Physicochemical characteristics of Monocrotophos and Endosulfan
1. Introduction
It was 2.4 billion (Ga) years ago that oxygen accumulated atmosphere began in our planet and cyanobacteria (earlier known as Bluegreen algae) are inhabitant of almost 3.5 billions years ago. This oxygenic atmosphere lead to the evolution of life on the earth. The exponential growth rate and long life span of human beings now a days creating a population bomb which is going to affect the environmental stability. In present day scenario of population explosion, it is essential to increase food production to meet the food demands and to maintain the socioeconomic status of the people in all the developing countries including India. In the year 2050, India will reach to the highest population (1.22 billion in 2012), within this globe total population of world will be approx 9.1 billion in 2050 (Carvalho, 2006). The immediate response to increase food production in limited agricultural land areas is possible by intensive use of agrochemicals. Agrochemicals include two large groups of compounds: chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The use of chemical fertilizers tremendously increased worldwide since 1960s and was largely responsible for the ‘‘green revolution’’, i.e. the massive increase in production obtained from the same surface of land with the help of mineral fertilizers and intensive irrigation. The revolution was assisted also with the introduction of more productive varieties of crops.
The use of pesticides, including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, etc., to protect crops from pests, allowed to significantly reduce the losses and to improve the yield of crops. The application of different agrochemicals is region specific. In the tropical regions, where insect pests and plant diseases are more frequent, pesticides are generally applied in massive amounts, both in small farms as well as in cash crop. It has been reported that especially the organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues, are found in soils, atmosphere and in the aquatic environment in relatively high concentrations (Carvalho et al., 1997). Pesticides are poisons, intentionally dispersed in the environment to control pests but they also act upon other species causing serious side effects on non-target species and destabilise the ecosystem. Cyanobacteria the natural nitrogen engineer of the soil are also adversely affected by indiscriminate use of pesticides.
Cyanobacteria are the most diversified ecologically, most successful and evolutionarily most important group of photosynthetic prokaryotes (Peschek et al., 1994) and maintain the homeostasis of nitrogen budget of the rice agroecosystem by photobiological nitrogen fixation in a specialized cell called heterocyst (Fay et al., 1968) at almost zero cost (Mishra & Pabbi 2004). Diversity and evolutionary information of cyanobacteria are available in the internet and for images one can search for “cyanobacteria, images” using Google. Most paddy soils have a natural population of cyanobacteria as they grow and multiply at the simple expense of water, light and air (Fay 1983). Soil nitrogen is the main source of nitrogen for crop growth and rice plant consume 50% of soil nitrogen (Fernandez-Valiante et al., 2000). Several reports are available on the adverse effect of agrochemicals on cyanobacteria (Marsac& Houmard, 1993; Das & Adhikary, 1996; Kapoor & Arora, 2000a, 2000b;Shikha & Singh, 2004; Xia, 2005; Kim & Lee, 2006). Although a lot of work has been done on the effect of pesticide in general, no attempt has been made on the effect of pesticide in locally growing cyanobacteria of Western Odisha, India. Farmers of this region use Monocrotophos and Endosulfan on a large scale in rice fields as both the pesticide have broad spectrum activity and they control the attack of insects; the physicochemical properties of both pesticides are given in Table 1.
BGA biofertilizer are added to rice fields to increase the fertility of soil and to minimize dependence on chemical fertilizer. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether
2. Material and methods
Two species of heterocystous cyanobacteria belonging to genera
Growth was measured by light scattering technique by taking the absorbance at 760nm,
Algal suspension was homogenized in a glass hand-homogenizer for 5 minutes and then centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes. After centriguation, the pellet containing algal cells was resuspended in 50 mM tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.8 containing 175 mM NaCl. Room temperature
The same algal suspension was also used to measure the excitation emission. During scanning, the emission was monitored at 685 nm and a slit width of 10 nm was maintained. Excitation emission was recorded at 439 nm, 471 nm and 485 nm. The excitation energy transfer from Car to Chl was measured by exciting the algal suspension at 475 nm and 600 nm. The emission was recorded at 685 nm for PS II and 735 nm for PS I. Efficiency of the energy transfer was assessed by calculating the ratio of excitation at 475 nm to 600 nm as described by Gruszescki et al., 1991.
Fluorescence polarization was measured by exciting the algal suspension at 620 nm and polarization was recorded at 685 nm. Polarization (P) was calculated as per the following formula of Swain et al., 1990.
where,I = intensity of fluorescence
v = vertical geometry of the polarizer
h = horizontal geometry of the analyzer
The 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) photoreduction was measured spectrophotometrically as described by Swain et al., 1990 with modification. 3 ml of reaction mixture contained whole cell algal suspension (equivalent to 10 g Chl), 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.8) and 175 mM NaCl. This reaction mixture was illuminated for 30 seconds with saturating white light (7x104 ergs cm-2 sec-1) coming from a projector lamp. The incident radiation beam was passed through a water filter to minimize infrared radiation. The photoreduction of the dye was measured at 600 nm. The reduction of the dye is expressed as moles DCPIP reduced/mg Chl/hr.
Photosynthetic efficiency of algal suspension in terms of chlorophyll fluorescence was measured at room temperature using a Plant Efficiency Analyzer (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, Norfolk, UK). The Fv/Fm of algal suspension was measured by the Handy PEA after 20 minutes dark-adaption.
3. Results and discussion
The nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria represent as one of the prominent component of microbial population in wetland soils, especially in rice fields. They significantly contribute to soil fertility as a natural biofertilizer (Kumar & Kumar, 1998). Some cyanobacterial strains that thrive and grow in rice fields release small quantities of the major fertilizing product ammonia and small polypeptides during active growth whereas most of the other fixed products become available mainly through autolysis and decomposition (Hammouda, 1999). Therefore, cyanobacteria are considered as a vital component of the rice agroecosystem. However, excessive use of pesticides has a detrimental effect on the growth of these beneficial microorganisms, soil fertility and ultimately on the crop productivity. The effect of pesticides on the population of nitrogen fixing organisms varies with characteristics of the species and chemical nature of the pesticide.
3.1. Changes in the growth pattern
Growth response of two different species of heterocystous cyanobacteria namely
3.2. Changes in chlorophyla contents
Almost all oxygenic photosynthesizer, with the exception of
The data indicates that
3.3. Changes in electron transport activity
The DCPIP photoreduction reflects the photochemical potential of PS II. The activities also reflect the coupling between light absorption and photochemical reaction of the thylakoid membrane. In the present study the rate of dye reduction in control and pesticides treated samples of both the alga resemble with the kinetics of
µ mol of DCPIP Reduced ( | |||||||||||
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day |
Control | 20±1.2 | 101±3.6 | 175±3.5 | 241±5.5 | Control | 20±1.2 | 101±1.8 | 175±5.9 | 241±8.5 | ||
Monocrotophos | 20 | 20±1.2 | 94±2.7 | 180±6.2 | 152±2.9 | Endosulfan | 1 | 20±1.2 | 91±22 | 165±8 | 135±6 |
50 | 20±1.2 | 83±1.1 | 140±2.8 | 132±3.6 | 2 | 20±1.2 | 80±0.8 | 120±3 | 110±7 | ||
100 | 20±1.2 | 65±5.3 | 95±3.3 | 85±2.6 | 3 | 20±1.2 | 65±1.6 | 95±5 | 75±3 |
µ mol of DCPIP Reduced ( | |||||||||||
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day |
Control | 29±2.6 | 145.8±4.2 | 190±8 | 142±6.5 | Control | 29±2.6 | 145.8±7 | 190±11 | 142±8.2 | ||
Monocrotophos | 50 | 29±2.6 | 94±6 | 126±6 | 84±3.2 | Endosulfan | 5 | 29±2.6 | 100.8±3.8 | 116±7 | 54.6±5 |
100 | 29±2.6 | 55.5±4 | 96±7 | 49.6±3.6 | 10 | 29±2.6 | 84±3.3 | 102±6 | 50±6 | ||
150 | 29±2.6 | 25.2±2.6 | 45.8±5.4 | 30±6 | 15 | 29±2.6 | 82±3.4 | 94±8 | 32.4±4 |
3.4. Measurement of fluorescence characteristics
Analyses of fluorescence emission, excitation emission, fluorescence polarization and excitation energy transfer of thylakoids provide information about the structural organization and the microenvironment of thylakoid membrane. The analyses also give information about the degree of coupling of different pigment complexes. Information about the coupling of light absorption and photochemical reactions could also be obtained by monitoring fluorescence characteristics of whole cells of the cyanobacteria. Therefore, to determine the structural and functional status of the thylakoid, fluorescence excitation, emission and polarization measurements are very much important. Campbell et al.,1998 have opined that fluorescence analysis is an integral part of the studies of photosynthesis in BGA. Shikha & Singh, 2004 have extensively used fluorescence studies to monitor photosynthetic status of
Cyanobacteria fluorescence characteristics are distinct from those of plants due to their specific structural and functional properties (Campbell et al., 1998). These include significant fluorescence emission from the light harvesting phycobiliproteins, large and rapid changes in fluorescence yield (state transitions) which depend on metabolic and environmental conditions as well as flexible and overlapping respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chains. In cyanobacteria, the photosynthetic system is tightly linked to other principal metabolic pathways and is itself a major metabolic sink for iron, nitrogen and carbon skeletons. Therefore, Chl fluorescence signals can provide rapid, real-time information on both photosynthesis and overall acclimation status of cyanobacteria.
3.4.1. Fluorescence emission
The fluorescence characteristics of test organismsboth in control and insecticides treated samples are shown in Table4 and 5. There is gradual increase in fluorescence intensity at F685 and F735 in all conditions over 15 days of incubation under laboratory condition except on 5th day of control. The ratios of F685 to F735 increased from 5th day till the end of experiment both in control and treated samples. The ratios were also more in treated samples than in the control. The ratios gradually increased as the concentration of the insecticide and treatment period increased in both the organisms.
Fluorescence Intensity (Arbitrary unit) | |||||||||||||
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | F685 | F735 | F685/F735 | |||||||||
0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | ||
Control | 0 | 91.0 | 88.0 | 137.0 | 195.0 | 26.5 | 25.0 | 30.0 | 36.0 | 3.4 | 3.52 | 4.50 | 5.40 |
Monocroto phos | 20 | 91.0 | 100.0 | 167.0 | 202.0 | 26.5 | 28.0 | 34.0 | 40.0 | 3.4 | 3.57 | 4.90 | 5.05 |
50 | 91.0 | 122.0 | 178.0 | 240.0 | 26.5 | 32.0 | 36.0 | 42.0 | 3.4 | 3.81 | 4.94 | 5.71 | |
100 | 91.0 | 139.0 | 195.0 | 270.0 | 26.5 | 36.0 | 39.0 | 46.0 | 3.4 | 3.86 | 5.00 | 5.84 | |
Endosulfan | 1 | 91.0 | 110.0 | 183.0 | 299.0 | 26.5 | 27.0 | 37.0 | 54.0 | 3.4 | 4.07 | 4.90 | 5.53 |
3 | 91.0 | 122.0 | 193.0 | 314.0 | 26.5 | 29.0 | 38.0 | 55.0 | 3.4 | 4.20 | 5.07 | 5.70 | |
5 | 91.0 | 152.0 | 218.0 | 338.0 | 26.5 | 35.0 | 41.0 | 56.0 | 3.4 | 4.34 | 5.30 | 6.03 |
Fluorescence Intensity (Arbitrary unit) | |||||||||||||
Treatment | Dose | F685 | F735 | F685/F735 | |||||||||
(ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | |
Control | 97.5 | 92.0 | 146.0 | 204.0 | 21.6 | 20.0 | 24.6 | 34.0 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.9 | 6.0 | |
50 | 97.5 | 108.0 | 177.0 | 220.0 | 21.6 | 22.1 | 29.0 | 36.0 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 6.1 | |
Monocrotophos | 100 | 97.5 | 134.0 | 188.0 | 257.0 | 21.6 | 25.2 | 30.3 | 39.1 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 6.6 |
150 | 97.5 | 147.0 | 203.0 | 284.0 | 21.6 | 26.3 | 31.7 | 42.3 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 6.7 | |
Endosulfan | 5 | 97.5 | 102.0 | 151.0 | 280.0 | 21.6 | 21.8 | 25.0 | 44.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 6.4 |
10 | 97.5 | 114.0 | 164.0 | 294.0 | 21.6 | 21.6 | 24.8 | 42.5 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.9 | |
15 | 97.5 | 148.0 | 198.0 | 328.0 | 21.6 | 26.6 | 28.4 | 45.8 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 7.1 |
Chlorophyll
3.4.2. Fluorescence excitation
Table-6 depicts the effect of different concentrations of pesticides on the ratio of peak heights of fluorescence excitation emission of
Ratio of Peak Heights(a.u) | |||||||||
Dose | E471/E439 | E485/E439 | |||||||
Treatment | (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day |
Control | 0.489 | 0.988 | 1.213 | 1.500 | 0.625 | 1.195 | 1.325 | 1.632 | |
Monocrotophos | 20 | 0.489 | 0.940 | 1.208 | 1.478 | 0.625 | 1.010 | 1.217 | 1.417 |
50 | 0.489 | 0.891 | 1.112 | 1.155 | 0.625 | 0.921 | 1.200 | 1.253 | |
100 | 0.489 | 0.695 | 0.789 | 0.918 | 0.625 | 0.900 | 1.182 | 1.208 | |
Endosulfan | 1 | 0.489 | 0.825 | 1.094 | 1.132 | 0.625 | 1.093 | 1.131 | 1.348 |
3 | 0.489 | 0.821 | 1.087 | 1.021 | 0.625 | 0.956 | 1.121 | 1.187 | |
5 | 0.489 | 0.624 | 0.721 | 0.802 | 0.625 | 0.795 | 0.860 | 0.934 |
The ratio of peak heights of fluorescence excitation emission of
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | Ratio of Peak Heights(a.u) | |||||||
E471/E439 | E485/E439 | ||||||||
0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | ||
Control | 0 | 0.627 | 1.055 | 1.368 | 1.600 | 1.304 | 1.505 | 1.602 | 1.678 |
Monocrotophos | 50 | 0.627 | 1.040 | 1.150 | 1.320 | 1.304 | 1.202 | 1.310 | 1.408 |
100 | 0.627 | 0.932 | 0.983 | 1.152 | 1.304 | 1.084 | 1.093 | 1.101 | |
150 | 0.627 | 0.729 | 0.765 | 0.997 | 1.304 | 0.935 | 1.012 | 1.087 | |
Endosulfan | 5 | 0.627 | 0.757 | 0.925 | 1.162 | 1.304 | 1.454 | 0.835 | 1.303 |
10 | 0.627 | 0.747 | 0.854 | 1.051 | 1.304 | 1.359 | 0.519 | 1.131 | |
15 | 0.627 | 0.629 | 0.765 | 0.908 | 1.304 | 0.909 | 0.429 | 0.933 |
The study of fluorescence excitation characteristics of chloroplast is used to explain the spatial arrangement and coupling of different pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane (Behera & Choudhury, 1997). The changes in the relative peak values of fluorescence excitation at 471 (E471) nm and 485 (E485) nm with reference to peak at 439 (E439) nm reflects the alterations in pigment protein complexes in the thylakoid domain during development of the organism. Table 6 and 7 indicate the changes in the ratio of peak heights in control and with different concentration of Monocrotophos and Endosulfan. The decrease in the ratio of 471 nm to 439 nm is attributed to gradual decrease in coupling between Chl and Car with the increase of the duration of incubation period with the insecticides.
3.4.3. Efficiency of energy transfer
The simple and direct proof of excitation energy transfer from Car and phycobilisomes (PBS) to Chl comes from the contribution of the light absorbed by the Car and PBS in Chl
Though the values are different, the kinetics of energy transfer in PS I is similar to that of PS II for both
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | Efficiency of excitation energy transfer (a.u) | |||||||
PS II | |||||||||
0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | ||
Control | 0 | 1.48 (100) | 1.95 (131) | 2.15 (145) | 2.10 (142) | 1.22 (100) | 1.64 (134) | 1.83 (150) | 1.80 (147) |
Monocrotophos | 20 | 1.48 (100) | 1.87 (126) | 2.00 (135) | 1.92 (130) | 1.22 (100) | 1.59 (130) | 1.74 (143) | 1.69 (138) |
50 | 1.48 (100) | 1.75 (118) | 1.93 (130) | 1.80 (122) | 1.22 (100) | 1.52 (125) | 1.67 (137) | 1.58 (130) | |
100 | 1.48 (100) | 1.67 (112) | 1.70 (114) | 1.62 (109) | 1.22 (100) | 1.41 (116) | 1.52 (125) | 1.46 (120) | |
Endosulfan | 1 | 1.48 (100) | 1.82 (123) | 1.98 (134) | 1.88 (127) | 1.22 (100) | 1.58 (129) | 1.70 (149) | 1.67 (137) |
3 | 1.48 (100) | 1.70 (115) | 1.87 (126) | 1.82 (123) | 1.22 (100) | 1.54 (126) | 1.64 (134) | 1.56 (128) | |
5 | 1.48 (100) | 1.55 (105) | 1.64 (111) | 1.60 (108) | 1.22 (100) | 1.46 (120) | 1.54 (126) | 1.50 (122) |
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | Efficiency of excitation energy transfer (a.u) | |||||||
PS II | PS I | ||||||||
0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | ||
Control | 0 | 0.558 (100) | 0.714 (128) | 0.822 (147) | 0.812 (145) | 0.469 (100) | 0.615 (131) | 0.724 (154) | 0.703 (150) |
Monocrotophos | 20 | 0.558 (100) | 0.708 (127) | 0.794 (142) | 0.760 (136) | 0.469 (100) | 0.600 (128) | 0.613 (146) | 0.656 (140) |
50 | 0.558 (100) | 0.675 (121) | 0.730 (131) | 0.712 (127) | 0.469 (100) | 0.572 (122) | 0.637 (136) | 0.609 (130) | |
100 | 0.558 (100) | 0.655 (113) | 0.647 (116) | 0.608 (109) | 0.469 (100) | 0.539 (115) | 0.562 (120) | 0.529 (113) | |
Endosulfan | 5 | 0.558 (100) | 0.704 (126) | 0.783 (140) | 0.753 (135) | 0.469 (100) | 0.605 (129) | 0.680 (145) | 0.656 (140) |
10 | 0.558 (100) | 0.671 (120) | 0.725 (130) | 0.704 (126) | 0.469 (100) | 0.586 (125) | 0.635 (136) | 0.609 (130) | |
15 | 0.558 (100) | 0.619 (111) | 0.636 (114) | 0.638 (110) | 0.469 (100) | 0.558 (119) | 0.572 (122) | 0.548 (117) |
3.4.4. Fluorescence polarization
Changes in fluorescence polarization of the two algal species under control and insecticides treated conditions give further information on the status of pigment-protein complexes with reference to their microenvironment in thylakoid membrane. The increase in polarization during the initial stage of incubation in all treated samples compared to the control (Fig.5 ) could be due to the poor coupling between the pigment protein complex and RC (Behera & Choudhury, 1997). On the other hand, increase in polarization in the later phase of growth (10-15 days of incubation) could be due to disorganization of pigment protein complexes and RC, leading to a decrease in quantum migration. Alternatively, peroxidation of lipid during later stage may induce gel phase of the thylakoid membranes restricting the mobility of Chl dipole (Panda & Biswal, 1989 and 1990). This may cause an increase in the polarization value at 100 and 150 ppm of Monocrotophos and 5 and 15 ppm of Endosulfan treatment to the
3.4.5. Photosynthetic efficiency
Photosynthetic efficiency of PS II can be measured by monitoring the ratio Fv/Fm. It is known that photoinhibition occurs when the rate of excitation energy captured exceeds the rate of consumption in photosynthetic reactions (Osmond, 1981; Powles, 1984). Photoinhibition in terms of Fv/Fm has been found both in higher plants (Panda et al., 2006; Rodrigues et al., 2007) as well as in algae (Ying and Hader, 2002; Xia, 2005; Chen et al., 2007). The primary site of photoinhibition is the reaction centre (D1 protein) of PS II (Demming and Bjorkman, 1987; Jordan, 1996). Photoinhibition is manifested as a decrease in oxygen evolution (Krause, 1988) and photochemical efficiency (Falk and Samuelsson, 1992). The data on the measurement of Fv/Fm during the laboratory incubation of the different samples (Table 10 and 11) show similar kinetics like that off the photosynthetic pigment and protein accumulation and loss and DCPIP photoreduction of both the BGA in control and treated (pesticide) samples. As the concentration of pesticides increased, photosynthetic efficiency decreased. This shows that both the species of cyanobacteria are sensitive to higher concentration of pesticides. Pesticides, particularly at higher concentration may (directly or indirectly) cause damage to D1 protein of PS II leading to photoinhibition. The decrease in Fv/Fm ratio in pesticide treated sample could also be due to decrease in Phycocyanin, Phycoerythrin and Allophycocyanin content, which results in a decrease of light energy absorption by phycobilisomes and reduction of photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of PS II. Similar observations have been reported by Xia, 2005 in
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day |
Control | 0.370 (100) | 0.524 (142) | 0.562 (152) | 0.536 (145) | Control | 0.370 (100) | 0.524 (142) | 0.562 (152) | 0.536 (145) | ||
Monocrotophos | 50 | 0. 370 (100) | 0.500 (135) | 0.515 (139) | 0.473 (128) | Endosulfan | 5 | 0.370 (100) | 0.458 (124) | 0.520 (141) | 0.467 (126) |
100 | 0. 370 (100) | 0.431 (116) | 0.500 (135) | 0.429 (116) | 10 | 0.370 (100) | 0.387 (105) | 0.455 (123) | 0.375 (101) | ||
150 | 0. 370 (100) | 0.375 (101) | 0.404 (109) | 0.387 (105) | 15 | 0.370 (100) | 0.313 (85) | 0.333 (90) | 0.316 (85) |
Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day | Treatment | Dose (ppm) | 0 day | 5 day | 10 day | 15 day |
Control | 0.350 (100) | 0.520 (149) | 0.556 (159) | 0.515 (147) | Control | 0.350 (100) | 0.520 (149) | 0.556 (159) | 0.515 (147) | ||
Monocrotophos | 20 | 0. 350 (100) | 0.482 (138) | 0.500 (143) | 0.468 (142) | Endosulfan | 1 | 0.350 (100) | 0.404 (115) | 0.511 (146) | 0.455 (130) |
50 | 0. 350 (100) | 0.442 (126) | 0.482 (138) | 0.429 (123) | 3 | 0.350 (100) | 0.316 (90.3) | 0.419 (119.7) | 0.327 (93.42) | ||
100 | 0. 350 (100) | 0.375 (107) | 0.419 (120) | 0.351 (100.3) | 5 | 0.350 (100) | 0.313 (89.42) | 0.375 (107) | 0.308 (88) |
4. Conclusion
The insecticide Monocrotophos and Endosulfan affected photosynthetic function which may have inhibited the growth of both the cyanobacteria by affecting the production of photosynthetic pigments in the antenna complex, electron transfer, and photosynthetic efficiency of PS-II. Both the cyanobacteria responded differently to both the pesticides with time and concentration dependent manner. Endosulfan has more inhibitory effect than Monocrotophos. Tolerance capacity of
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to HOD school of life Sciences, Sambalpur University for giving all types of facilities.
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