\r\n\t[2] J. V. Moloney, A. C. Newell. Nonlinear Optics. Westview Press, Oxford, 2004.
\r\n\t[3] M. Kauranen, A. V. Zayats. Nonlinear Plasmonics. Nature Photonics, vol. 6, 2012, pp. 737-748.
\r\n\t[4] P. Dombi, Z. Pápa, J. Vogelsang et al. Strong-field nano-optics. Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 92, 2020, pp. 025003-1 – 025003-66.
\r\n\t[5] N. C. Panoiu, W. E. I. Sha, D.Y. Lei, G.-C. Li. Nonlinear optics in plasmonic nanostructures. Journal of Optics, 20, 2018, pp. 1-36.
\r\n\t[6] A. Krasnok, A. Alu. Active nanophotonics. Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 108, 2020, pp. 628-654.
\r\n\t[7] M. Lapine, I.V. Shadrivov, Yu. S. Kivshar. Colloquium: Nonlinear metamaterials. Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 86, 2014, pp. 1093-1123.
\r\n\t[8] Iam Choon Khoo. Nonlinear optics, active plasmonics and metamaterials with liquid crystals. Progress in Quantum Electronics, vol. 38, 2014, pp. 77- 117.
\r\n\t
With the completion of human genome project in 2003, the 50th anniversary year of the discovery of the structure of DNA, we entered in the post-genomic era that concentrates on harvesting the fruits hidden in the genomic text. Since then we have witnessed the generation of a tremendous volume of DNA information (genetic information). As of September 2011, the Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD, http://www.genomesonline.org) has documented 1914 complete genome projects which comprise 1644 bacterial, 117 archaeal and 153 eukaryal genomes [1]. However, only a fraction of these DNA data are associated with their encoded proteins, i.e., their phenotypes (functional information) [2]. Even when a phenotype is associated with the encoding gene, the function of a particular gene cannot be fully understood until it is possible to describe all of the phenotypes that result from the wild-type and mutant forms of that gene. Moreover, unlike a genome that contains a fixed number of genes, the levels of proteins within cells are likely an order of magnitude greater than the number of genes. Therefore, the focus of the scientific community has recently been shifted from gene sequencing to annotation of gene function and regulation through elucidation of protein abundance, expression, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. While the pre-genomic era which lasted less than 15 years, the post-genomic era can be expected to last much longer, probably extending over several generations, and thus there is an increasing need for high throughput expression of the genome encoded proteins to profile the entire proteome and get a deeper understanding of protein abundance and reveal novel protein functions. Protein synthesis is therefore a powerful tool for large-scale analysis of proteins for a large-variety of low- and high-throughput applications (see Fig.1) and an essential tool for bridging the gap between genomics and proteomics in the post-genomic era. Noteworthy, the ribosome that catalyses and provide the platform for protein synthesis was in the spotlight recently, as the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded to the work that unlocked the structure and function of the ribosomes.
Cell-based (in vivo) and cell-free (in vitro) methods have been developed for production of protein synthesis [3]. Cell-based host systems such as bacteria, yeast, worms, mammalians used for protein synthesis and protein expression analysis, however, have been unable to meet the requirement of producing large amounts of purified and functional proteins which is a prerequisite to facilitate structure-based functional analysis. For example, purified proteins are necessary to grow protein crystals whose X-ray diffraction patterns provide the most precise structural information. Other limitations in host organisms includes such as bacteria don’t have the intracellular organelles found in eukaryotes; yeast lack a dimension of complexity in intracellular communication observed in metazoans; and even other mammalian system are different from human in important aspects of both normal physiology and disease pathogenesis [4]. In addition, many biochemical pathways are simply difficult to study in the larger context of other events happening at the same time within the cell. In contrast to the cell-based systems, cell-free protein expression systems are now becoming the favored alternative with far greater fidelity as it offers a simple and flexible system for the rapid synthesis of functional proteins. There is currently a wide range of cell-free translation systems due to the ready availability of cell extracts prepared from various cell sources, including Escherichia coli, yeast, wheat germ, rabbit reticulocytes, Drosophila embryos, hybridomas, and insect, mammalian, and human cells [5-11]. Although encouraging, there would be some major issues in the use of cell-free systems. First, a major drawback of synthesizing proteins in the lysate is that the lysate contains a large portion of the cellular proteins and nucleic acids that are not necessarily involved in the targeted protein synthesis and can lead to low protein yields through interfering with the subsequent purification reactions. In addition, the presence of proteases and nucleases in the lysates could be inhibitory to protein synthesis. In order to addressing this issue, cell-free protein synthesis system was reconstituted in vitro from purified components of the E. coli translation machinery. This system, termed the “protein synthesis using recombinant elements” (PURE) system, contains all necessary translation factors, purified with high specific activity, and allows efficient protein production [12]. Remarkably, this reconstituted system has been shown to catalyze efficient in vitro protein synthesis by providing a much cleaner background than a lysate-based system [13].
Application of Protein synthesis
The second issue is that existing cell-free systems differ substantially from each other with respect to their efficiency and scalability to produce proteins and therefore these systems has to be programmed for given exogenous mRNA templates. Although different lysates may contain specific cellular factors that promote protein synthesis, a key factor in ensuring high protein production is the use of strong translational enhancer sequences (untranslated regions, UTRs) in the mRNA templates, which has long been known to enhance protein production up to several hundred-folds [14]. UTRs are known to play crucial role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including modulation of the transport of mRNAs out of the nucleus and of translation efficiency [15]. The average length of UTRs motifs located at the 5’end of the exon, called 5’-UTR, ranges between 100 and 200 nucleotides and strikingly varies a lot within a species, e.g., in humans, the longest known 5’UTR is 2,803 while the smallest is just 18 nucleotides [16,17] (Fig.2).
The average length of untranslated region sequences in the different taxonomic classes. Grey bar representing 5’-UTR and black bar is 3’-UTR.
The structural features of the 5’UTR have a major role in the control of protein synthesis. Those proteins which are involved in developmental processes, including growth factors, transcription factors or proto-oncogenes, often have longer 5’UTR than an average and thus untranslated regions of mRNAs have crucial roles in protein regulation through protein synthesis. Structural elements of the eukaryotic mRNA, including the 5’cap and 3’poly(A) tail, and a series of protein-mRNA and protein-protein interactions, including several eIF (eukaryotic initiation factors), are important determinants of translation initiation (Fig.3). In eukaryotes, a multifactor complex of eukaryotic initiation factors are involved in the initiation phase of protein synthesis. But, in particular, 5’UTR plays a major role in the translation initiation, a critical step in protein synthesis which is determining qualitatively and quantitatively which proteins are made, when and where. 5’UTR is composed of several regulatory elements, including the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) and the AU-rich sequences which facilitates 16s rRNA-specific ribosome binding to initiate the protein synthesis [18,19]. In cell-based or in vivo systems, the translation of natural mRNAs is finely regulated by several mechanisms using 5’-capped and 3’-poly(A) containing long-untranslated regions (UTRs).
A schematic drawing of a eukaryotic mRNA, illustrating some post-transcriptional regulatory elements that affect initiation of protein synthesis.
Therefore, the efficiency of a cell-free translation system which is reconstituted using crude cell extract is restricted due to the problematic of maintaining long-natural UTRs in the in vitro construct. Even if so, the obvious question here is that “are the natural UTRs can meet the requirements of various translation factors in a cell-free system to carry similar mechanisms as in in vivo system?” Looking at this ‘black box’ may open a new window into the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression using cell-free translation systems. Therefore, it is prerequisite to find an alternate for natural UTRs dependency and optimization of translation initiation in cell-free system for next-generation in vitro high throughput protein synthesis systems. In a recent study using cell-free systems, the translation-enhancing activity of some commonly used natural enhancer sequences, such as omega from tobacco mosaic virus and the 5’UTR of β-globin mRNA from Xenopus laevis, was reported to vary from 1- to 10-fold, depending on the source of the cell-free extract used (e.g., wheat germ, rabbit reticulocyte lysate, insect) [20]. Therefore, optimization of enhancer sequences of an exogenous mRNA template with a given crude cell extract is desirable before using a cell-free protein synthesis system. A recent new development has been the remarkable generation of a universal cell-free translation system that mediates efficient translation in multiple prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems by bypassing the need for early translation initiation steps [21].
In the course of evolution on the Earth, how the early life evolved beginning with a hypothetical RNA world-to-the world we know today (DNA world) is the persistent issue of debate for evolutionary biologist. In 1968, Francis Crick argued about the existence of the RNA world in the initial stage of evolution in which RNA molecules assembled from a nucleotide soup and supposed to carry both the genetic and catalytic information (Fig.4). In later stage, some special types of RNA molecules (now termed as Ribozymes) was considered to catalyzes its own self-replication and therefore to develop an entire range of enzymatic activities to form DNA world through an intermediate RNP (RNA/Protein) world. However, there are certain questions that cannot be answered with proposed RNP world. These include: 1. How did ‘RNA-world (Ribozyme-type)’ evolved to ‘DNA-world (cell-type)’ since there is no record exists of the intermediates between the RNA-world and organized complexity of cell? 2. What was the first Protein evolved out of an RNA world? 3. How could it have evolved and how the process of translation emerged? 4. If ribosome make protein then how the first ribosomal protein appeared? 5. Why is ribosome made half of protein and half of RNA ?
The recent advances in evolutionary molecular engineering have revealed the bonding strategy of the genotype to its phenotype as a unique and essential nature of a ‘virus’ and thus the role of virus-type strategy in the course of evolution on the Earth. In 1995, Nemoto and Husimi proposed a ‘virus-early and cell-late model’ that a virus-like molecule consist of genotype (mRNA) and phenotype (its coded protein) molecules emerged in the latter period of RNA world was the key molecule which enforced the transition from RNA-to-RNP world by co-evolving the translation system and a virus-like molecule coded a primitive protein of replicase [22]. In this theory, they also showed that such virus-like molecule could introduce Darwinian evolution into the Eigen’s hypercycle members (RNA replicase of RNA, RNA translation members, RNA replicase of protein) resulting in carrying out co-evolution between translation system and protein replicase. This was later reinforced by inventing and demonstrating a genotype-phenotype linked method (IVV, in vitro virus) for evolutionary molecular engineering [26] and this strongly suggest the potential of IVV method to understand the relation between ribosome-mRNA interaction.
A schematic drawing to represent co-evolution of the translation initiation and protein synthesis system, prior to ‘birth of first cellular life’.
Directed molecular evolution mimics the natural Darwinian evolution process to evolve new functional molecules in the laboratory rather than in the jungle and in days rather than in millenniums and thus has emerged as a dominant approach for exploiting the sequence space to generate biomolecules with novel functions. Directed molecular evolution rely on the application of selection pressure to identify a bio-molecule with desirable properties from a diverse pools (or ‘libraries’) of bio-molecules with hundreds of millions of mutations and consist of four essential and repeating cycles: the creation of mutation and diversity at the DNA molecular level; the coupling of genetic information (DNA/mRNA) to functional information (Protein); the application of selection pressure; and the amplification of selected molecules (Fig.5).
A schematic drawing of Directed Molecular Evolution
A number of well-established strategies, called display technologies, have been developed which use natural cell-based environment, such as yeast surface display, bacterial surface display, phage display or use a cell-free environment, such as ribosome display, mRNA display (in vitro virus), cDNA display, CIS display, IVC (in vitro compartmentalization) (Fig.6).
A schematic drawing of well-known strategies to perform Directed Molecular Evolution in the laboratory
Interestingly, a few groups have reported the application of directed molecular evolution to the screening of enhancer sequences with high translation efficiency in a cell-free translation system using ribosome display or polysome-mediated selection methods [23-25]. Recently, a novel strategy is also described for the in vitro selection of strong translation enhancer sequences for use in a cell-free translation system using an mRNA display method. The mRNA display method (originally called an “in vitro virus’’) [26,27], which covalently links the mRNA molecule (genotype) to its encoded protein (phenotype), is a powerful evolutionary method for searching for functional protein molecules in a large-scale library. In this strategy, a simplified new gel shift assay system was developed to demonstrate that short but efficient translation enhancer sequences can be created for use in a given cell-free translation system (Fig.7). This method is based on an mRNA display method in which a covalent linkage is formed between the mRNA and the encoded protein through the antibiotic molecule puromycin. The steps involved in the synthesis of the covalently linked mRNA–protein fusion, and in the selection of 5’UTR sequences, are summarized below. First, a model gene construct is designed (Fig.7A) as a positive control (wt), which consists of a T7 promoter and a natural 5’UTR sequence (X. laevis b-globin) upstream of the PDO coding sequence. The stop codon is deleted to facilitate RNA–protein fusion, and a short DNA fragment complementary to a Puro-linker DNA sequence is ligated downstream of the coding sequence. Second, a random variable 5’UTR library is constructed by replacing the cognate secondary structure part of the X. laevis b-globin UTR sequence (36 nt) with a randomized 20-nt-long sequence with all possible combinations of the four nucleotides (N20) (Fig.7B), resulting in an initial library size of approximately 1012 (420) molecules. Third, the cDNA library is then transcribed into an mRNA library using T7 RNA polymerase with/without the cap analogue (m7GpppG). Fourth, the 3’-terminal end of the mRNA library is ligated to a synthetic Puro-linker DNA. Fifth, the resulting mRNA–Puro-linker conjugate library is then used as a template in a given cell-free translation system and is converted into an mRNA–protein fusion library. Sixth, to select efficient 5’UTR candidates from inefficient ones, the resulting mRNA–protein fusion is analyzed using SDS–PAGE. As shown in Fig.7F, fusion products (translated products) of efficiently translated 5’UTRs will migrate with a decreased mobility compared with untranslated products from 5’UTR regions with no and/or slow translation efficiency. Thus, translated and nontranslated candidates can be distinguished, and translated candidates can be clearly identified, by a shift in the gel band pattern. Seventh, the fusion product of translated candidates is then carefully excised from the gel, and the associated mRNAs that represent selected 5’UTR candidates for efficient translation are directly reverse-transcribed and amplified using a single-step RT–PCR. This PCR step completes one round of selection. Finally, the selected 5’UTR candidates are then used as templates for a subsequent selection round for further enrichment of efficient 5’UTR sequences. Using this gel-shift assay, the translation of an mRNA template using a population of randomized 20-nt-long sequences upstream of a Pou-specific DNA-binding domain of Oct-1 (PDO) was screened with a rabbit reticulocyte extract and the time for translation was successively shortened. A total of five selection rounds were performed, starting with a translation time of 45 min and reducing the time by 10 min for each subsequent round. The final round used a translation time of only 5 min. The total yield of RNA–protein fusion constructs following translation after each round was evaluated using SDS–PAGE analysis and reported to gradually increased with each successive round of selection [28].
Schematic representation and flow diagram of a novel gel-shift selection method for searching a strong translation enhancer sequence against a given cell-free translation system using mRNA display. DNA template constructs used in the screening experiments including known 5’-untranslated region of Xenopus-Globin (wt-UTR) (a) and random-UTR library (b). The mRNA library which is lacking a stop codon (c) is ligated at the 3’-terminus end to the complementary portion of 5’-terminus end of the puromycin-linker DNA (d) and translated in a cell-free translation system (e). The ribosome stalls at the mRNA and linker-DNA junction during translation. This permits puromycin to enter the ribosomal A-site and to bind to the nascent polypeptide chain. Translated products are analyzed by SDS-PAGE analysis and carefully excised from gel to separate them from non-translated products (f). The associated mRNAs which represent the selected 5’UTR candidates were then directly revere-transcribed and amplified using single-step RT-PCR (g) and used as template for next selection-round (h).
This increase confirmed that the selected library is successively enriched for strong translation enhancer sequences after each round of selection and thus the gel shift selection method using mRNA display is indeed a simple and effective method of screening for strong translation enhancer sequences. The analysis of selected sequences showed the richness of T and G bases with an average of 53% and 35%, respectively, indicating a significant role of U and G bases in the translation enhancer sequences. In addition, these selected sequences was confirmed to show higher translation efficiency in comparison with the natural and longer enhancer sequences. These results encouraged that the described gel-shift method could be applied to a rapid screening of novel 5’UTR which can facilitate cap-independent (IRES-mediated) protein synthesis in cell-free translation systems without the assistance of the full set of initiation factors. Very recently, a few interesting 5’UTRs have been proposed to accelerate the translation initiation reaction [29,30]. These findings of simple and effective 5’UTR suggest the possibility of improvement of 5’UTR under the conditions in various cell-free translation systems. Our approach can be applied to the further searching for 5’UTR by combining with these researches. In conclusion, gel-shift method demonstrated that shorter but strong translation enhancer sequences which should be easier to handle than long natural sequences can be selected rapidly by simple and robust mRNA display method. Searching for novel 5’UTR will contribute much toward the development of proteomics and evolutionary protein engineering research by improvements of cell-free translation methodologies.
This chapter represents a simple, rapid, easy, and novel strategy, called ‘Gel-shift selection’, to obtain strong translation enhancer sequence variants for tunable protein synthesis using cell-free system. This method can further explore for (i) discovering of nuclease-resistant stable hairpin secondary structure to stabilize the 5’-terminus end of mRNA template with improved half-life instead of using synthetic 5’-cap analog; (ii) optimization of strong translational enhancer motifs which is free of 5’-cap dependency of translation initiation to improve the translational efficiency on given mRNAs under given translational conditions in cell-free system; (iii) optimization of enhancer motifs which is free of 3’-poly(A) dependency to eliminate the poly(A) leader effect which provide the abolition of the inhibition of translation at excess mRNA concentration.
Internet of Things (ToT) is a form of Internet connecting into physical devices and objects. Internet of Things is a combination of several technologies such as real-time analysis and machine learning. Everyone from everywhere in this world can connect to each other via the Internet. Interactions are mostly done from the World Wide Web. It is interesting that nowadays, the Internet can not only connect to the web but can also connect to smart card, security, online banking, health care, education, and so on.
\nIn addition, the Internet of Things can generate chances for new services and sales, which can be more efficient for the business sector. For the government, according to economic growth factors, there are five main pillars for policy making: (1) hard infrastructure; (2) soft infrastructure; (3) service infrastructure; (4) digital economy; and (5) digital society and knowledge. The digital economy seems to be outstanding these days because the economic growth no longer depends on production and consumption or touchable goods; rather, it additionally depends on intangible goods.
\nThe educational system in current economic and social conditions are forced to use as in the Age of “Information Technology”. The growth rate is increasing in the area of knowledge because of the trend “lifelong learning,” which the old style may not be able to support the creation of a career for a new generation anymore. Professionals must always adjust and be ready to learn. The industry must develop the skills of employees to be appropriate.
\nThe learning style that is suitable for the information age is a model that can bring technology to use by learning appropriately with the interests and abilities of each individual. This resulting is called “New Learning Style (NLS)” such as massive open online courses (MOOCs) for the masses or other learning channels whether they are videos, audios, social media, or games. It shows a good opportunity for the new generations to choose a learning style that suits them the most.
\nWill this method be widely used in Thailand consistent with the behavior of Thai’s new generation? There is a high chance that the new generation will be able to access it, including causing learning changes in the near future.
\nThe knowledge that young generations need more is “working skills and life skills” in daily life, respectively, by means of additional knowledge using media such as videos, audios, social media, etc. with Internet connectivity. For the comments from young generations on using online media, it is recommended to have a variety of learning topics especially for the classroom in particular applied in various fields of subjects for instance, in Economics of Information Technology; it is a study of overall economics in the age of technology, structure of markets and information technologies, product and price differentiation method, costs associated with changing technologies, economies of scales, effects of network, product standards, the effects of linked product system, effects of development an transformation of technology toward the economic and industrial policies. In Creative Economy, students learn ideas of economic motivation on the fundamental of integrating between education, creativity and the use of intellectual property to link with culture and accumulated knowledge of sociology, technology and new inventions. In International Business Management, it is a study of basics theory of international business management, international merger and acquisition, opportunities for export and import, analyzing strategies and competitiveness of the international organizations, etc.
\nDigitized educational system can be used to present as creative media providing many pictures, but less content. To support on this issue, instructors should have knowledge of the subjects taught using an online media to make it more interesting and more accessible for students.
\nHowever, the major problems and obstacles in learning are related to attitude differences, individual tastes, and judgment of teachers and learners. These obstacles are a result of development of analytical thinking skills to promote learning via a combination of media-interactive learning such as social media videos, together with traditional media such as movies. Inspiration and diverse learning are main factors that can actually be a motivation to learn for the younger generation.
\nWhen implementing each learning platform, using the media selection suitable for the needs and context of the end user should be considered. One approach outstanding today is on preparing to benefit from the learning materials fully with examples of ideas to know “Massive Open Online Course (MOOCs)” [1]. To study MOOCs, learners should be provided with a mentor system, and MOOCs with industry sector practice must be implemented. With technological advances, coupled with economic and social dynamics, causing changes in all learning channels, technology is known as the key driver, whether it is artificial intelligence (AI) that causes significant changes in every platform or otherwise. Automatic chat program will be the other channel, which can be divided into the following main groups: gathering knowledge and exchanging knowledge between students with diverse knowledge and experiences.
\nSome part of the world, using the technology of games like AR VR to promote learning and in the same time using social media for the benefit of learning like technology and tools to help learning activities. Moreover, promoting the use of audio media creates equality in learning for all groups of people. It should encourage Thai people to know the source of Thai audio books for benefits.
\nNot only the university but also every government institution, all public organizations, and private sectors must follow bureaucratic frameworks to do the paper work and follow the bureaucratic forms. When a project is coming out, every procedure of the project must be written and recorded as paper work. The importance of paper work is to serve as evidence and all papers should be coded and recorded in the book. This is to confirm that every step is seen by every department and checked many times.
\nFor example, for a project proposal, first of all the budget of that activity will be planned before the year of budget (for public institutions that follow the bureaucratic frameworks, the year of budget will begin on October 1st, this year, and will end on September 30th, next year). The plan’s details need to be discussed at the conference, so papers will be printed to distribute to every member at the conference. Next, when it is time to start the project, the project needs to draw on many topics such as declaration of intentions, costs, evaluation, and schedules. After the project has been approved, all the papers are collected and kept as evidence. When the project ends, an evaluation is required. The evaluation can be in a paper form or a writing form. The number of papers in this process depends on the number of participants. All processes that have been stated are made by papers.
\nFigure 1 illustrates the process of a project procedure; every step requires paper work. After the project ends, all papers are kept as physical evidence. No or few papers are scanned and transferred into a digital file. After that, all papers become physical “dark data” or the information that we no longer use, but we cannot eliminate them completely because they will, sometimes, be used later. However, the amount of papers causes the problem of managing. Also, it becomes difficult to search the old papers. The importance of paperwork: In the bureaucratic system, it is important to keep papers because they can be used as evidence and references for other departments, private institutions, and citizens. The papers also can be used for legal protection. In addition to private sectors, some companies do not have sufficient space to keep all the papers, so they quickly adapt to the new technologies to change the forms from physical files to digital files.
\nBrief process of project procedure.
However, there are problems of having paperwork. Because these papers can be used by many people in the organization, the papers can be lost or moved. Possibly, in terms of human capital, people lack the knowledge of managing papers. In the worst case, when the organization loses papers, it is hard to find them or recreate paperwork, and cost for recovery is incurred. Hence, it is important to transfer papers into digital forms to facilitate the organization. In governmental institutions, paperwork still exits, and some of the governmental institutions fully have paperwork or few digital files. It is a risk to have only paperwork.
\nThe Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand, [2] announced that one faculty consumes 1700 ream or 850,000 pages annually. It costs about almost 200,000 baht per year 0r 6286 US dollars. If the amount of paper consumption reduces, the environment will be saved and the cost of operation inside the department can be minimized. Figures 5 and 6 show the change in society in terms of technological approach and many organizations still have remained the same. To show the evidence, according to [3], overproduction of paper cause significantly to pollution, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions.
\nFor the recommendation, we put the data of the projects and other information into the digital system, it will consequently reduce the cost of operation because data are transferred from physical to digital. Moreover, it makes channels of access of data better and easier, and it can reduce cost of transportation because data can be accessed everywhere. This would be beneficial to all government, business cooperation, and people in both macroeconomic and microeconomic perspectives [4]. Figure 2 shows a cloud for education. Users can log in to their accounts and upload documents, and other users who are authorized can also download the information. “Cloud is the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.”
\nCloud for education.
Moreover, if the data are transferred into the digital forms, it can be copied unlimitedly when we want to distribute. This can lead to zero marginal cost. The zero marginal cost refers to marginal cost of producing one additional unit that does not make any additional cost. The cost that we need to handle is the cost of the system [5].
\nThe importance of the educational sector must be those who play an important role in learning management for “Quality of Learners (OL)”. OL is to enable students to manage their own learning. There are push-factors to positively change the students. It may come from technological development, social changes, career changes. New generation children must have the ability to work [6, 7]—if there is a need for both advanced skills and critical thinking to support the future world.
\nFor the proper educational system, students should be assigned homework properly. The assignment needs to be adapted to meet the needs and necessities of Thai society and the young generation, focusing on developing learners to be able to create innovation and create work together with personal skills [8]. Linking the order process with innovation is essential in every part of the educational system and that must be immediately and quickly changed together with the assignment through exchange of learning.
\nDeveloping a basic service platform of communication and providing the application can make more convenience and efficiency to all people in the system as follows: E-School or Electronic-School: Faculty of Technology used to improve public administration efficiency combining with increase transparency and reliability; and Smart School.
\nE-school has been developed to the point that at least two groups such as to support staff and to enable students to connect to work learning and teaching without adhering to the boundaries of duties and responsibilities in accordance with the mission of the faculty, but taking into account the benefits of the service provider as the location [9].
\nThe goal is to deliver quality services to students in the form of “digital interaction” between departments such as Student2University (S2U); University2University (U2U); University2Student (U2S), and Student2Student (S2S).
\nAn example for convenience is that students are allowed to complete their assignment anywhere as long as it is done before the due date. Students do not have to hand in their assignment in the professor’s room. The file that they submit is an electronic file. This does not waste a natural resource like paper. In Section 2.2, the effects of using a large number of papers that could cause natural damages has already been demonstrated.
\nFigure 3 shows details of an assignment via Google Classroom (free), date of submission, and date of post by professor. This platform not only helps professors to check the date of online submission from students and but also helps to decrease paper work and wasted papers. Also, all data are recorded. Interestingly, the file that students submit can be checked and reviewed by other organizations such as
Online classroom & assignment via Google Classroom.
In an academic field, plagiarism is considered as a serious crime. Almost all institutions set serious regulations against plagiarism. Figure 4 demonstrates the similarity of the student’s paper, as shown by the Turnitin website. In general academic rule, similarity must not exceed 20–30% for undergraduate students, 10–20% for graduate students, and 10% for PhD students. This rule depends on the faculty and the professors’ consideration. It is, therefore, noticeable that merging new technologies helps teachers and learners in many aspects of academic files.
\nTable of assignment submission via Turnitin.
This does not benefit the education system only. The example intentionally aims to show how systematic the task allocation is. The platform of digital task allocation can be applied to all governmental institutions and private sectors to increase work efficiency and productivity. There is interesting statistical evidence why we should adopt a digital workplace. According to [10], approximately 64% of employees accept a lower wage if they are allowed to work away from office. Online social network generates more than 7% productivity to organizations. When the organizations use the social media tools, it increases 20% of employee satisfaction.
\nMany institutions adopt computer games as one channel of teaching; AR and VR technologies in games are used to promote learning. Teachers try to use social media for the benefit of learning unlike in the past and also use audio media creating equality in learning for all groups of students. Future classrooms should be brought up to speed to change educational system [11]. There are three significant aspects: The first is children; the environment around the children involves a lot of technology, which has both disadvantages and advantages; however, most disadvantages are causing children to become more hyperactive and autistic. The second is the use of smartphones all the time, adversely affecting their own health. The third aspect is the positive development of gadgets including the rapid emergence of features resulting in the behavior of people changing and making the classroom more attractive.
\nIn recent times, the young generation thinks that having a classroom or learning from school is unnecessary. The young generation can learn via smartphone causing the question ‘If we allow technology to play a role and learn too much classes or platforms, knowledge based on schools or universities, will be depleted and important. Earlier there would be awareness about the educational reform system, but focused on teacher development. No one could talk about the classroom, where the teachers were irreplaceable.
\nThe teacher is like a warrior fighting to win, but he or she must make a good army commander, but we forgot to develop weapons for teachers—they are left with a weapon that is like the rusting spear to the warrior. When he or she does a career related to the design experience, there is a lot of knowledge about using modern technology media. The right discussion will meet good results. The variables normally use to comment be skills, experiences and knowledge which those should be used to make the classroom considered as “a weapon development for teachers” in the modern age.
\nIn addition to this classroom set, there will be special characteristics that allow teachers and students to learn together. The technology available in the room will help spark creativity that can be lead to displaying creative ideas [12]. For example, the room has a laser projector projected in bright light with an image extension technology. Can those be connected to a creative environment for students to see the real thing? The actual size is better than sitting on the chair and reading only the textbook. To support the technology that will plug and support dimensionless classroom activities, teachers and students must hold hands and walk together. There are so many activities that the teachers can change the classroom and make it look like an exhibition, allowing students to work on their own experiences. The process of real work will help students to discover their identity and aptitude including the practicing skills to deal with tasks.
\nHigh school and university are different. University students focus deeper in their interested fields than when they were high school. University’s structures: Instructors or professors are responsible for the students in many ways. It is more than just coming to teach and check everything the students finish. The professors have to prepare lecture notes, research, do quality assurance of the course, draft and organize the university activities, be an advisor, and teach. That is why professors do not just only teach and do research as many people believe they should do.
\nFigure 5, [13], shows the percentage of population using the Internet for the period 2010–2016. In 2010, only 22% of Thai population accessed the Internet. Six years later, in 2016, the number of Thai population accessing the Internet is 47%, which is higher than the 45% of the world population. [14] Figure 6 also goes in the same direction as Figure 5 and shows the number of mobile cellular subscriptions that has been increasing. Especially, in Thailand, the number has long been raising beyond the world’s average. In other words, 1 Thai person probably has more than 1 mobile phone.
\nIndividuals using the Internet (% of population).
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people).
It is interesting that Thailand has adapted to the Internet and smart phones faster than the rest of the world’s average. From this statistical evidence, we can expect that Thailand would have probably transferred analogue system to the digital system. However, for the educational system, Thailand has just started to turn the education system into the digital system.
\nTo illustrate the statement above, almost every Thai university is a national university, which has been highly supported by Thai government to become “autonomous university.” The term “autonomous university” refers to be an independent organization under the bureaucratic framework. In other words, being an autonomous university lets the university to re-engineer itself to be stay with the flow and up-to-date based on the current market demands, which are changing all the time and faster than before. However, online education and “mobile students” seem to be far from here though it should have been fundamentally implemented already. Thai universities have long offered traditional classes that students have to attend, and some courses still use paper works for the entire period of the course. Because of being autonomous universities, some universities have made their system stricter than before. The term “strict” means that every procedure and process inside the university must be recorded and printed out. Some procedures that should not be with the paper work still appear. The paper work actually takes time and effort. The paper work can cost a high opportunity cost relative to other work that the Thai professor should do. The opportunity cost means the loss of gain from other alternatives. For example, you spend 4 hours for the paper work, but you can exercise and read some good books for 4 hours.
\nMoreover, professors have various tasks in one day. As it has been stated before, Thai professors do not just teach and do research. In addition, every student must have a professor as an advisor for his entire student life. Professors must spare their time for other students who enroll to their course.
\nFigure 7 illustrates from the survey that university students make an appointment and request on meeting with professors face-to-face. The results from survey are interesting that every Thai university student chose face-to-face. However, for other ways to communicate with professors, we have new technologies to make easier communication such as Line Application and E-mail, but less than or equal half of the numbers of students use these applications.
\nThe ways Thai university students contact their professors.
When we compare the growth number of accessibility of Internet and mobiles with the way students contact their professors, the number of digital tools and digital services that students use for contacting their professors go in different directions. From previous illustrations, we can see some inefficiencies from not adapting new technologies. For example, in students’ side, students do not much adopt the digital technology in the educational way, and it can convey to how professional they are. For professors’ point of view, it is difficult to manage their schedule because students come to ask for face-to-face appointments. Sometimes, professors can possibly get distracted when they are working in their room. Additionally, this can be a major problem for professors if the class they teach contains a large number of students.
\nThis, therefore, comes to the recommendation that the university should promote and announce digital techniques to the class and add some regulations. This can reduce the difficulty of professors. Students also benefit from this such as knowing how to formally contact with professors, becoming more professional, and using a way to communicate while they are in the university to apply for the jobs. Some research points out that using digital goods and digital services assists better learning experience as the digital goods and services represent a medium for communication [15].
\nHowever, the table of survey can be conveyed beyond the university concerns. Educational institutions should fundamentally be a pusher to everyone to perceive and learn to use new technologies. Also, they should provide some skills to all learners. The learners are not limited to students only.
\nThai education guidelines should be managed to solve problems appropriately and creatively. It will be able to proceed in many ways, especially integrating the content of digital learning in the context. Knowledge management in institutions has a variety of characteristics, depending on the context of the organization. Some institutions look to manage their knowledge when they are related to strategies or practices, so they focus on knowledge generation and knowledge storage. If it focuses on practice, we can apply the knowledge by integrating the factors involved in information technology conjunction with the importance of personnel in the institutions. Therefore, it is a form of knowledge management from the foundations by bringing ideas from different sources to adapt in the context of their own institutions.
\nI am grateful to all those I have had the pleasure to work with during writing of this book chapter. Each of the members of my teaching assistant team, especially Mr. Jirayut, has provided me extensive professional guidance and supported me a great deal with scientific academic articles in general. I would especially like to thank MS. Nina Kalinic Babic, Author Service Manager. As a supporter, she has given us credit for writing the book chapter.
\nThe members of my family have been more important to me in the pursuit of this book chapter. I would like to thank my parents whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue. They are the ultimate role models. Most importantly, I wish to thank my loving and supportive husband, Sa-ard, and my single wonderful child, Thanapat, who provide unending inspiration.
\nEdited by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, ISBN 978-953-51-3020-8, Print ISBN 978-953-51-3019-2, 336 pages,
\nPublisher: IntechOpen
\nChapters published March 22, 2017 under CC BY 3.0 license
\nDOI: 10.5772/61430
\nEdited Volume
This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\\n\\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\\n\\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\\n\\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\\n\\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\\n\\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\\n\\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\\n\\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\\n\\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\n\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\n\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\n\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\n\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\n\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\n\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\n\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\n\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5706},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5174},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1690},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10249},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:889},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15658}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117458},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9538",title:"Demographic Analysis - Selected Concepts, Tools, and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f335c5d0a39e8631d8627546e14ce61f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Andrzej Klimczuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9538.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320017",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Andrzej",surname:"Klimczuk",slug:"andrzej-klimczuk",fullName:"Andrzej Klimczuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse - an Interdisciplinary Approach",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ersi Abaci Kalfoglou and Dr. Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi Abaci",surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-abaci-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Abaci Kalfoglou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10660",title:"Heritage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"14096773aa1e3635ec6ceec6dd5b47a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10660.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10811",title:"Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4885cfa30ba6184b0da9f575aee65998",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Marita Wallhagen and Dr. Mathias Cehlin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10811.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"337569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marita",surname:"Wallhagen",slug:"marita-wallhagen",fullName:"Marita Wallhagen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c76f86ebdc949d57e4a7bdbec100e66b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10913",title:"Indigenous Populations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c5e8cd4e3ec004d0479494ca190db4cb",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10913.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0737383fcc202641f59e4a5df02eb509",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:51},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:8},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5156},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6934",title:"Psycho-Social Aspects of Human Sexuality and Ethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44731b106aa0d1ab5c64a7394483c7d5",slug:"psycho-social-aspects-of-human-sexuality-and-ethics",bookSignature:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6934.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10062",title:"Forecasting in Mathematics",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a3ad05fef0502040d2a238ad22487c0",slug:"forecasting-in-mathematics-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Abdo Abou Jaoude",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248271",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdo",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Jaoude",slug:"abdo-abou-jaoude",fullName:"Abdo Abou Jaoude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10075",title:"Nonlinear Optics",subtitle:"From Solitons to Similaritons",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b034b2a060292c8511359aec0db1002c",slug:"nonlinear-optics-from-solitons-to-similaritons",bookSignature:"İlkay Bakırtaş and Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10116",title:"Nano- and Microencapsulation",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d92c5999718734b36a0cc3a6af7c7f6",slug:"nano-and-microencapsulation-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Nedal Abu-Thabit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10116.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"308436",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nedal",middleName:null,surname:"Abu-Thabit",slug:"nedal-abu-thabit",fullName:"Nedal Abu-Thabit"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9881",title:"Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fa0e0f48567bbc50fbb3bfdde6f9a0b",slug:"perovskite-and-piezoelectric-materials",bookSignature:"Someshwar Pola, Neeraj Panwar and Indrani Coondoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9881.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177037",title:"Dr.",name:"Someshwar",middleName:null,surname:"Pola",slug:"someshwar-pola",fullName:"Someshwar Pola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9394",title:"Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Test Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9ee7e597358dbbfb5e33d0beb76e6fff",slug:"genotoxicity-and-mutagenicity-mechanisms-and-test-methods",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9394.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"331",title:"Forestry Science",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology-forestry-science",parent:{title:"Ecology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology"},numberOfBooks:15,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:463,numberOfWosCitations:290,numberOfCrossrefCitations:181,numberOfDimensionsCitations:468,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology-forestry-science",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9720",title:"Advances in Forest Management under Global Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"df888eab42f96e1bd89b300edfaec25a",slug:"advances-in-forest-management-under-global-change",bookSignature:"Ling Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9720.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219350",title:"Dr.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"ling-zhang",fullName:"Ling Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9351",title:"Silvicultures",subtitle:"Management and Conservation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f15a0f8b37429d28751d44f084e0ca69",slug:"silvicultures-management-and-conservation",bookSignature:"Fernando Allende Álvarez, Gillian Gomez-Mediavilla and Nieves López-Estébanez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9351.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139581",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Allende Álvarez",slug:"fernando-allende-alvarez",fullName:"Fernando Allende Álvarez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6264",title:"Forest Biomass and Carbon",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"964f96c9209ff2a3eaf3c5c6a54d81c3",slug:"forest-biomass-and-carbon",bookSignature:"Gopal Shukla and Sumit Chakravarty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6264.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6304",title:"Forest Fire",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d379ad4bcbaa4c9b702c13254a45f76",slug:"forest-fire",bookSignature:"Janusz Szmyt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6304.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180608",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Szmyt",slug:"janusz-szmyt",fullName:"Janusz Szmyt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6162",title:"New Perspectives in Forest Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514f8da8e59157028c3707db0deec202",slug:"new-perspectives-in-forest-science",bookSignature:"Helder Filipe dos Santos Viana and Francisco Antonio García Morote",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6162.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37172",title:"Prof.",name:"Helder",middleName:null,surname:"Viana",slug:"helder-viana",fullName:"Helder Viana"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5877",title:"Plant Ecology",subtitle:"Traditional Approaches to Recent Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"788a981ecedf0d9c0205869788524a80",slug:"plant-ecology-traditional-approaches-to-recent-trends",bookSignature:"Zubaida Yousaf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5877.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196003",title:"Dr.",name:"Zubaida",middleName:null,surname:"Yousaf",slug:"zubaida-yousaf",fullName:"Zubaida Yousaf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5988",title:"New Insights into Morphometry Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c8701d62860a9cdfb6d09d9ffb32493",slug:"new-insights-into-morphometry-studies",bookSignature:"Pere M. Pares-Casanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199463",title:"Dr.",name:"Pere M.",middleName:null,surname:"Pares-Casanova",slug:"pere-m.-pares-casanova",fullName:"Pere M. Pares-Casanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5455",title:"Global Exposition of Wildlife Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0c60fd890b4af7771afc5211fdabe762",slug:"global-exposition-of-wildlife-management",bookSignature:"Gbolagade Stephen A. Lameed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5455.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"142349",title:"Dr.",name:"Gbolagade Akeem",middleName:null,surname:"Lameed",slug:"gbolagade-akeem-lameed",fullName:"Gbolagade Akeem Lameed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4757",title:"Precious Forests",subtitle:"Precious Earth",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6bd8329fb8128da2fc08c1c6d8a22613",slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",bookSignature:"Miodrag Zlatic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4757.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174414",title:"Dr.",name:"Miodrag",middleName:"Dusan",surname:"Zlatic",slug:"miodrag-zlatic",fullName:"Miodrag Zlatic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"617",title:"Sustainable Forest Management",subtitle:"Current Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8d91cf4745e90f7510e056fd508dc46",slug:"sustainable-forest-management-current-research",bookSignature:"Jorge Martin Garcia and Julio Javier Diez Casero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/617.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88987",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio J.",middleName:null,surname:"Diez",slug:"julio-j.-diez",fullName:"Julio J. Diez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1815",title:"New Advances and Contributions to Forestry Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb2caa8ab3683ea8aeba1810e7903a4a",slug:"new-advances-and-contributions-to-forestry-research",bookSignature:"Andrew Akwasi Oteng-Amoako",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1815.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119148",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Andrew A.",middleName:null,surname:"Oteng-Amoako",slug:"dr.-andrew-a.-oteng-amoako",fullName:"Dr. Andrew A. Oteng-Amoako"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2246",title:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b633fc6fc6a3a8f24dd4c4373fb14cb7",slug:"global-perspectives-on-sustainable-forest-management",bookSignature:"Okia Clement Akais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119660",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Clement A.",middleName:null,surname:"Okia",slug:"dr.-clement-a.-okia",fullName:"Dr. Clement A. Okia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:15,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"36125",doi:"10.5772/33342",title:"Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies",slug:"deforestation-causes-effects-and-control-strategies",totalDownloads:157048,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:59,book:{slug:"global-perspectives-on-sustainable-forest-management",title:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management",fullTitle:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management"},signatures:"Sumit Chakravarty, S. K. Ghosh, C. P. Suresh, A. N. Dey and Gopal Shukla",authors:[{id:"94999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumit",middleName:null,surname:"Chakravarty",slug:"sumit-chakravarty",fullName:"Sumit Chakravarty"},{id:"101102",title:"Prof.",name:"Swapan Kr.",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"swapan-kr.-ghosh",fullName:"Swapan Kr. Ghosh"},{id:"101103",title:"Dr.",name:"C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Suresh",slug:"c.-p.-suresh",fullName:"C. P. Suresh"},{id:"101104",title:"Dr.",name:"A N",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",slug:"a-n-dey",fullName:"A N Dey"},{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}]},{id:"30816",doi:"10.5772/30596",title:"Entomopathogenic Fungi as an Important Natural Regulator of Insect Outbreaks in Forests (Review)",slug:"entomopathogenic-fungi-as-an-important-natural-regulator-of-insect-outbreaks-in-forests-review-",totalDownloads:6034,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"forest-ecosystems-more-than-just-trees",title:"Forest Ecosystems",fullTitle:"Forest Ecosystems - More than Just Trees"},signatures:"Anna Augustyniuk-Kram and Karol J. Kram",authors:[{id:"83229",title:"Dr.",name:"Karol",middleName:"J.",surname:"Kram",slug:"karol-kram",fullName:"Karol Kram"},{id:"87728",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Augustyniuk-Kram",slug:"anna-augustyniuk-kram",fullName:"Anna Augustyniuk-Kram"}]},{id:"36984",doi:"10.5772/29590",title:"Individual-Based Models and Scaling Methods for Ecological Forestry: Implications of Tree Phenotypic Plasticity",slug:"individual-based-models-and-scaling-methods-for-ecological-forestry-implications-of-tree-phenotypic-",totalDownloads:2125,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"sustainable-forest-management-current-research",title:"Sustainable Forest Management",fullTitle:"Sustainable Forest Management - Current Research"},signatures:"Nikolay Strigul",authors:[{id:"78465",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Strigul",slug:"nikolay-strigul",fullName:"Nikolay Strigul"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"36125",title:"Deforestation: Causes, Effects and Control Strategies",slug:"deforestation-causes-effects-and-control-strategies",totalDownloads:157050,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:59,book:{slug:"global-perspectives-on-sustainable-forest-management",title:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management",fullTitle:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management"},signatures:"Sumit Chakravarty, S. K. Ghosh, C. P. Suresh, A. N. Dey and Gopal Shukla",authors:[{id:"94999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumit",middleName:null,surname:"Chakravarty",slug:"sumit-chakravarty",fullName:"Sumit Chakravarty"},{id:"101102",title:"Prof.",name:"Swapan Kr.",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",slug:"swapan-kr.-ghosh",fullName:"Swapan Kr. Ghosh"},{id:"101103",title:"Dr.",name:"C. P.",middleName:null,surname:"Suresh",slug:"c.-p.-suresh",fullName:"C. P. Suresh"},{id:"101104",title:"Dr.",name:"A N",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",slug:"a-n-dey",fullName:"A N Dey"},{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}]},{id:"55309",title:"Plant-Microbe Ecology: Interactions of Plants and Symbiotic Microbial Communities",slug:"plant-microbe-ecology-interactions-of-plants-and-symbiotic-microbial-communities",totalDownloads:3598,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"plant-ecology-traditional-approaches-to-recent-trends",title:"Plant Ecology",fullTitle:"Plant Ecology - Traditional Approaches to Recent Trends"},signatures:"Ying-Ning Ho, Dony Chacko Mathew and Chieh-Chen Huang",authors:[{id:"198872",title:"Dr.",name:"Ying-Ning",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",slug:"ying-ning-ho",fullName:"Ying-Ning Ho"},{id:"199676",title:"Prof.",name:"Chieh-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"chieh-chen-huang",fullName:"Chieh-Chen Huang"},{id:"201133",title:"Dr.",name:"Dony",middleName:"Chacko",surname:"Mathew",slug:"dony-mathew",fullName:"Dony Mathew"}]},{id:"48904",title:"Realities on Deforestation in Tanzania — Trends, Drivers, Implications and the Way Forward",slug:"realities-on-deforestation-in-tanzania-trends-drivers-implications-and-the-way-forward",totalDownloads:2750,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"Jafari R. Kideghesho",authors:[{id:"106119",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafari",middleName:"Ramadhani",surname:"Kideghesho",slug:"jafari-kideghesho",fullName:"Jafari Kideghesho"}]},{id:"52823",title:"Community Forestry Management and its Role in Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal",slug:"community-forestry-management-and-its-role-in-biodiversity-conservation-in-nepal",totalDownloads:2271,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"global-exposition-of-wildlife-management",title:"Global Exposition of Wildlife Management",fullTitle:"Global Exposition of Wildlife Management"},signatures:"Anup K.C.",authors:[{id:"178579",title:"Mr.",name:"Anup",middleName:null,surname:"K.C.",slug:"anup-k.c.",fullName:"Anup K.C."}]},{id:"74564",title:"Ticks from the Brazilian Amazon: Species, Distribution and Host-Relations",slug:"ticks-from-the-brazilian-amazon-species-distribution-and-host-relations",totalDownloads:79,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",fullTitle:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia"},signatures:"Hermes R. Luz, Thiago F. Martins, Sebastián Muñoz-Leal, Francisco B. Costa, Sérgio L. Gianizella, João Luiz H. Faccini and Marcelo B. Labruna",authors:null},{id:"55813",title:"Introductory Chapter - Morphometric Studies: Beyond Pure Anatomical Form Analysis",slug:"introductory-chapter-morphometric-studies-beyond-pure-anatomical-form-analysis",totalDownloads:1029,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-morphometry-studies",title:"New Insights into Morphometry Studies",fullTitle:"New Insights into Morphometry Studies"},signatures:"Pere M. Parés‐Casanova",authors:[{id:"199463",title:"Dr.",name:"Pere M.",middleName:null,surname:"Pares-Casanova",slug:"pere-m.-pares-casanova",fullName:"Pere M. Pares-Casanova"}]},{id:"58511",title:"Effects of Eucalyptus and Pinus Forest Management on Soil Organic Carbon in Brazilian Wooded-Savanna",slug:"effects-of-eucalyptus-and-pinus-forest-management-on-soil-organic-carbon-in-brazilian-wooded-savanna",totalDownloads:635,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"forest-biomass-and-carbon",title:"Forest Biomass and Carbon",fullTitle:"Forest Biomass and Carbon"},signatures:"Leda Lorenzo Montero and Welington Delitti",authors:[{id:"210947",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Leda",middleName:null,surname:"Lorenzo",slug:"leda-lorenzo",fullName:"Leda Lorenzo"},{id:"223960",title:"Prof.",name:"Welington",middleName:null,surname:"Delitti",slug:"welington-delitti",fullName:"Welington Delitti"}]},{id:"48987",title:"Japanese Forestation Policies During the 20 Years Following World War II",slug:"japanese-forestation-policies-during-the-20-years-following-world-war-ii",totalDownloads:1068,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"Koji Matsushita",authors:[{id:"80129",title:"Dr.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Matsushita",slug:"koji-matsushita",fullName:"Koji Matsushita"}]},{id:"60311",title:"Forest Soil C: Stock and Stability under Global Change",slug:"forest-soil-c-stock-and-stability-under-global-change",totalDownloads:739,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"new-perspectives-in-forest-science",title:"New Perspectives in Forest Science",fullTitle:"New Perspectives in Forest Science"},signatures:"Iftekhar Uddin Ahmed",authors:[{id:"208624",title:"Dr.",name:"Iftekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"iftekhar-ahmed",fullName:"Iftekhar Ahmed"}]},{id:"48718",title:"Possibilities and Perspectives of Agroforestry in Chhattisgarh",slug:"possibilities-and-perspectives-of-agroforestry-in-chhattisgarh",totalDownloads:2093,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"precious-forests-precious-earth",title:"Precious Forests",fullTitle:"Precious Forests - Precious Earth"},signatures:"M.K. Jhariya, S.S. Bargali and Abhishek Raj",authors:[{id:"175133",title:"Dr.",name:"S. S.",middleName:null,surname:"Bargali",slug:"s.-s.-bargali",fullName:"S. S. Bargali"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology-forestry-science",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"74564",title:"Ticks from the Brazilian Amazon: Species, Distribution and Host-Relations",slug:"ticks-from-the-brazilian-amazon-species-distribution-and-host-relations",totalDownloads:79,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94862",book:{title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia"},signatures:"Hermes R. Luz, Thiago F. Martins, Sebastián Muñoz-Leal, Francisco B. Costa, Sérgio L. Gianizella, João Luiz H. Faccini and Marcelo B. Labruna"},{id:"74359",title:"Diversity of the Owl Species in the Amazon Region",slug:"diversity-of-the-owl-species-in-the-amazon-region",totalDownloads:43,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94977",book:{title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia"},signatures:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola"},{id:"74281",title:"Social Changes in the Peruvian Amazon Due to Foreign Influence",slug:"social-changes-in-the-peruvian-amazon-due-to-foreign-influence",totalDownloads:35,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94772",book:{title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia"},signatures:"Zoran Stiperski and Tomica Hruška"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:11},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/cell-free-protein-synthesis/evolutionary-molecular-engineering-to-efficiently-direct-in-vitro-protein-synthesis",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"cell-free-protein-synthesis",chapter:"evolutionary-molecular-engineering-to-efficiently-direct-in-vitro-protein-synthesis"},fullPath:"/books/cell-free-protein-synthesis/evolutionary-molecular-engineering-to-efficiently-direct-in-vitro-protein-synthesis",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()