Results of laboratory tests by the ultrasonic transducer sandwich-type of the resonance frequency around 43 kHz
1. Introduction
This chapter is dedicated to ultrasonic piezoelectric ceramic power transducers. These elements are now the most popular source of high power ultrasound and is used in many industrial applications. High power ultrasonic waves are generally used in such industrial processes as welding, acceleration of chemical reactions, scavenging in gas medium, echo sounding and underwater communication (sonar systems), picture transmission, and, above all, ultrasonic cleaning. In practice is now the most widely used the sandwich type power transducers.
Stage design power converters high power ultrasonic devices usually preceded by computer analysis of currents and voltages waveforms the elements of the system, particularly in semiconductor instruments of power. Competent representation requires the use of these waveforms of electrical models of piezoelectric ceramic transducers under the parameters of line with reality and allows to calculate the electrical operating parameters used in the layout of semiconductor switches, capacitors and reactors. Application to simulation circuit of the main generators of ultrasonic piezoelectric ceramic transducers correct model also allows analysis of different variants of control systems and regulation of voltage-frequency converters
For example the standard ultrasonic system for cleaning technology (Fig. 1) includes:
ultrasonic generator,
transducer or set of transducers,
cleaning tank.
Piezoelectric ceramic transducers placed in the tub generate ultrasonic waves that pass through the liquid and reach the element immersed in the tank. As a result, created in the liquid, with very high frequency, alternating areas of high and low pressure.In areas, where low pressure is forming millions of bubbles of vacuum. When the pressure in the alveoli increases and is high enough, bubbles implode, releasing enormous energy at the same time. This phenomenon is called cavitation. Emerging implosions work as a whole series of small cleaning brush. The phenomenon is spreading in all directions and causes intense but controlled detachment of particles of pollutants on the entire surface of cleaning detail. Washed away dirt particles collect on the surface of the cleaning solution from where they are blown into a nearby basin, and then be filtered and recycled.
Ultrasonic cleaning is more effective in cleaning hard materials, than the cleaning of soft or porous materials. It was found that, the harder the surface, including the operation of ultrasound is more efficient. Hence, metals, glass, hard plastics well led by ultrasound and are ideally suited for ultrasonic cleaning.
2. Sandwich type transducer
In the technological equipment for cleaning, welding, etc. are generated ultrasound with high intensity and frequency from 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Currently, most teams or a single power are a source of ultrasonic piezoelectric ceramic transducers. The construction of such a transducer is shown in Fig. 2.
Such transducers consists of two metal blocks (2, 5), between which are clamped to the material of the piezoelectric ceramic plate (3, 4). Metal blocks and plates are twisted with one or more screws (1). This construction has a much lower own resonant frequency compared to the same frequency of vibration plates, and what is more important allows you to generate high intensity ultrasound. Characteristic of ultrasonic power converters is that they work in a state of mechanical resonance. Thus, in this case the wave frequency of the supply voltage must be equal to the natural frequency of the transducer.
2.1. Mechanical model
Piezoelectric ceramic power converter in resonance state is a mechanically vibrating block, which can model the system with one degree of freedom shown in Fig. 3.
This model consists of mass
In this system, there are four forces: the external force
Assuming:
Assuming that the vibration exciting force
where:
Complex mechanical impedance of the transducer is thus equal to:
The impedance module is equal to:
Finding a model similar to the mechanical model of electrical converter provides digital modeling of complete systems of generators supplying power electronic converters, the analysis found their current and voltage waveforms and to verify the different concepts of control algorithms of such systems.
The relationship (Eq. 5) describing the complex mechanical impedance of the transducer is similar to the relationship describing the
In this circuit the resistance
2.2. Electric model
Equation (Eq. 5) shows that the linear velocity (molecular), vibrating transducer has the greatest amplitude when the mechanical impedance value
and pulse of external force
In the piezoelectric phenomenon, the relationship between external force
As for the specific thickness piezoelectric ceramic plate l we can write:
thenassuming a coefficient of proportionality
Comparing the equation describing a serial electrical circuit
of equation (Eq. 2) can be seen that supplied to the circuit an electric charge is proportional to the deformation:
Therefore meets the current relationship:
After inserting equation (Eq. 1) and (Eq. 14) to (Eq. 2) is:
Since the components of the sum in equation (Eq. 16) May dimension of tension is present in them can be replaced by permanent mechanical respective electrical components:
2.2.1. Linearmodel
On the basis of equation (Eq. 16) can be drawn, well-known and frequently used, an electric equivalent circuit oscillating piezoelectric ceramic transducer shown in Fig. 5.
Additional components
Examples of the frequency characteristics of a standard impedance modulus and phase of mechanical industry and the entire transducer is shown in Fig. 6.
When the frequency
Resistance
where
Presented in this chapter, a linear model of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer is not mapped correctly the actual frequency characteristics of the transmitter. Frequency response of linear model is much wider than in the actual transmitter. This is important in the process of creating digital models and design of ultrasonic generators.
2.2.2. Non-linear model
As mentioned above, the linear model presented in Fig. 5 does not correctly reproduces the frequency characteristics of the transmitter. This feature can be eliminated by supplementing the model with two non-linear electrical resistance
The resultant mechanical resistance
Assuming that
the current state of the branch of mechanical resonance, which is proportional to the speed of molecular
3. Admittance characteristics of sandwich type transducers
The electrical characteristics of ceramic transducer resistance Re and electrical capacitance
Example characteristics of the actual and approximated admittance converter a resonance frequency around 25 kHz are shown in Fig. 8.
Assuming a digital model of the transmitter as shown in Fig. 5 the susceptance
where
4. The genetic algorithm in use to identifyRm, Lm, Cmparameters of the mechanical branch
As mentioned earlier parameters of dynamic branch
We can only designate empirically. Identification algorithm is therefore based on numerical calculations. Input parameter for these calculations is the image of the actual characteristics of the transducer admittance.
An example measurements of results for the transducer mechanical resonance frequency equal to about 43 kHz is locate in appendix in Table 1 and one-to-one correspondence real admittance characteristics of this transduceris shown in Fig. 9. The graph consists of points whose coordinates correspond to the conductance
Analysing the shape of this characteristic can be clearly observed that with increasing frequency (Figure accordance with the frequency increasing clockwise), outlines the main loop of the graph. In the general case, the image of the curve is an ellipse. This ellipse is interpolated electrical admittance characteristics of an ideal replacement transducer schedule shown in Fig. 9. It may be noted that the actual characteristics, in addition to the main loop also includes many smaller "loops" that testify to the presence of additional resonances in the transducer side. These resonances, however, will not occur in the adopted system replacement transmitter.
After eliminating these "loops" with the actual picture of the actual characteristics of the admittance characteristics of the transducer will be the figure presented in Fig. 10.
In Table 1 are marked in bold points, which missed the chart.
The set of coordinates of the actual approximation characteristics transducer (Fig. 9) is a database for further calculations.
4.1. Calculationalgorithm
Designation of alternative modes of dynamic parameters of the transmitter requires the implementation of numerical calculations and find such a set of
One element of the identification of these parameters is a genetic algorithm.Generally one can say that thegenetic algorithm is a regula - system learner who makes a certain number of iteration steps. It is a group of strict security procedures that are based on the fundamental mechanisms of biological evolution such as natural selection and inheritance. It works interactively with the environment in discrete time. The algorithm of this type of reproduction may take place subject to the diversity of the population:
model with preload,
measures niche
A special feature of this type is that the algorithm is not seeking a single optimal solution, but a group of cooperating the best solutions. At any time, the algorithm works evolutionary principle of survival, which is always available some of the best solutions at the moment. As the proceedings algorithm solution to optimize and adapt to the conditions in which the algorithm works. For further calculations is always the best solutions are selected and rejected solutions are worse. Here there is a process of succession. In order to obtain optimal solutions group for further reproduction of the best solutions are selected at the time of the algorithm. It is a natural selection process occurs in nature. It is known that the probability of obtaining better result is greater if we use it to generate the best available solution than the use of inferior results. According to the law of nature and genetics "survive" the best and strongest.
The genetic algorithms is a natural process of mating genes. It is no different genetic algorithm. There also are choosing the best "genes" of each solution and verify their combinations. Alongside the cross as a natural evolution is mutation, a random change in the gene. Both these processes are the values of the genetic operator.
Using the genetic algorithm, remember to keep the best balance between the transfer of genes to the next generation, and a draw solution space. Too broad conditions imposed solutions may give erroneous results in spite of every generation the best available solution at the moment. Genetic algorithm is an excellent tool to monitor and maintain the balance between these two dependencies.
The overall pattern of genetic algorithm is illustrated in Fig. 11.
Using a genetic algorithm to identify the parameters of dynamic model of the electrical branch of the transducer sandwich working near mechanical resonance is shown in Fig. 12.
The initial value of the dynamic resistance
The dependence (Eq. 26) shows that the resonance:
Therefore:
Choosing the actual characteristics of the admittance of any two points with coordinates
Transforming the system of equations:
and taking into account that for
The initial value of the replacement of mechanical inductance
After substituting the calculated value of the
Procedure described above can be used and introduces the appropriate algorithm in the DSP program simulation.
Simulation parameters (
Evolution parameters (Num,Size, NumM,Initial,NumG,stop);)
Output (t, u;
for (t,
start initial population;}
for (integer i=1,Num,i++){New population,
Select the best}
where:
Genotype dimension: Num,
Size of the generation created by mutation: Size,
Number of the best selected genotypes for mutation: NumM,
Number of the best selected genotypes for crossing: NumC,
initial parameter mutation range: Initial
4.1.2. Description of algorithm parameters
The algorithmbuildsan initialpopulation from completelyrandomvalues. Eachalgorithm result isthereforepartlyrandom. Valuesimplicitlyincludedinthe programwhenitstartsin mostcasesproduce the desiredresult. In orderto increasethe effectiveness ofthe algorithm we canincrease thepopulation sizeorquantity. This implies, however, withprolongedtime neededforcalculations, andthus thewaiting timeforresults. Increasingthe likelihoodmay leadtoan erroneousfindingandlosing theoptimal solution. In thecase ofreduction inpopulation size, increasedthe likelihood ofcrossinghas a better chanceofgettingan individualwitha desiredadjustmenteven thoughhisspeechislesscertain.
Similaralgorithmbehavesina situationof increasingthe probabilityof mutation, but inthiscase, the resultis morerandom.
4.1.3. Description of program code
The main application file is interface.m. He is responsible for building the interface, retrieve data from the controls and calling the functions of the buttons.
The first step is to create an initial population for genetic algorithm.
// INITIAL POPULATION
startpop = zeros (popsize, 2);
fori = 1: popsize
startpop (i,:) = individual (2, max_val); / of the initial random population
end
The creation of the initial population is to create a matrix of population size 'number of individuals' x 'dimension of the individual', where the number of individuals is the value declared in the program window, and the dimension is equal to the number of individual factors.
The population is filled with random individuals.
The next step is to assess the population. It is used here for the sum of squared differences of the values obtained and references. Since the genetic algorithm seeks to maximize, a function of adaptation used in this case is the inverse of the sum of the squares, in addition to the square have raised to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm.
Based on the resulting evaluation, subjects were assigned to be the appropriate probability of the next population. The draw of the population makes the next feature:
function [new] = sel (evaluation, current) / disproportionate Roulette
globalpopsize;
for j = 1: popsize
number (j, 1) = round (100 * (score (j, 3)));
end
roulette = zeros (100.2);
fori = 1:100
Roulette (i, 1) = i;
end
// 100-point roulette wheel
all = 100;
item = popsize;
while an element> 0; / complement vector numbers in accordance with the adaptation of individual
for a = 1: all
Roulette (a, 2) = element;
end
all = all-number (element, 1);
element = element-1;
end
// Draw elements
items = Random (popsize, 100); / draws n = popsize position
for j = 1: popsize
number (j, 1) = roulette ((positions (j, 1)), 2); / individual in this position
end
fori = 1: popsize
new (i,:) = current ((number (i, 1 )),:); / choose a subject to reproduce
end
After drawing the new population are made on the operations of crossover and mutation.
// CROSSING
xn = fix (popsize / 2); / number of crossover operations
remainder = mod (popsize, 2); / population parity check
steam = select (popsize); / choice pairs of interbreeding
fori = 1: xn
[Child1 Child2] = cross ((new (pair (2 * i-1, 1 ),:)),( new (pair (2 * i, a cross ),:)));
pox (i,:) = Child1;% first child
pox (i+ xn,:) = Child2;% second child
end
pox (2 * xn +1,:) = new (pair (xn, 1 2 * ),:); / last rewritten without change
end
Crossing begins by selecting pairs of individuals, in such a way that a given individual could occur in only one hand. If the population is odd that an individual will be rewritten without change. Then it is drawn for each pair whether the operation will cross (the probability of randomly selected cross <put the probability of crossover):
- if so, part of the code is converted into fish,
- if not, individuals are no changes.
According to the function below:
function [Child1, Child2] = cross (A, B); / crucifixion simple
globalpx;
or = rand (1);
if and>px / cross check whether
Child1 = A;
Child2 = B;
else / crossing straight
Child1 (1) = A (1);
Child1 (2) = B (2);
Child2 (1) = B (1);
Child2 (2) = A (2);
end
After the crossover operation for each individual of the population by analogy, we check if there is a mutation. If so, an individual code rate is changed to a random value according to the following function:
function [X] = mut (A) / mutation (replacing a randomly selected for another random value)
globalmax_val;
index = Random (1,2); / random mutation alleles
new = individual (1, max_val); / new value allele
A (index) = new;
X = A;
After mutation we get a new population, which also is subjected to evaluation of the adjustment operations, reproduction, crossover and mutation according to the number of iterations the algorithm set by the user.
Examples of results obtained in subsequent iterative steps for the transducer mechanical resonance frequency of 42.9 kHz is shown in Fig. 10.
When the next iterative step will be the condition for the completion of the calculations should be considered that the characteristics of the model shown in Fig. 5 parameters
4.2. Effect of the electrical equivalent circuit parameters on the shape characteristics of the transducer admittance
Location of figures which creates a characteristic admittance of the transducer coordinate system
The impact of dynamic capacity
For small, ± 2% of the pulsation untuning mechanical resonance, it can be assumed that:
From relation (Eq. 30) shows that reducing the value of the dynamic capacity
These rule changes in the electrical equivalent circuit parameters of the transducer should be used during the generation of successive populations of a set of values of
5. Conclusion
Linear model presented in Fig. 5 does not correctly reproduces the frequency characteristics of the transmitter. This feature can be eliminated by complementing the electrical model of two nonlinear resistances
The actual characteristics of the admittance is a source of transparent, condensed information about the properties and parameters of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer stimulated by the mechanical vibrations. Used to identify the dynamic parameters of
Based on preliminary data obtained experimentally from measurements of electrical parameters
An important part of the described method is the proper preparation of input data. They should be given in the form of an ordered table of coordinates of points lying on the actual characteristics of the transducer according to those points that do not belong to the main loop of the graph. The process of eliminating points of the loop parasitic resonances can be implemented step by step analysis of the data included in the table of measurement results or by analyzing the image created by a set of characteristic points of
Attempts to identify the parameters of a single transducer mechanical resonance frequency of 23.8 kHz and 43.2 kHz have confirmed the effectiveness of the genetic algorithm. Identification algorithm described above can be particularly useful in studies of larger groups of ultrasound transducers in high-power washing.
By introducing the necessary modifications can also be used to identify the parameters of transducers working in real conditions and to implement control systems that track the frequency of mechanical resonance.
6. Appendix
Table 1 shows selected results of detailed studies of the piezoelectric ceramic transducer mechanical resonance frequency of 42.9 kHz. Measurements were performed impedance meter HP 4192 type IMPEDANCE Analyzer. Indicated in bold letter omitted in the genetic algorithm performance admittance points beyond the main loop of the graph. The contents of Table 1 refers to Fig. 9, and Fig. 10.
f kHz | R kΩ | X kΩ | tg(φ) | φ rad | cos φ | sin φ | G mS | B mS |
42,00 | 0,0721 | -0,2338 | 3,2426 | 1,27166 | 0,2947 | 0,9556 | 1,204320 | 4,650189 |
42,04 | 0,0674 | -0,2132 | 3,1659 | 1,26485 | 0,3012 | 0,9536 | 1,346922 | 4,223453 |
42,08 | 0,0703 | -0,1925 | 2,7371 | 1,22052 | 0,3432 | 0,9393 | 1,674703 | 4,456680 |
42,12 | 0,0841 | -0,1745 | 2,0750 | 1,12171 | 0,4341 | 0,9008 | 2,241050 | 4,963926 |
42,60 | 0,0992 | -0,1666 | 1,6791 | 1,03365 | 0,5117 | 0,8592 | 2,639118 | 4,997220 |
42,64 | 0,0980 | -0,1478 | 1,5079 | 0,98522 | 0,5527 | 0,8334 | 3,116930 | 4,959969 |
42,68 | 0,0973 | -0,1351 | 1,3884 | 0,94660 | 0,5844 | 0,8114 | 3,510281 | 4,685777 |
42,72 | 0,0974 | -0,1229 | 1,2610 | 0,90034 | 0,6213 | 0,7835 | 3,962806 | 4,035905 |
42,76 | 0,1005 | -0,1081 | 1,0752 | 0,82162 | 0,6810 | 0,7322 | 4,613098 | 2,849480 |
42,80 | 0,1057 | -0,0924 | 0,8738 | 0,71814 | 0,7530 | 0,6580 | 5,362597 | 1,944590 |
42,84 | 0,1139 | -0,0752 | 0,6599 | 0,58331 | 0,8346 | 0,5508 | 6,115813 | 2,348010 |
42,88 | 0,1295 | -0,0571 | 0,4408 | 0,41517 | 0,9150 | 0,4033 | 6,464511 | 2,602020 |
43,00 | 0,1374 | -0,0578 | 0,4207 | 0,39819 | 0,9218 | 0,3878 | 6,185462 | -0,238180 |
43,04 | 0,1365 | -0,0271 | 0,1982 | 0,19569 | 0,9809 | 0,1944 | 7,047725 | -0,525000 |
43,08 | 0,1509 | 0,0070 | -0,0463 | -0,04622 | 0,9989 | -0,0462 | 6,610636 | -1,104520 |
43,12 | 0,1880 | 0,0084 | -0,0449 | -0,04483 | 0,9990 | -0,0448 | 5,309238 | -1,992950 |
43,15 | 0,1585 | 0,0133 | -0,0838 | -0,08362 | 0,9965 | -0,0835 | 6,263456 | -1,955190 |
43,17 | 0,1577 | 0,0283 | -0,1798 | -0,17789 | 0,9842 | -0,1770 | 6,143423 | -1,362000 |
43,20 | 0,1697 | 0,0661 | -0,3894 | -0,37135 | 0,9318 | -0,3629 | 5,117705 | -1,591100 |
43,24 | 0,2042 | 0,1018 | -0,4985 | -0,46245 | 0,8950 | -0,4461 | 3,922151 | -1,756280 |
43,32 | 0,2395 | 0,1108 | -0,4627 | -0,43339 | 0,9075 | -0,4200 | 3,438489 | -0,718400 |
43,36 | 0,2638 | 0,1777 | -0,6736 | -0,59280 | 0,8294 | -0,5587 | 2,607243 | 4,650189 |
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