemian Massif (Fig. 3). The high-grade metamorphic rocks of this zone were overthrust on its NE boundary by the Svratka Crystalline unit and on the easterly located Cadomian Brunovistulian foreland. The high-grade paragneisses of the Moldanubian Zone are subdivided into Monotonous, Varied and Gföhl Unit. The Rožná–Olší ore district is located in the uppermost Gföhl unit. The host rocks of the Rožná U-deposit consist mainly of biotite paragneisses and amphibolites with small bodies of calc-silicate rock, marble, serpentinite and pyroxenite. The subsequent exhumation of these rocks series to middle crustal levels was associated with kilometer-scale isoclinal folding. Longitudinal N–S to NNW–SSE striking ductile shear zones (Rožná and Olší shear zones) dip WSW at an angle of 70–90º and strike parallel to the tectonic contact between the Gföhl unit and the Svratka Crystalline Unit. The main longitudinal faults of the Rožná shear zone are designated as Rožná 1 (R1) and Rožná 4 (R4) and host the main part of the disseminated uranium mineralization. The less strongly mineralized Rožná 2 (R2) and Rožná 3 (R3) fault zones host numerous separate pinnate carbonate veins. Longitudinal fault structures are crosscut and segment by steep, ductile to brittle NW–SE and SW–NE-striking fault zones that host post-uranium carbonate-quartz-sulfide mineralization. Uranium mineralization forms (i) disseminated coffinite>uraninite>U-Zr-silicate ore in chloritized, pyritized, carbonatized, and graphite-enriched cataclastites of longitudinal faults, (ii) uraninite>coffinite ore in carbonate veins, (iii) disseminated coffinite>uraninite in desilicified, albitized, and hematitized gneiss (episyenite) adjacent to longitudinal faults and (iiii) mostly coffinite ore bound to the intersection of the longitudinal structures. Total mine production of the Rožná-Olší ore district was 23,000 tons U with average grade of 0.24 % U. The Rožná uranium deposits is the last recently mined uranium deposit in Central Europe with annual production about 300 t U [10].
Figure 3.
Cross section of the Rožná uranium deposit.
Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit is formed by NNW–SSE-striking shear zone occurred on the northeastern margin of the Klenov two-mica granite body in the southern part of the Bohemian Massif. Host-rock series of this ore deposit are formed by high-grade metasediments of the Moldanubian Varied group and peraluminous two-mica granites of the Moldanubian batholith. The shear zone is filled with cataclasites formed by host rocks, altered to clay minerals-rich and chlorite-rich assemblages with uranium mineralization enriched in coffinite, partly also in pitchblende [11, 12, 13]. Uranium ore deposits in the Bor pluton (Zadní Chodov, Vítkov II) are located in N-S to NW-SE shear zones evolved in biotite monzogranites of I/S-type [14, 15]. The hydrothermal alterations associated with uranium mineralization are represented particularly by the removal of quartz, chloritization, albitization, hematitization and origin of younger generations of chlorite and white mica (muscovite, phengite). Shear zones evolved on the west margin of the Bor pluton (Zadní Chodov), on the boundary between granites of the Bor pluton and metasediments of the Moldanubian Zone are distinctly enriched in more generation of chlorite accompanied by various clay minerals (smectite) [16].
3. Analytical methods
Clay minerals and chlorites were analyzed in polished thin sections using a CAMECA SX 100 electron microprobe working in WDX mode employing the PAP matrix correction program [17] at the Institute of Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The operating conditions were 15 kV acceleration voltage, 15 nA beam current, and 1–2 µm beam diameter. Counting times on the peaks were 10–30 seconds depending on the element. Background counts were measured in each case in half the time for peak measurement on both sides of the peak. Calibrations were done using standard sets from SPI. Standards included fluorite (F), jadeite (Na, Al), diopside (Ca), leucite (K), magnetite (Fe), quartz (Si), periclase (Mg), rhodonite (Mn), rutile (Ti), spinel (Cr) and tugtupite (Cl). Detection limits for these elements are as follows: F 0.09–0.15 wt%, other elements 0.03–0.20 wt%. Formulae of chlorite were calculated in relation to 36 (O, OH) atoms per formula unit (apfu), formulae of white mica and illite were calculated in relation to 24 (O, OH) apfu and formulae of clay minerals (kaolinite, smectite) were calculated on the basis of 18 (O, OH). For these calculations was used MINPET software. For calculation of chlorite thermometry was used a six-component chlorite solid solution model according Walshe (1986) [18].
Major elements in whole rock samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using the PANanalytical Axios Advanced spectrometer at Activation Laboratories Ltd., Ancaster, Canada. Trace elements were determined by ICP MS (a Perkin Elmer Sciex ELAN 6100 ICP mass spectrometer) at Activation Laboratories Ltd., Ancaster, Canada (Table 1). Whole rock samples enriched in clay minerals were used for sampling of clay mineral fractions. The size fraction of clay minerals in size below 4 µm was prepared by conventional sedimentation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of clay minerals in clay-size fractions were obtained on untreated, ethylene-glycol solvated and heated samples using a Philips PW 7310 diffractometer with CuKα radiation (40 kV, 40 mA) and Ni filter standard set.
4. Results
4.1. Petrology
The investigation of clay minerals assemblage occurred in Sn-W ore deposits of the Saxothuringian Zone (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic) was concentrated on assemblages occurring in Sn-W ore pockets and highly argillized topaz-albite granites of the Hub stock (Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district). The ore pockets are globular or even irregular bodies tens of centimetres in size, with a very high proportion of cassiterite, which are enclosed in topaz-mica greisens. Quartz, Li-micas, fine flakes of white mica (muscovite) and clay minerals (dickite, kaolinite, very rare cookeite) are the accompanying minerals of these ore pockets. Clay minerals matter filling small cavities between a bigger cassiterite grains has a grey appearance being a mixture of dickite, Li-, Al-chlorite (cookeite) with dickite and white mica. The identification of cookeite and illite was performed by X-ray diffraction method.
In highly argillized topaz-albite granites a complex clay minerals assemblage was identified using X-ray diffraction method and microprobe analysis. This very fine-grained assemblage enclosed between bigger grains of quartz, topaz and tables of Li-mica is formed of smectite, illite, kaolinite, dickite, chlorite and corrensite. Corrensite was identified on the basis of 29.2 Å XRD reflection on natural, oriented sample and 31.1 Å reflection after ethylene glycol treatment. These XRD reflections are significant for identification of corrensite [31]. In greisenized topaz-albite granites occurs sometimes also white mica (muscovite, hydromuscovite).
Disseminated uranium mineralization occurred in shear zones of the Rožná, Okrouhlá Radouň, Zadní Chodov and Vítkov uranium deposits comprises usually three stages (pre-ore, ore and post-ore stages). The first two stages are of the late-Variscan age; the last stage is very probably of the post-Variscan age. The pre-ore stage is characterized by a huge occurrence of inherited chlorite originated by chloritization of biotite (chlorite I). In syn-ore stage originated authigenic chlorite (chlorite II), together with authigenic Mg-Fe chlorite (chlorite III) occurred often as filling of small cavities in intensively altered paragneisses (Rožná, Okrouhlá Radouň, Zadní Chodov) and/or in altered granites (Okrouhlá Radouň, Vítkov II). During pre-ore stage originated also as relatively rare mineral white mica (muscovite, hydromuscovite, phengite). For syn-ore stage is origin of various clay minerals (Fe-illite, smectite, kaolinite) significant. Compared with voluminous pre-ore and syn-ore stage alteration, post-ore stage alteration is usually restricted to origin of small authigenic chlorite-carbonate veins and/or veilets and disseminations of chlorite in carbonatized host rocks (chlorite IV). The origin of the youngest chlorite is sometimes accompanied by origin of clay minerals (illite, kaolinite).
wt%
Ko-55
R-1
R-2
Re-503
Re-510
OR-99
ZCH-6
SiO2
75.52
51.85
45.76
57.42
53.81
49.42
44.30
TiO2
0.03
1.30
0.98
0.62
0.08
0.30
0.33
Al2O3
13.23
18.36
15.37
18.76
18.35
15.47
9.45
Fe2O3 tot.
1.75
9.24
6.30
4.73
1.23
6.25
12.44
MnO
0.11
0.14
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.07
0.24
MgO
0.20
2.85
2.25
1.50
0.55
2.20
14.97
CaO
1.24
3.69
11.10
8.27
8.39
6.64
1.54
Na2O
0.20
5.95
6.25
7.99
6.24
0.46
0.23
K2O
1.65
1.89
0.97
0.55
1.10
1.38
0.01
P2O5
0.19
0.30
0.21
0.38
0.20
0.29
0.49
L.O.I.
5.40
4.41
9.52
0.33
9.32
17.55
15.81
Total
99.52
99.98
98.86
100.69
99.41
100.03
99.81
ppm
U
16
877
833
232
353
436
4553
Th
3
4
6
20
7
8
21
Y
4
33
39
23
11
28
69
Zr
25
243
261
186
51
169
118
Ba
8
456
497
366
388
3
35
Rb
886
88
40
15
55
81
1
Sr
17
230
466
176
296
197
46
La
1.55
12.00
21.00
42.90
11.00
19.10
12.80
Ce
2.13
27.70
44.80
82.70
19.51
40.10
35.10
Pr
0.25
3.85
5.50
9.44
1.94
4.40
5.69
Nd
1.29
17.20
22.70
35.00
7.13
17.10
30.60
Sm
0.40
5.61
5.46
6.53
1.83
4.40
14.40
Eu
0.007
0.65
1.20
1.14
0.066
2.40
7.14
Gd
0.35
6.14
6.25
6.24
1.89
4.40
13.50
Tb
0.09
1.34
1.22
0.83
0.34
0.82
2.72
Dy
0.61
9.13
7.26
4.85
2.45
5.40
15.30
Ho
0.09
1.86
1.47
0.86
0.48
1.10
2.74
Er
0.27
6.10
4.06
2.54
1.45
2.40
7.45
Tm
0.06
0.99
0.67
0.38
0.20
0.44
1.11
Yb
0.36
6.68
4.22
2.25
1.49
3.20
6.90
Lu
0.04
1.03
0.60
0.31
0.22
0.46
0.86
ΣREE
7.50
100.29
126.41
195.97
50.00
105.72
156.31
LaN/YbN
2.91
1.21
..3.36
12.88
4.96
4.03
1.25
Eu/Eu*
0.06
0.34
0.63
0.55
0.11
1.67
1.56
Th/U
0.188
0.005
0.007
0.087
0.020
0.018
0.005
Table 1.
Representative analyses of altered rocks from the Sn-W and U ore deposits of the Bohemian Massif.Ko-55 – argillized topaz-albite granite, Hub stock, Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district, R-1, R-2 – altered biotite gneiss, Rožná uranium deposit, Re-503 – altered biotite gneiss, Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit, Re-510 – altered two-mica granite, Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit, OR-99 – altered biotite gneiss, Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit, ZCH-6 altered biotite gneiss, Zadní Chodov uranium deposit. REE – rare earth elements, LaN/YbN = LREE/HREE (light rare earth elements/heavy rare earth elements, Eu/Eu* = EuN/(SmN GdN). Normalising values of chondrites are from Taylor and McLennan [29].
5. Geochemistry of altered rocks
The chemical composition of arigillized topaz-albite granites connected with Sn-W mineralization was investigated in area of the Hub stock (Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district). Argillitized granites are in comparison with original topaz-albite granite enriched in CaO and MgO and depleted in alkalies (Fig. 4). During argillization of topaz-albite granites were also accessory minerals (monazite and zircon) partly dissoluted and argillized granites were depleted in REE (Fig. 5).
Figure 4.
Plot of Na2O + K2O (wt%) vs. SiO2 (wt%) for arigillized granites from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district.
Geochemistry of altered high-grade metamorphic rocks was studied in the area of the Rožná, Okrouhlá Radouň and Zadní Chodov uranium ore deposits. The distribution of REE in barren, pre-ore altered (desilicified, albitized, hematitized and chloritized) biotite paragneisses of all three examined uranium deposits usually display patterns similar to those of the parent paragneisses. Barren, syn-ore argillized, chloritized and in the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit also strongly carbonatized rocks show significantly lower bulk contents of REE (49–232 ppm) and relatively high LREE/HREE ratios (8.7–17.6) in comparison with hydrothermally unaffected gneisses. Higher LREE/HREE ratio (12.8–16.1), i.e. high depletion on HREE was found in graphitised cataclastites from the Rožná uranium deposit, which are characterized by the lowest bulk content of REE (49–98 ppm) (Fig. 6).
Figure 5.
Chondrite normalized REE patterns for topaz-albite granites and argillized granites from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district. Normalising values are from Taylor and McLennan [29].
Figure 6.
Chondrite normalized REE patters for hydrothermally altered rocks from the Rožná and Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposits. Normalising values are from Taylor and McLennan [29].
The geochemistry of altered granites connected with uranium mineralization was studied in the Okrouhlá Radouň and Vítkov II uranium deposits. Hydrothermal alteration of two-mica granites from the southern part of the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit is characterized by a higher Fe2O3/FeO ratio and by a significant depletion in SiO2 contents. Highly altered granites typically show high contents of Na2O and usually low contents of K2O. The content of K2O is higher only at the presence of higher amounts of newly originated white mica (muscovite) and/or illite. The later carbonatization of quartz-depleted altered granites is characterized by high contents of CaO and CO2. The hydrothermal alteration of granites is, due to the dissolution of K-feldspar, connected with a depletion in Rb and sometimes also with the evolution of a prominent negative europium anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.11). The higher content of HREE in altered granites is connected with the origin of uranium mineralization and a higher concentration of HREE in coffinite. Chloritization of porphyric biotite granite from the Bor pluton at the Vítkov II uranium deposit are accompanied by the silica removal, which continued during the argillization. A moderate increase in TiO2 and P2O5 contents occurred in the course of the hydrothermal alterations. Contents of A12O3 and Fe2O3 increased during the chloritization and argillization. In the course of chloritization, the content of FeO and MgO increased considerably, which is reflected by the formation of chlorites I richer in iron. The MgO content also increased sizeably during argillization. The content of CaO increases in the granites affected by carbonatization and it decreases in the rocks affected by chloritization and in majority of argillized granites. The content of Na2O increases in the rocks affected by albitization, it is considerably lower in the argillized granites.
6. Composition of chlorite
In altered paragneisses and granites of above-mentioned uranium ore deposits chlorite occurs usually in four generations (chlorite I, II, III, IV). The main portions of chlorite are formed by inherited chlorite I and inherited to authigenic chlorite II, which occurs in shear zones. These shear zones host the main part of the disseminated uranium mineralization. The chlorite I often preserves the morphology of original biotite, whereas chlorite II forms fluidal aggregates in cataclastites, represented the predominant filling of shear zones. The both later chlorite generations (chlorite III and IV) crystallized in free voids of rocks originated due to quartz dissolution. The composition of these four chlorite generations in individual uranium deposits is quite different. The inherited chlorite of pre-ore and syn-ore stage is pycnochlorite to brunsvigite (Fig. 7, 8, 9).
In the Rožná uranium deposit occurs also Mg-rich inherited to authigenic chlorite (diabantite), which forms fluidal aggregates in shear zones (matrix chlorite). For inherited chlorite from the Rožná uranium deposit is significant relatively high content of Si (up to 7.21 apfu). The content of Si in inherited chlorite from pre-ore stage of the Okrouhlá Radouň, Zadní Chodov and Vítkov II uranium deposits is distinctly lower (4.38–6.44) (Fig. 8, 9). Likewise occur differences in Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio. Distinctly Fe-enriched inherited chlorites (brunsvigite) occur in shear zones of the Rožná and Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposits with Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio from 0.13 to 0.43. However, the inherited to authigenic chlorite from the Rožná uranium deposit is Mg-enriched chlorite (diabantite) with Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio from 0.48 to 0.69 (Fig. 7).
The authigenic chlorites from all these uranium deposits are in comparison with inherited chlorites enriched in Mg. The lower enrichment in Mg displays the authigenic chlorites from the Rožná and Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposits, whereas high enrichment in Mg displays chlorites from the West Bohemian uranium deposits (Zadní Chodov, Vítkov II) (Fig. 7, 8, 9). The Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio for authigenic chlorite from syn-ore and post-ore stage of the Rožná uranium deposit is quite similar (0.45–0.55), whereas the values of this ratio for authigenic chlorite from the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit are partly lower (0.30–0.57). However, the Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio in authigenic chlorites from the Zadní Chodov and Vítkov II uranium deposits is distinctly higher (0.74–0.88).
wt.%
Ro-5
Ro-16
Ro-27
Ra-13
Ra-54
ZCH-1
Vi-18
SiO2
29.81
30.36
31.91
27.47
25.09
27.28
26.03
TiO2
0.36
0.00
1.74
0.04
0.12
0.00
0.11
Al2O3
14.34
16.32
13.97
20.85
20.60
20.40
20.41
Cr2O3
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.00
FeO
33.66
26.75
17.70
22.49
32.95
20.73
25.99
MnO
0.42
0.27
0.31
0.19
0.21
0.15
0.37
MgO
8.77
13.92
19.54
16.40
9.48
19.09
13.95
CaO
0.28
0.27
0.00
0.14
0.04
0.00
0.07
Na2O
0.62
0.00
0.60
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.20
K2O
0.10
0.00
1.31
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.09
F
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cl
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
H2O calc.
10.97
11.41
11.72
11.56
11.03
11.71
11.26
O=(F, Cl)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total
99.35
99.32
98.80
99.34
99.57
99.51
98.48
apfu
Si4+
6.52
6.38
6.53
5.67
5.46
5.59
5.54
AlIV
1.48
1.62
1.47
2.33
2.54
2.41
2.46
AlVI
2.21
2.42
1.90
2.75
2.73
2.51
2.26
Ti4+
0.06
0.00
0.27
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.02
Fe2+
6.15
4.70
3.03
3.89
5.99
3.55
4.63
Cr2+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
Mn2+
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.07
Mg2+
2.86
4.36
5.96
5.05
3.07
5.83
4.43
Ca2+
0.07
0.06
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.02
Na1+
0.26
0.00
0.24
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.08
K1+
0.03
0.00
0.34
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
F1-
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cl1-
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
OH1-
16
16
16
15.92
16
16
16
O
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
Mg/(Mg + Fe)
0.32
0.48
0.66
0.57
0.34
0.62
0.49
Table 2.
Representative analyses of chlorites from the Rožná, Okrouhlá Radouň, Zadní Chodov and Vítkov II uranium deposits.Ro-5 – inherited chlorite, ore stage, Rožná, Ro-16 –authigenic chlorite, post-ore stage, Rožná,Ro-27 – inherited to authigenic chlorite, pre-ore stage, Rožná, Ra-13 – authigenic chlorite, ore stage, Okrouhlá Radouň, Ra-54 –inherited chlorite, pre-ore stage, Okrouhlá Radouň, ZCH-1 – inherited chlorite, pre-ore stage, Zadní Chodov, Vi-18 –inherited chlorite, pre-ore stage, Vítkov II.
Figure 7.
Classification diagram for chlorite from the Rožná uranium deposit according Hey [30].
From chemical composition of chlorites can be estimated temperatures of hydrothermal alterations in these ore deposits. The used chlorite thermometer for chlorites from pre-ore stage in the Rožná uranium deposit yielded temperatures from 219 ºC to 310 ºC. Authigenic syn-ore chlorites from all four uranium deposits indicate a temperature range from 145 ºC to 210 ºC. Authigenic post-ore chlorites are relatively rare and yielded temperatures for 150 ºC to 170 ºC.
Figure 8.
Classification diagram for chlorite from the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit according Hey [30].
Figure 9.
Classification diagram for chlorite from the Zadní Chodov and Vítkov II uranium deposits according Hey [30].
7. Composition of white mica
The white mica occurs in altered rocks of the Sn-W and U ore deposits as relatively rare mineral. The majority of white mica has composition of muscovite with variable content of water (hydromuscovite), Fe, Mg, Na and Ca (Table 3, Fig. 10).
Figure 10.
Plot of Fe + Mg (apfu) vs. Si (apfu) for white mica from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district, Rožná, Okrouhlá Radouň and Vítkov II uranium deposits.
wt.%
Hub-27
Hub-30
Ro-12
Ra-1
Ra-2
Vi-1
Vi-3
Hub-18
Hub-19
SPO-2
SiO2
48.30
48.87
48.82
46.63
45.45
45.96
47.98
50.90
50.94
48.52
TiO2
0.06
0.05
0.00
0.12
0.02
0.32
0.40
0.03
0.01
0.08
Al2O3
34.38
34.69
34.37
35.52
37.23
34.07
33.25
34.83
35.52
26.03
Cr2O3
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
FeO
1.41
1.28
0.24
1.48
1.06
0.64
1.05
0.98
1.42
6.82
MnO
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.00
0.19
0.16
0.04
MgO
0.27
0.30
0.56
0.73
0.62
0.54
2.25
0.19
0.28
1.78
CaO
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.01
0.00
2.62
0.00
0.29
0.46
0.15
Na2O
0.16
0.19
0.40
0.69
0.67
0.02
0.26
0.12
0.15
0.06
K2O
10.10
10.21
9.69
10.55
10.78
10.07
10.21
8.32
7.13
9.31
F
0.91
0.90
0.00
0.08
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.15
0.00
Cl
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
H2O calc.
4.08
4.13
4.53
4.49
4.52
4.45
4.53
4.50
4.60
4.30
Total
99.78
100.76
98.61
100.38
100.48
98.71
99.93
100.69
100.85
97.09
apfu
Si4+
6.41
6.42
6.47
6.18
6.02
6.19
6.35
6.57
6.53
6.77
AlIV
1.59
1.58
1.53
1.82
1.98
1.81
1.66
1.43
1.47
1.23
AlVI
3.78
3.79
3.83
3.72
3.82
3.60
3.52
3.86
3.89
3.04
Ti4+
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
Fe2+
0.16
0.14
0.03
0.16
0.12
0.07
0.12
0.11
0.15
0.80
Cr2+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mn2+
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.01
Mg2+
0.05
0.06
0.11
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.44
0.04
0.05
0.37
Ca2+
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.00
0.04
0.06
0.02
Na1+
0.04
0.05
0.10
0.18
0.17
0.01
0.07
0.03
0.04
0.02
K1+
1.71
1.71
1.64
1.78
1.82
1.73
1.72
1.37
1.17
1.66
OH1-
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
O
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
Mg/(Mg + Fe)
0.25
0.30
0.80
0.47
0.51
0.60
0.79
0.26
0.26
0.32
Table 3.
Representative analyses of white mica and illite from the Krásno––Horní Slavkov ore district, Rožná, Okrouhlá Radouň and Vítkov II uranium deposits.Hub-27, 30 – muscovite, argillized granite, Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district, Ro-12 – muscovite, altered gneiss, Rožná uranium deposit, Ra-1, 2 – muscovite, altered two-mica granite, Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit, Vi-1, 3 – muscovite, altered biotite granite, Vítkov II uranium deposit, Hub-18, 19 – illite, argillized granite, Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district, SPO-2 – illite, altered gneiss, Rožná uranium deposit.
The lowest content of Fe (0.01–0.16 apfu), Mg (0.00–0.06 apfu), Na (0.01–0.05 apfu) and Ca (0.00–0.01 apfu) displays muscovite from greisenized topaz-albite granites of the Hub stock (Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district). Similar low contents of these elements were found in white mica from the Rožná uranium deposit. The white mica from the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit is partly enriched in Fe (up to 0.43 apfu) and Mg (0.11–0.39 apfu). The white mica from this uranium deposit displays also enrichment in Na (0.12–0.22 apfu). The white mica from the Vítkov II uranium deposit has highly variable content of Mg (0.0–0.73 apfu) and analysis with the highest content of Mg can be classified as phengite (Fig. 10).
8. Composition of clay minerals
Chemical composition of clay minerals (illite, kaolinite, smectite, corrensite) was determined only for illite, kaolinite and smectite. Corrensite is distinctly rare mineral, which was not found in thin sections that are analysed by microprobe. Kaolinite and illite were identified by XRD method in all examined deposits. Chemical analyses of these clay minerals were plotted in the M+R3 – 2R3 – 3R2 diagram modified by Velde [19] (Table 4, Fig. 11). However, they are analysed only in argillized granites from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district and in altered rocks from the Rožná and Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposits. In kaolinite from argillized granites of the Hub stock (Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district) content of Si is lower (3.45–4.08 apfu) than its content in kaolinite from altered rocks in the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit (4.03–4.17 apfu). Some differences in chemical composition of kaolinite from both ore deposits display also contents of Fe, Mg, Ca and K. In kaolinite from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov Sn-W ore district occur enrichment in Fe (0.02–0.26 apfu), Ca (0.00–0.07 apfu) and K (0.00–0.10 apfu). Contents all these elements in kaolinite from the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit are lower – Fe (0.01–0.08 apfu), Ca (0.01–0.06 apfu) and K (0.00–0.08 apfu). However, the content of Mg (0.02–0.45 apfu) is partly higher in kaolinite from the Okrouhlá Radouň ore deposit, whereas kaolinite from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district is in Mg depleted (0.00–0.07 apfu). Illite from both type deposits is partly enriched in Fe (0.07–0.11 apfu). Smectite from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district is enriched in Fe (0.25 apfu) and Ca (0.15 apfu), whereas smectite from the Okrouhlá Radouň ore deposit is enriched in Mg (0.45 apfu).
Figure 11.
Plot of M+R3 – 2R3 – 3R2 according Velde [19] for clay minerals from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district and Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit.
wt.%
Hub-13
Hub-30
Hub-36
Ra-12
Ra-15
Ra-16
Ra-13
SiO2
46.80
46.92
39.52
48.38
50.57
47.27
52.05
TiO2
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
Al2O3
38.61
38.01
14.06
36.66
30.43
37.32
27.18
Cr2O3
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.02
FeO
0.30
0.23
1.43
0.31
1.10
0.11
1.49
MnO
0.00
0.06
0.11
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.00
MgO
0.07
0.08
0.06
0.46
3.06
0.28
3.49
CaO
0.15
0.08
0.08
0.21
0.58
0.46
0.64
Na2O
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.06
K2O
0.20
0.06
0.36
0.03
0.47
0.01
1.85
F
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cl
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.05
H2O calc.
13.88
13.80
13.74
13.96
13.82
13.85
13.74
O=(F, Cl)
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
Total
100.11
99.36
100.38
100.36
100.08
99.49
100.56
apfu
Si4+
4.03
4.06
3.45
4.16
4.39
4.09
4.54
AlIV
0.00
0.00
0.55
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
AlVI
3.92
3.88
4.08
3.71
3.11
3.81
2.79
Ti4+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Fe2+
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.11
Cr2+
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mn2+
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Mg2+
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.40
0.04
0.45
Ca2+
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.06
Na1+
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
K1+
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.21
F1-
0.05
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cl1-
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
OH1-
7.98
7.98
8.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
7.99
O
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
18.00
Mg/(Mg + Fe)
0.29
0.37
0.07
0.73
0.83
0.82
0.81
Table 4.
Representative analyses of clay minerals from the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district and Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit.Hub-13, 30, 36 – kaolinite, argillized granite, Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district, Ra-12, 15, 16 – kaolinite, argillized gneiss, Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit, Ra-13 – smectite, argillized gneiss, Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit.
9. Discussion
The associations of chlorites and clay minerals and their chemistry were studied in unconformity-type uranium deposits occurred in Canada [6] and Australia [1, 2]. In these deposits were studied layered silicates in mineralized shear zones, which are evolved in various altered metasediments. In both areas are clay minerals represented predominantly by chlorites and smectites. Authigenic chlorites from unconformity-type uranium deposits occurred in Australia are enriched in Mg [1,2]. The clay minerals assemblage is usually enriched in illite-smectite mixed layer minerals. Illite-smectite mixed layer minerals together with kaolinite and chlorite are characteristic for argillized granitic rocks occurred in uranium ore deposits from the French Massif Central [3]. The temperatures, which were determined by chlorite thermometry in the Rožná, Okrouhlá Radouň and Vítkov II uranium deposits can be well correlated with temperatures obtained by study of fluid inclusions [10, 20].
The greisenized and argillized granites connected with Sn-W mineralization are usually enriched in kaolinite and illite [4, 5, 7]. In greisens from Sn-W ore deposits evolved in the Saxothuringian Zone of the Bohemian Massif was also found dickite [9], together with smectite and illite-smectite mixed layer minerals [21]. The cookeite, which was found in cassiterite–enriched pockets in the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district [8] occurs also in other tin ore deposits [22]. Temperature of the cookeite origin can be estimated from data on cookeite stability [23] at 270–350 oC. This temperature can be well correlated with temperatures of clay minerals origin in ore pockets obtained by fluid inclusion study [24]. Occurrences of corrensite were recorded usually from hydrothermally altered intermediate to basic volcanic rocks [25, 26, 27]. Similar association of corrensite with kaolinite, illite and mixed-layer illite/smectite was found in granitic cupola of the Montebras, France [28]. According to Velde [19], the thermal stability of corrensite ranges from 180–200 oC to 280 oC. This temperature is in agree with the homogenization temperatures, which were found in quartz-fluorite veinlets occurred in arigilized greisens of the Krásno–Horní Slavkov ore district [24].
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38853.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/38853.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38853",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38853",totalDownloads:3206,totalViews:569,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 21st 2011",dateReviewed:"April 23rd 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 12th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/38853",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/38853",book:{slug:"clay-minerals-in-nature-their-characterization-modification-and-application"},signatures:"Miloš René",authors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"René",fullName:"Miloš René",slug:"milos-rene",email:"rene@irsm.cas.cz",position:null,institution:{name:"Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Geological background",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Analytical methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1. Petrology",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"5. Geochemistry of altered rocks",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"6. Composition of chlorite",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"7. Composition of white mica",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"8. Composition of clay minerals",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"9. Discussion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'BeaufortD.PatrierP.LaverretF.BrunetonP.MondyJ.2005Clay-alteration associated with Proterozoic unconformity-type uranium deposits in the East Alligator rivers uranium field, Northern Territory, Australia. Econ Geol 100515536'},{id:"B2",body:'Nutt C J1989Chloritization and associated alteration at the Jabiluka unconformity-type uranium deposit, Northern Territory, Australia. Canad Mineral 274158'},{id:"B3",body:'PatrierP.BeaufortD.BrilH.BonhomméM.FouillacA. M.AumáitreR.1997Alteration-mineralization at the Bernardan U deposit (Western Marche, France). The contribution of alteration petrology and crystal chemistry of secondary phases to a new genetic model. Econ Geol 92448467'},{id:"B4",body:'PouliotG.BarondeauB.SauveP.DavisM.1978Distribution of alteration minerals and metals in the Fire Tower zone at Brunswick tin mines Ltd., Mount Pleasant area, New Brunswick. Canad Mineral 16223237'},{id:"B5",body:'Psyrillos A, Mannig D A C, Burley S D2001The nature and significance of illite associated with quartz-hematite hydrothermal veins in the St. Austell pluton, Cornwall, England. Clay Minerals 36585597\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'RimsaiteJ.1978Layer silicates and clays in the Rabbit lake uranium deposit, Saskatchewan. Pap Geol Surv Canada 781A: 303-315.'},{id:"B7",body:'Sainsbury C L1960Metallization and post-mineral hypogene argillization, Lost river tin mine, Alaska. Econ Geol 5514781506'},{id:"B8",body:'MelkaK.KošatkaM.ZoubkováJ.1991The occurrence of dioctahedral chlorite in greisen. In: Proc 7th Euroclay Conf. Dresden. 757760'},{id:"B9",body:'MelkaK.ŠtemprokM.1961The determination of dickite from Cínovec (Zinnwald), Czechoslovakia. Acta Univ Carol Geol Suppl 1307317'},{id:"B10",body:'KříbekB.ŽákK.DobešP.LeichmannJ.PudilováM.RenéM.ScharmB.ScharmováM.HájekA.HoleczyD.HeinU. F.LehmannB.2009The Rožná uranium deposit (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic): shear zone-hosted, late Variscan and post-Variscan hydrothermal mineralization. Mineral Deposita 4499128'},{id:"B11",body:'RenéM.MatějkaD.KlečkaM.1999Petrogenesis of granites of the Klenov massif. Acta Montana Ser AB 7107134'},{id:"B12",body:'RenéM.MatějkaD.NosekT.2003Geochemical constraints on the origin of a distinct type of two-mica granites (Deštná- Lásenice type) in the Moldanubian batholith (Czech Republic). Acta Montana Ser A 235976'},{id:"B13",body:'RenéM.2005Geochemical constraints of hydrothermal alteration of two-mica granites of the Moldanubian batholith at the Okrouhlá Radouň uranium deposit. Acta Geodyn Geomater 2117'},{id:"B14",body:'RenéM.2000Petrogenesis of the Variscan granites in the western part of the Bohemian Massif. Acta Montana Ser A 156783'},{id:"B15",body:'SiebelW.BreiterK.WendtI.HöhndorfA.Henjes-KunstF.RenéM.1999Petrogenesis of contrasting granitoid pluton in western Bohemia (Czech Republic). Mineral Petrol 65207235'},{id:"B16",body:'BarešM.FialaV.1982Hydrothermogenous clay minerals of some localities in Moldanubian rocks. In: 9th Conf. On Clay Mineralogy and Petrology. Zvolen. 233240'},{id:"B17",body:'PouchouJ. L.PichoirF.1985PAP” (--Z) procedure for improved quantitative microanalysis. In: Armstrong J T, editor Microbeam analysis. San Francisco. San Francisco Press. 104106\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'Walshe J L1986A six-component chlorite solid solution model and the conditions of chlorite formation in hydrothermal and geothermal systems. Econ Geol 81681703'},{id:"B19",body:'Velde1977Clays and clay minerals in natural and synthetic systems. Amsterdam. Elsevier. 325 p.'},{id:"B20",body:'RenéM.1997Fluid system of the Vítkov II uranium deposit (Bor pluton, western part of Bohemian massif, Czech republic). Mitt sterr miner Ges 1421920'},{id:"B21",body:'MachZ.1979Association of clay minerals with tin-tungsten mineralization in the surroundings of Krásno near Horní Slavkov. Acta Univ Carol Geol 1979: 105-132 (in Czech)'},{id:"B22",body:'RenShuang. K.EggletonR. A.WalsheL.1988The formation of hydrothermal cookeite in the breccia pipes of the Ardlethan tin field, New South Wales, Australia. Canad Mineral 26407412'},{id:"B23",body:'VidalO.GofféB.1991Cookeite LiAl4(Si3Al)O10(OH)8: Experimental study and the thermodynamical analysis of its compatibility relations in the Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system. Contrib Mineral Petrol 1087281'},{id:"B24",body:'DolníčekZ.RenéM.ProchaskaW.KovářM.2012Fluid evolution of the Hub stock, Horní Slavkov-Krásno Sn-W ore district, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic. Mineral. Deposita DOI:s00126-012-0400-0.'},{id:"B25",body:'Garvie L A J, Metcalfe R1997A vein occurrence of co-existing talc, saponite, and corrensite, Builth Wells, Wales. Clay Minerals 32223240'},{id:"B26",body:'DekayirA.AmouricM.OlivesJ.2005Clay minerals in hydrothermally altered basalts from Middle Atlas, Marocco. Clay Minerals 406777'},{id:"B27",body:'Jiménez-MillánJ.AbadI.NietoF.2008Contrasting alteration processes in hydrothermally altered dolerites from the Betic Cordillera, Spain. Clay Minerals 43267280'},{id:"B28",body:'DudoignonP.BeaufortD.MeunierA.1988Hydrothermal and supergenne alterations in the granitic cupola of Montebras, Creuse, France. Clays Clay Minerals 36505520'},{id:"B29",body:'Taylor S R, McLennan S M1985The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. Oxford. Blackwell. 312 p.'},{id:"B30",body:'Hey M H1954A new review of the chlorites. Mineral Mag 30277292'},{id:"B31",body:'Bailey S W1982Nomenclature for regular interstratifications. Amer Mineral 67394398'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Miloš René",address:null,affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"2328",title:"Clay Minerals in Nature",subtitle:"Their Characterization, Modification and Application",fullTitle:"Clay Minerals in Nature - Their Characterization, Modification and Application",slug:"clay-minerals-in-nature-their-characterization-modification-and-application",publishedDate:"September 12th 2012",bookSignature:"Marta Valaškova and Gražyna Simha Martynkova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2328.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128173",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Valaskova",slug:"marta-valaskova",fullName:"Marta Valaskova"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38849",title:"Documentation, Application and Utilisation of Clay Minerals in Kaduna State 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\n
1. Introduction
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Definitions of cross-sector social partnerships [CSSPs] generally put emphasis on elements such as cross-sectorial collaboration, commitment of resources, problem-solution and social issue [1, P. 18]; [2, P. 14]; [3, P. 3]; [4]. The definitions have to a large extent been used as conceptual frames of reference for understanding, describing, interpreting and developing partnerships as a political tool and innovative form of cross-sectorial collaboration to address social inclusion [5]. Two perspectives seem to dominate the partnership literature: A private organizational perspective (e.g. [1]) and a public governance perspective (e.g. [3]). As a consequence of this, partnerships have also been conceptualized as a stakeholder dialogue (e.g. [6, 7]). The dialogue has been conducted in four “arenas”: business-nonprofit, business-government, government-nonprofit, and trisector [5]. According to [5, 8], research on CSSPs is multidisciplinary using conceptual platforms, e.g. resource dependence, social issues, and societal sector platforms. Within the sub-field of Cross-Sector Social Interactions [CSSI], the focus has for example been on unpacking more generally oriented key processes that lead to success [7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Only more recently, communicative platforms have been used [9, 14, 15, 16]; see also the review by [17].
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This is surprising in light of the conceptualization of partnerships as a stakeholder dialogue. It is even more surprising that research using empirical evidence is almost non-existing. This paper aims to contribute to the empirical investigation of the communicative aspect of CSSPs. Within the theoretical frameworks of strategic communication and dialogue and by use of an example drawn from a case study, we will answer the following research question:
\n
How can corporations successfully develop Corporate Social Responsibility [CSR] initiatives in partnership-wide meetings with stakeholders organized in a CSSP?
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The example we will use is a partnership-wide meeting in a local CSSP in Denmark. The meeting, which becomes apparent in the analysis, not only represents one principal entity with an overall strategic intent to reach a specific outcome but is used strategically by the partnership management in order to establish legitimation towards new organizational practices, i.e. social inclusion through job integration and job retention. We will argue that the structure of the meeting can be seen as the concrete, in-situ practice of strategic communication organized as dialogue. By use of theories within the field of strategic communication and dialogue, we will argue that strategic partnership dialogue is relevant at both a macro and a micro, interactional level in which specific instances of text and talk can be used strategically to establish legitimation. Following a theoretical discussion of the interconnectedness of cross-sector social partnerships, strategic communication and dialogue, we outline our theoretical framework and present our analysis. The analytical findings support our argument and conceptual endeavor by illustrating how common understanding of the need for social inclusion is constructed through dialogue at a partnership level.
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2. The interconnectedness of CSSPs, strategic communication and dialogue
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In their article from 2012, Koschmann et al. [16] introduce the concept of collective agency - the capacity of strategic communication practitioners, e.g. CSSP managers, to influence a host of relevant outcomes, e.g. social, economic and environmental change, beyond what individual organizations could do on their own. The authors argue that partnerships develop depending on “how people interact” [pp. 339–340]. Thus, the conventional conception of dialogue—in which the term references ends-oriented talk that advocates a simplistic openness, urges personal sharing, and gives precedence to consensus and common ground over conflict and argument— is not likely to be helpful according to the authors [who refer to [18, 19, 20]]. This is because dialogue is seen only as a special case of communication used when groups are forced to overcome differences. The conventional conception of dialogue also assumes that meanings are private and internal and can be expressed more or less productively if the situation is structured well, forming the basis for compromise as a decisional procedure [and outcome]. The authors argue that a more richly communicative conception portraying dialogue as implicit in communication such as meanings, identities, and agendas (e.g. [21]) is more helpful. This view of dialogue acknowledges that participants hold different [and often deeply opposed] positions. Further, a simultaneous ethic of inclusiveness and confrontation is more likely to generate the meaningful participation needed for the creative, integrative, and legitimate solutions participants seek [22]. The research by [16] is supported by research by e.g. Brennan et al. [23]; Crane and Livesay [24] and [15].
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In this article, we will follow [16] and argue that a more richly communicative conception portraying dialogue as implicit in partnership-wide meeting agendas is helpful for understanding for example how common understanding of the need for social change is created in and among stakeholders in a CSSP.
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In a more general discussion of the agency of strategic communication practitioners, [25] introduce the principal-agency theory, which holds that principals [i.e. owners or shareholders] appoint agents [i.e. managers] to act on their behalf through contracts, output measurement and rewards. Hence, within the field of strategic communication there seems to be an implicit notion that communication agents due to the purposeful and instrumental nature of this particular communication activity act and speak on behalf of someone else. Overall, the guiding principles in any strategic communication, change and learning process, whether in the public or private sector, are about understanding what changes are needed, and how to manage and communicate them [26]. Creating vision, showing wholehearted and visible support for the change, maintaining buy-in to mission, sense-making and feedback, communicating goal achievement and establishing legitimation have been seen as pivotal to maintaining commitment to corporate change programs [27, p. 128]. Especially, the creation of common understanding and legitimation is a challenge in organizations where change is driven by changes in dominant values and practices [28, 29, 30], which is most often the case in organizations that have chosen to engage in a cross-sector social partnership. Thus, managers in such organizations need to navigate between the heterogeneous discourses expressed within the organization and the discourses expressed at the partnership level. Research has demonstrated that the strategic use of communication, e.g. in the form of narratives and metaphors plays a pivotal role in attempting to facilitate the disruption of taken-for-granted practices and confront or overcome potential adversaries [31, 32, 33, 34]. Our focus is not on narratives and metaphors as strategic communication but on dialogue structure.
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Overall, the field of strategic communication positions itself at the intersection of management strategy and communication [35]. Argenti et al. [36] define strategic communication as “aligned with the company’s overall strategy, to enhance its strategic positioning” [p. 83], whereas [37] define it as “the purposeful use of communication by an organization to fulfill its mission” [p. 3]. Both definitions rely on the ideas of rationality, predictability, and free agency [38], and as such the term “strategic communication” implies an overall focus on the purpose of the message as well as the intentions of the sender, as the communicator, according to the definitions, seems to have decisive influence over the communication process. The elements of purposeful intent inherent in strategic communication clarify the purpose-driven nature of an organization’s messages, and hence according to such understanding of strategic communication, a manager is “apt to enter a conversation, make a statement, prepare a document, or deliver a presentation with a preset goal, a strategic intent, in mind” [39, p. 124]. Hence, strategic communication recognizes that purposeful influence is the fundamental goal of communication by the senders, i.e. managers in CSSPs, and within such instrumental view, communication is characterized as something managers do to accomplish something else [40, 41, 42]. This line of research is supported by CSSP research, e.g. [7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 43] in discussions of the effects of interactions across sectors with the aim of unpacking key processes that lead to success.
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In this article, we will argue that the study of strategic communication encompasses more than goals, means and outcomes at a partnership level solely conducted by managers on behalf of a principal entity. From our perspective, strategic communication is also conducted at a meso and micro level with the purpose of for instance gaining support towards corporate changes and new organizational practices through the creation of common understanding. As a result, we will pursue the idea that strategic communication is not merely a macro-organizational discipline but can also be seen as a particular micro-level mode of communication, which can be applied with the strategic intention of gaining common understanding and legitimation among the organizational members. In specific, we will pursue the idea that dialogue as a particular mode of communication is a key element of building relationships, common understanding, learning and commitment at both a micro and a macro level [44, 45, 46, 47, 48]. We argue with [49] that agents, i.e. CSSP managers, have the potential to deliberately and effectively choose and carry out certain [communicative] actions. As such, from Gidden’s perspective, the communicator is able to reflexively play an active role in shaping the organization and its members through his/her strategic communication role in the organization [37, 40]. Within this line of thinking, it becomes blurrier who is the communicator who is able to play an active role in shaping the partnership, its members – and ultimately social change.
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On the basis of the above, we argue that managers in CSSPs deliberately and effectively choose and carry out certain communicative actions which will help them to obtain common understanding and legitimation in relation to internal and external stakeholders. In addition, we argue that managers in CSSPs acting as change agents navigate between the heterogeneous texts and talks expressed within the organization and the texts and talks expressed at the partnership level. Hence, the struggle for common understanding can be seen as a strategic communicative endeavor conducted at both a textual, discursive and interpersonal level and a more overall, formalized organizational level. By use of our exemplary analysis we will expand the understanding of the management and communication of change in a CSSP to also encompass the more agency-and dialogue-oriented discipline of strategic change communication in CSSPs. Below, we elaborate on the concept of dialogue and how to analyze dialogue.
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3. The micro-, meso- and macro-level study of CSSPs as dialogue
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Our analytical framework is rooted in dialogue analysis. Thus, we analyze the meetings in the CSSP as dialogue, focusing on how social change is constructed in dialogic meeting talk. Our framework is outlined in Section 4 below.
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We argue that dialogue is both a formal structure of discourse [50, 51, 52, 53] and a discursive practice, i.e. an approach to language analysis which concerns itself with issues of language, power and ideology. A discursive practice in foucauldian terms [54] is the process through which [dominant] reality comes into being. Thus, dialogue is not only a tool for managing interaction with a specific goal, but also a concrete communicative practice that relies on language. We extract fundamental notions from different disciplines and areas that we find relevant in the analysis of dialogue as a tool in partnership-wide meetings for change.
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As one of the fundamentals of communication as a formal structure, conversation analysts [53] introduced the concept of turn taking, a turn defined as any participatory act committed by the respective discourse partners. The interaction rests on specific rules for turn taking which respect the rules of politeness of the specific culture in which we speak; certain openings are inevitably followed by certain responses, the so-called adjacency pairs. A question and an answer constitute such an adjacency pair, just as does a request and an acceptance, a greeting and a greeting response. If one of these openings is not followed by the expected response, this is understood as a violation of the politeness pattern, which underlies all verbal interaction. A question and an answer consist of such an adjacency pair given that the construction is held together by the expectation of an answer. Added to this is the fact that some types of answers are preferred. Conversation analysts have also made the observation that an opening and a closing surround almost all interactions. According to [50], politeness can be derived from fundamental anthropological notions of what it is to be a human being. The basic notion of their model is that of face, defined as the public self-image that every member [of society] wants to claim for himself, which is divided into negative face – or freedom of action and the wish that one’s actions will not be constrained by others – and positive face, the positive self-image that people have and their desire to be appreciated and approved of by at least some other people. Face Threatening Acts [FTAs] are acts that infringe on the hearers’ need to maintain their self-esteem and be respected. Politeness strategies are developed for the main purpose of dealing with these FTAs, and speakers use these strategies for lessening the threat. Questions and requests can be more threatening than other acts or be put forward in a relation of power, which underlines the threat. Questions, requests and other threatening acts are therefore often prepared and explained before and after, so that the face of the interlocutor is protected. Any speech act may impose on this sense and therefore paves the way for preparatory acts.
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Conversations with a clear purpose, such as for example conversations conducted in an organizational and/or partnership context, have another common feature: a logical structure. The Geneva School [52], drawing on works by Bakhtine, Austin, Searle and Grice, and Goffman, among others, understands dialogue as a hierarchical or logical construction. According to this school, dialogue consists of units at different levels [for example, a superior versus a subordinate exchange], which are tied together in different ways. In practice, it can be difficult to delimit the units. However, one possibility is to consider a meeting between two or more persons in a certain place and in a certain space of time as a unit [51, p. 214]. Furthermore, a unit can be defined by its topic, as topic shifts can mark the transition to a new unit. The starting point of the model is a conception of dialogue as negotiation. This means that a dialogue is not closed before the partners have reached an agreement, including agreeing that it is not possible to reach an agreement. This also means that a turn is not complete until it is so clearly formulated and motivated that the recipient is capable of answering. According to models of dialogue analysis, a good dialogue is characterized by the fact that the partners know their rights and duties. They have a right to speak and they have a right to expect something from their dialogue partner. For example, they can expect an answer to a question. At the same time, they have duties, such as listening to their dialogue partner.
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We will now outline our analytical framework.
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4. Framework for analysis
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In line with the general view of the study of organizational/strategic communication [55], our model consists of three levels of analysis: context, structure and process. First, as our focus is on talk as a change management tool, we distinguish between the organizational context (i.e. the CSSP for social change) and the communicative context (i.e. strategic/change communication). Next, the selection of theories and areas studied shows dialogue as both a formal structure and a discursive practice. We believe that only by encompassing both of these fundamental sides of dialogue, it is possible to actually analyze and use dialogue as a change management tool. Formally defined, dialogue becomes an idealistic concept, seldom found in its pure form but more in ‘combinations’ or mixed forms in real contexts. Context is an important part of our framework in that dialogue depends on situational characteristics related to both the organizational and the communicative context, not least goal-orientation.
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The specific approach we take is to base the analysis of our partnership-wide dialogue on central notions or concepts and definitions gathered from each of the theoretical areas outlined above. On this basis, we establish a number of parameters and elements which allow us to analyze partnership dialogue as a concept which will allow managers in CSSPs to deliberately and effectively choose and carry out certain communicative (inter)actions, e.g. turn-taking, in order to obtain common understanding and legitimation in relation to internal and external stakeholders (Table 1).
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Level of analysis
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Parameters
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Example of elements (our case study)
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Context
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Organizational context
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\nCSSP for social change: social inclusion
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Communicative context
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\nStrategic/change communication: Collective agency, the capacity of strategic communication practitioners, in our case CSSP managers, to influence a host of relevant outcomes, e.g. social change, beyond what individual organizations could do on their own \nGoal-orientation, principal-agency theory – due to the purposeful and instrumental nature of the particular communication activity, communication agents act and speak on behalf of someone else [in CSSPs, the partners typically speak on behalf of stakeholders such as for example owners, investors, employees, governments, etc.]. Creating vision, showing wholehearted and visible support for the change, etc. are pivotal to maintaining commitment to corporate change programs. Our example focuses on creating common understanding and legitimation.
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Structure
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\nDialogue as a formal structure (i.e. an approach to language analysis which concerns itself with rules and fundamental anthropological notions of what it is to be a human being.\n
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Turn taking, adjacency pairs, preference system, Face-Threatening Act (FTA), middle and end (goal orientation or not) – functional relations between structural elements
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Process
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\nDialogic as a discursive practice (i.e. an approach to language analysis which concerns itself with issues of language, power and ideology)\n
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Relationships, partnerships, organizations, etc. develop depending on how people interact, here dialogic partnership-wide meetings. Dyadic, group and extra-organizational levels are not addressed in our example. Script
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Table 1.
Levels of analysis and elements of dialogic organization-wide meeting talk.
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The field of change management and strategic communication has for example also contributed with concepts such as perspective or motivation for using dialogue [e.g. effectiveness, organizational learning etc.], purpose [e.g. social purpose, problem solution, negotiation etc.], organizational levels of analysis [e.g. dyadic, group, wide-organizational, and extra-organizational, including the concept of multiple, interrelated levels of analysis]. From dialogue theory we have borrowed a formal structure and elements such as turns, adjacency pairs and beginning, middle and end. Other important elements are related to the relationship: who has taken the initiative, who holds the floor, who has the power and so forth. Politeness/Face-Threatening Act is a central concept here. These elements can be used/combined in different ways, i.e. discursive practice, and in principle there is a script for each situation.
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In our analysis, we use central concepts from our above framework to examine the specific ways in which dialogue is carried out strategically at the text and talk level, focusing on various ways of organizing the talk to create a sense of common understanding. In specific, we will show how the various moves applied strategically by CSSP management can vary in intensity, insofar as some moves of building common understanding may be stronger than others. By applying a dialogue structure, we want to show that management navigates between the heterogeneous texts and talks expressed within the organization and the texts and talks expressed at the partnership level.
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5. Research methods
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The empirical material for our exemplary analysis consists of observations made in a local CSSP for social change in Denmark, the focus being on a partnership-wide meeting organized by the partnership to initiate a dialogue with employees and other stakeholders about the development and the implementation of a model for CSR in the private company [56]. In this article, the focus is on the partnership-wide meeting, in particular how the meeting is organized. A central quote is used to illustrate the “extreme”, systemic change potential of the selected case [57].
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For the purpose of our research, we used extensive observations throughout a two-year period in the social partnership established between the private company and a public partner [4 seminars, 25 steering group meetings, 11 background meetings, 6 group “sparring” meetings, 6 evaluation meetings and 3–4 meetings in the different working groups from 2000 until 2002]. The observational work was combined with interviews, of which two were in-depth interviews with the partnership management from which the above-mentioned quote is taken. In this article, the focus is on the partnership-wide dialogues conducted over the two-year period. We have used a note-taking technique (note-taking, coding, categorization) and subsequently analyzed our data by use of dialogue analysis in order to extract central concepts [cf. our framework for analysis] and thereby enrich our understanding of partnership-wide dialogues as a particular mode of strategic change communication. In this article, empirical material from our case study has been selected purposely as an example to best support our argument.
School of Communication Studies, Faculty of Design & Creative Technologies, AUT University, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Received 2 October 2010, Revised 14 September 2011, Accepted 14 September 2011, Available online 6 October 2011
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6. Analysis
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Below, we delineate the potential of our framework by applying it on an example drawn from our case study consisting of observational data from a successful CSSP for social change. The focus in our example is on the initial steps in the partnership, i.e. building common understanding of the need for a social inclusion “project.”
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6.1 Context
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The organizational context is a CSSP for social change. Over a period of two years, the private company (rescue company) and a public partner have worked hard to develop and refine a model for CSR focusing on social inclusion (people outside the labour market) and sustainable HR (retaining employees in the private company). The decision to take “affirmative action” was taken at the strategic management level as a result of the increasing pressure from government.
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The communicative context is a context focusing on communication as a change management tool. It is interpersonal and involves employees and managers at different levels in both organizations who met each other/participate in workshops, seminars and different kinds of meetings. The focus in our example is on partnership-wide meetings used initially in the partnership as tools for relationship building and strategy development. The work was highly structured, focusing on elements such as formal contracts or agreements, success criteria, well-organized cross-sector oriented groups [e.g. sparring group, steering group and working groups] and time schedules. The groups were formed after the first partnership-wide meeting according to participants’ wishes regarding the group profile and outcome of the project. The process and the dialogue between the partners on the content of the agreement were of vital importance to the effect and the results obtained. It was necessary to establish a platform for dialogue [with an expression used by the partnership] and to ensure that the circumstances for the change process were ideal. The aim was to build mutual understanding and positive relations between the private company and the public partner and between the partners and various groups that had any kind of stake in the partnership, such as trade unions and NGOs.
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6.2 Structure
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The platform for dialogue, i.e. the expression used by the CSSP in our case study in order to explain the goal of the dialogue, was established in three phases (three seminars) of which we will focus on the first and initial phase, i.e. the opening seminar. Table 2 below shows that this seminar was organized as a dialogue consisting of three turn-takings: an initiative, a reaction and an evaluation/closing. We see that the specific rules for turn taking were observed insofar as the initiative is followed by a response (the notion of adjacency pair). The construction is so to say held together by the expectation of a response. The positive evaluation of the response indicates that the response is a so-called preferred response. Thus, the partnership can close the dialogue and proceed to the next phase in the CSSP.
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Dialogue structure [exchange consisting of three turn-takings]
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Change process
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Phase no 1 A: Initiative [opening seminar]
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The partnership [steering group] with the public partner in front: presentation of the context for social responsibility and invitation to employees in the private company and other stakeholders to contribute to and participate actively in the project/partnership.
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Phase no 1 B: Reaction
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The employees in the private company and other stakeholders: identification and discussion of crises, potential crises and essential possibilities.
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Phase no 1 A: Evaluation/closing
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The partnership: thank you very much for your contribution; outline of future work.
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Table 2.
Developing the project in a dialogical process.
A = the partnership, B = employees at middle management level [nearest manager] in the private company and other stakeholders.
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6.3 Process
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All major representatives from the partners in the CSSP were involved in the dialogue. Before the opening seminar, the so-called steering group had met several times to negotiate the contract and prepare the partnership-wide dialogue. At the opening seminar, the steering group with the public partner in front presented the context, in particular the pressure from government who had asked private companies to take a social responsibility and the decision made by top management in the private company to take affirmative action. In particular, there was a need to explain to the employees in the private company and the other stakeholders why the partnership with the public sector was necessary or beneficial. In this way, the primary role of the public partner at the seminar was to legitimize the project and the contract made with the private company (authoritative power).The employees at middle management level in the private company and other stakeholders (e.g. unions and NGOs) were asked to discuss the whole idea and identify potential strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This was their contribution to the dialogue/process. The steering group reflected upon/evaluated the contributions from the employees and others and closed the partnership-wide seminar by outlining future work. In this way, the dialogical structure (initiative, reaction, evaluation/closing) supported the purpose of the dialogue, i.e. establishment of common understanding. This common understanding was necessary in order to proceed with the implementation of the project. The dialogue used in implementing the strategy was more closed than the one used in developing the strategy. The employees were for example not invited to give feedback (managerial power). The communication was rather two-way and asymmetrical relative to the two-way and symmetrical communication of the development phase. This is natural when it comes to the communication of decisions. According to James E. Grunig, the situation and the purpose determine which communication form is best [58, 59, 60].
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Summing-up, our analysis has illustrated contextual, structural and process-oriented parameters that are relevant to analyzing and understanding partnership-wide meetings as a change management tool. Importantly, it has illuminated the interplay between these parameters. We find that partnership-wide meetings in CSSPs for systemic change can be analyzed and organized on much the same terms as interpersonal and intergroup dialogues, which we believe can inspire us to rethink social change as a dialogue, i.e. dialogue as both a formal structure and a discursive practice where issues of language, power and ideology are involved.
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7. Discussion
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Within the theoretical framework of Cross-Sector Social Partnerships [CSSPs], strategic communication and dialogue and by use of an example drawn from a case study of a CSSP, this article has argued that partnership-wide meetings can be analyzed and practiced on much the same terms as ordinary interpersonal and inter-group dialogues. Importantly, the article has outlined a framework for analysis and delineated its potential through an analysis of a partnership-wide dialogue conducted in a local CSSP for social change.
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The analysis shows that the change project was developed in a partnership-wide dialogical process. The dialogue was goal-oriented, which we see from the third turn, insofar as it temporarily closes the dialogue. In order to analyze partnership-wide meetings as dialogue, we have drawn on a number of parameters and elements selected from various theoretical fields [turns, adjacency pairs, opening, closing, goal orientation, sequence etc]. However, if we compare partnership-wide dialogues with interpersonal and inter-group dialogues, we see two major challenges, the first one being how we delimit very big dialogue units, and the second how we determine the functional relations between these units.
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We have proposed considering a meeting between two or more persons at a certain place and in a certain space of time as a unit [[51]: 214]. This is nevertheless problematic since partnership meetings between several people often involve reorganization. New people join meetings while others are not invited or do not show up. In our example it was characteristic of the change process that the employees in the private company and the other stakeholders were invited to participate. Their active participation was required especially in the first part of the process [bottom-up approach] and less so in the second part [top-down approach]. It was also characteristic that the public partner was actively involved. A close investigation of the role distribution between the private company and the public partner shows that the public partner played a well-defined and somewhat alternative role. The role of the public partner can be characterized as that of legitimization, change agent and professional sparring partner [e.g. social legislation and political ‘winds’]. For example, the public partner helped the company to establish a sense of urgency [61] by explaining to the employees why social responsibility is a common responsibility and issue. In order to analyze the specific roles of the participants, it is necessary to delimit the dialogue units more rigorously.
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As for the functional relations, we have established different kinds of functions such as initiative functions [questions, requests etc] and interactive functions [e.g. evaluation]. For example, the question raised at the opening seminar had an initiating function. The relation between the question and the reaction/answer was linked by an expectation, i.e. a so-called preferred answer. Other channels than meetings and seminars are possible, and this is why we propose to characterize the form of interaction as multimedial. Thus, in order to further analyze the functional relations, it is necessary to define the different channels used.
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The above case shows that the delimitation of structural dialogue parameters was possible, and that the approach or the method was successful in lasting change. Today, both partners organize their work in new ways. Referring to the evaluation of the project, the top management in the private company of the case study mentions, for example, that the new models and tools that have been developed have helped the company to save time and money. Furthermore, the top management mentions that the cross-sector collaboration has resulted in innovative thinking:
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\nIn the beginning, it appears that the pressure from the public sector to take on a social responsibility or engage in a partnership is problematic because it is detrimental to competitiveness. However, new methods and new technologies often follow which become business activities themselves [participant evaluation, top management].
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The partnership can be seen as an example of social change through organizational learning in a CSSP, since the structure, culture and processes have changed in both organizations [62]. The dialogue forum created by the partners has paved the way for cross-sector learning. The main condition for creating this forum was that at the very beginning the partners made a strong effort to create a ‘we’ contract and identity [joint purpose, joint value creation, mutual benefits, clear role distribution etc]. Management’s dialogue with employees and other stakeholders is enhanced by projects like the one described here. It is clearly in the interest of the organization to develop a new, more consciously motivated dialogue culture as a result of organizations’ more stakeholder-oriented approaches and new role in society. The role of organizations has changed, and we have shown that dialogue is an important tool in the management of change and learning. Organizations clearly need to motivate employees to participate in a new form of dialogue with new roles in relation to central stakeholders like customers. Through a development project like the one described here, employees and other stakeholders can become dialogue partners. Based on our analytical framework and exemplary analysis, we suggests that partnership-wide dialogues for change must be clearly structured in order to ensure participation, common understanding and commitment.
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8. Concluding remarks
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This article has investigated the creation of common understanding for a social inclusion change project through partnership-wide meetings organized as dialogue. The investigation was conducted within the theoretical frames of strategic communication and dialogue and by use of an exemplary analysis of a partnership-wide dialogue for social inclusion. The analytical framework was rooted in dialogue analysis. The empirical data for the exemplary analysis consisted of observational data from a case study of a CSSP.
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In the article, we argue that the study of strategic communication encompasses more than goals, means and outcomes at a macro-organizational level solely conducted by manager agent on behalf of a principal entity. In addition, the study of strategic communication must also be conducted at a meso- and micro-level with the purpose of for instance understanding how to gain support towards social change and new organizational practices through the creation of common understanding at an interpersonal level. Thus, it is important to map the three levels.
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Our findings confirm previous research demonstrating how management actors create understanding by use of certain strategies [63, 64, 65]. It adds to this research by proposing a novel dialogical approach to the study of CSSPs and by identifying strategies in partnership-wide dialogues used by managers in private and public sector organizations. As such, we claim that it is possible to argue for the existence of and the notion of strategic, intentional and purposeful communication at a micro-, meso- and macro-level, namely in relation to the in-situ enactment of partnership-wide dialogue. Overall, the research contributes to uncovering the social world articulated in partnership communication of social issues. In addition, from a practical perspective, our analytical findings indicate that managers in private and public sector organizations participating in CSSPs need to pay attention to different “available” meeting structures and agendas among which the formal structure of dialogue and the agendas of government seem to be the strongest in terms of arguing for social change.
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We acknowledge that this exemplary study may have a number of potential shortcomings restricting its validity. In particular, the current study investigates strategic communication and the creation of common understanding towards internal and external stakeholders in only one CSSP. While this organization was selected for sound reasons, the sample may only be representative of this [type of] partnership and its management. However, we believe that additional empirical studies, e.g. micro-, meso- and macro-level case studies, investigating strategic communication and the creation of common understanding in text and talk towards internal and external stakeholders in other types of CSSPs could bring research a step forward.
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\n\n',keywords:"corporate social responsibility [CSR], cross-sector social partnerships [CSSPs], partnership-wide meetings, dialogue, strategic communication",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73838.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73838.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73838",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73838",totalDownloads:79,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 23rd 2020",dateReviewed:"October 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"November 10th 2020",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Within the theoretical framework of Cross-Sector Social Partnerships [CSSPs], strategic communication and dialogue and by use of an example drawn from a case study of a CSSP, this article argues that Corporate Social Responsibility [CSR] initiatives are best developed in partnership-wide meetings involving relevant stakeholders. Importantly, it proposes a framework for analysis. Following a theoretical discussion of the interconnectedness of CSSPs, strategic communication and dialogue, the article outlines a framework for analysis. It delineates the potential of the framework through an analysis of a partnership-wide dialogue conducted in a local CSSP at a seminar/meeting dealing with the creation of common understanding for a social inclusion project among internal and external stakeholders. 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The interconnectedness of CSSPs, strategic communication and dialogue",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. The micro-, meso- and macro-level study of CSSPs as dialogue",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Framework for analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Research methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"6.1 Context",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"6.2 Structure",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.3 Process",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"8. Concluding remarks",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nWaddock SA. Building successfull. Social Partnerships. Sloan Management Review. 1988;17-23\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nNelson J, Zadek S. Partnership Alchemy: New Social Partnerships in Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark: The Copenhagen Centre; 2000\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nReich, M.R. [red.] [2002], Public-Private Partnerships for Public Health. Harvard: Harvard University Press.\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nClarke A, MacDonald A. Outcomes to Partners in Multi-Stakeholder Cross-Sector Partnerships: A resource-based view. Business & Society. 2019;\n58\n(2):298-332\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nSelsky JW, Parker B. Cross-sector partnerships to address social issues: Challenges to theory and practice. Journal of Management. 2005;\n31\n(6):849-873\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nAndriof, J., Waddock, S., Husted, B., & Rahman, S. R. [Eds.]. 2003. Unfolding stakeholder thinking 2. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing.\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nBurchell J, Cook J. Stakeholder dialogue and organisational learning : Changing relationships between companies and NGOs. Business Ethics. 2008;17(1):35-46\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nSelsky, J. W., & Parker [B]. 2010. Platforms for Cross-Sector Social Partnerships: Prospective Sensemaking Devices for Social Benefit. Journal of Business Ethics 94 [1]: 21-37.\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nBurchell J, Cook J. Sleeping with the enemy? Strategic transformations in business–NGO relationships through stakeholder dialogue. Journal of Business Ethics. 2013;113(3):505-518\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nO’Riordan L, Fairbrass J. CSR - theories. Models and Concepts in Stakeholder Dialogue – A Model for Decision-Makers in the Pharmaceutical Industry’ Journal of Business Ethics. 2008;83(4):754-758\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nSeitanidi M. Employee involvement in implementing CSR in cross-sector social partnerships. Corporate Reputation Review [Online]. 2009;12:90-105 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/crr.2009.7\n\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nSeitanidi M, Crane A. Implementing CSR through partnerships: Understanding the selection, design and institutionalisation of nonprofit-business partnerships. Journal of Business Ethics [Online]. 2009;85:413-429 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9743-y\n\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nStückelberger C. Dialogue ethics: Ethical criteria and conditions for a successful dialogue between companies and societal actors. Journal of Business Ethics. 2009;84:329-339\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nCooren F. Communication theory at the center: Ventriloquism and the communicative constitution of reality. Journal of Communication. 2012;62:1-20\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nCooren, F. (2020). A communicative constitutive perspective on corporate social responsibility: Ventriloquism, Undecidability, and Surprisability. Business & Society, 59(1), 175-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650318791780\n\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nKoschmann MA, Kuhn TR, Pfarrer MD. A communicative framework of value in cross-sector partnerships. Academy of Management Review. 2012;37(2):332-354\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nNielsen AE, Thomsen C. Reviewing corporate social responsibility communication: A legitimacy perspective. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 2018;\n23\n(4):492-511\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nEisenberg E, Witten MG. Reconsidering openness in organisational communication. Academy of Management Review. 1987;12(3):418-426\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nEverett J, Jamal TB. Multistakeholder collaboration as symbolic marketplace and pedagogic practice. Journal of Management Inquiry. 2004;13(1):57-78\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nPenman R. Reconstructing Communicating. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2000\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nTsoukas H. A dialogical approach to the creation of new knowledge in organizations. Organization Science. 2009;20:941-957\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nKuhn T, Deetz S. Critical theory and corporate social responsibility: Can/should we get beyond cynical reasoning? In: A. Crane, A. McWilliams, D. Matten, J. Moon, & S. D. Siegal [Eds.], The Oxford handbook of corporate social responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. pp. 173-196\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nBrennan NM, Merkl-Davies DM, Beelitz A. Dialogism in corporate social responsibility communications: Conceptualising verbal interaction between organisations and their audiences. Journal of Business Ethics. 2014;115(4):665-679\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nCrane A, Livesey S. Are you talking to me? Stakeholder communication and the risks and rewards of dialogue. In: J. Andriof et. al. Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking. Greenleaf: Relationships, Communication, Reporting and Performance, Sheffield; 2003. p. 2\n\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nHoltzhausen, D., & Zerfass, A., [2015]. Strategic communication: Opportunities and challenges of the research area. In D. Holtzhausen and A. Zerfass [Eds.] The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication [pp. 3-17]. New York: Routledge.\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nBryson JM. Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement. 4th ed. Jossey-Bass; 2011\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nLewis LK. Communicating change: Four cases of quality programs. Journal of Business Communication. 2000;37(2):128-155\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nHorton S. New public management: Its impact on public servant’s identity: An introduction to this symposium. International Journal of Public Sector Management. 2006;19(6):533-542\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nKoppenjan JFM, Koliba C, editors. Symposium transformations towards new public governance. International Review of Public Administration. 2013;18(2):1-84\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nTummers L, Bekkers V, Steijn B. Policy alienation of public professionals: Application in a new public management context. Public Management Review. 2009;11(5):685-706\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nErkama N, Vaara E. Struggles over legitimacy in global organizational restructuring: A rhetorical perspective on legitimation strategies and dynamics in a shutdown case. Organization Studies. 2010;31(7):813-839\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nLandau MJ, Keefer LA. This is like that: Metaphors in public discourse shape attitudes. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2014;8:463-473\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nLange S, Davenport S. Strategic ambiguity in communicating public sector change. Journal of Communication Management. 2002;7(2):129-139\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nVaara E, Monin P. A recursive perspective on discursive legitimation and organizational action in mergers and acquisitions. Organization Science. 2010;21(1):3-22\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nThomas, G.F., & Stephens, K.J. [2015]. An Introduction to Strategic Communication. International Journal of Business Communication, 52, 1, 3-11.\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nArgenti PA, Howell RA, Beck KA. The strategic communication imperative: Companies that continue to take a tactical, short-term approach to communicating with key constituencies will find it increasingly difficult to compete. Developing an integrated, strategic approach to communications will be critical to success. MIT Sloan Management Review. 2005;46(3):83\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nHallahan K, Holtzhausen D, van Ruler B, Verčič D, Sriramesh K. Defining strategic communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication. 2007;1(1):3-35\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nFrederikson, M., & Pallas, J. [2015]. Strategic communication as institutional work. In D. Holtzhausen and A. Zerfass [Eds.]. The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication [pp. 143-156]. New York: Routledge.\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nDulek RE, Campbell KS. On the dark side of strategic communication. Journal of Business Communication. 2015;52(1):122\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nAggerholm, H.K., & Thomsen, C. 2015. Strategic communication: The role of polyphony in management team meetings. In D. Holtzhausen and A. Zerfass [eds.] The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication [pp. 172-189]. New York: Routledge.\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nAggerholm HK, Thomsen C. Legitimation as a particular mode of strategic communication in the public sector. International Journal of Strategic Communication. 2016;10(3):195-206\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nConrad, C., & Haynes, J. [2001]. Key Constructs: Views from Varying Perspectives. In F. Jablin and L. Putnam [eds] The New Handbook of Organizational Communication [pp. 47-77]. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.\n'},{id:"B43",body:'\nBurchell J, Cook J. Assessing the impact of stakeholder dialogue: Changing relationships between NGOs and companies. Journal of Public Affairs. 2006;6(3/4):210-227\n'},{id:"B44",body:'\nBruning SD, Dials M, Shirka A. Using dialogue to build organization-public relationships, engage publics, and positively affect organizational outcomes. Public Relations Review. 2008;34:25-31\n'},{id:"B45",body:'\nIsaacs W. Dialogue and the Art of Thinking Together: A Pioneering Approach to Communicating in Business and in Life. New York: Doubleday; 1999\n'},{id:"B46",body:'\nSchein EH. Organizational culture and leadership. N.Y. Jossey-Bass; 2004\n'},{id:"B47",body:'\nSenge P. The Fifth Discipline. The art & Practice of the Learning Organization. London: Century Business; 1990\n'},{id:"B48",body:'\nTheurissen P, Norbani W, Noordin W. Revisiting the concept “dialogue” in public relations. Public Relations Review. 2012;38(1):5-13\n'},{id:"B49",body:'\nGiddens A. The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Oxford: Polity Press; 1984\n'},{id:"B50",body:'\nBrown P, Levinson S. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987\n'},{id:"B51",body:'\nKerbrat-Orecchioni, C. 1990-1992-1994. Les interactions verbales 1-3. Paris: Armand Colin.\n'},{id:"B52",body:'\nRoulet E et al. L’articulation du discours en français contemporain. Bern. Peter Lang; 1985\n'},{id:"B53",body:'\nSacks H, Schegloff EA, Jefferson G. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for conversation. Language. 1974;50(4):696-735\n'},{id:"B54",body:'\nFoucault M. L’ordre du discours. In: Leçon inaugurale au Collège de France prononcée le 2 décembre 1970. Paris: Collection Blanche, Gallimard; 1971\n'},{id:"B55",body:'\nJablin FM, Putnam LL. The New Handbook of Organizational Communication. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2001\n'},{id:"B56",body:'\nThomsen C. Public sector CSR communication: A dialogical approach. HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business. 2017;\n20\n(38):41-64 https://doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v20i38.25904\n\n'},{id:"B57",body:'\nChen, K.K. [2016]. Using Extreme Cases to Understand Organizations. In K.D. Kimberly and R.M. Kramer [eds] Handbook of Qualitative Organizational Research [pp. 33-44]. New York and London: Routledge [pp. 33-44].\n'},{id:"B58",body:'\nGrunig J, Hunt T. Managing Public Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.; 1984\n'},{id:"B59",body:'\nGrunig, J. E. 1992. Symmetrical Systems of Internal Communication. In J.E. Grunig [Ed.], Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management: 531-76. Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.\n'},{id:"B60",body:'\nGrunig J. Two-way symmetrical public relations: Past, present, and future. In: R.L. Heath & G. Vasquez, Handbook of Public Relations. Sage Publications, Inc.: Thousand Oaks; 2001. pp. 11-30\n'},{id:"B61",body:'\nKotter JP. \nLeading Change\n. Boston: Harvard Business School Press; 1996\n'},{id:"B62",body:'\nArgyris C, Schön D. Organizational Learning. London: Addison-Wesley; 1978\n'},{id:"B63",body:'\nJoutsenvirta M. Setting boundaries for corporate social responsibility: Firm-NGO relationship as discursive legitimation struggle. Journal of Business Ethics. 2011;102(1):57-75\n'},{id:"B64",body:'\nJoutsenvirta M, Vaara E. Discursive [de]legitimation of a contested Finnish greenfield investment project in Latin America. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 2009;25(1):85-96\n'},{id:"B65",body:'\nVaara E, Tienari J, Laurila J. Pulp and paper fiction: On the discursive legitimation of global industrial re-structuring. Organization Studies. 2006;27:789-810\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Christa Thomsen",address:"ct@mgmt.au.dk",affiliation:'
Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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