Describes thermodynamics properties of PANI and its block PANI-PEO2000.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-partners-with-ehs-for-digital-advertising-representation-20210416",title:"IntechOpen Partners with EHS for Digital Advertising Representation"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"918",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Power Quality Monitoring, Analysis and Enhancement",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:"Monitoring, Analysis and Enhancement",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book on power quality written by experts from industries and academics from various counties will be of great benefit to professionals, engineers and researchers. This book covers various aspects of power quality monitoring, analysis and power quality enhancement in transmission and distribution systems. \n\nSome of the key features of books are as follows: Wavelet and PCA to Power Quality Disturbance Classification applying a RBF Network; Power Quality Monitoring in a System with Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources; Signal Processing Application of Power Quality Monitoring; Pre-processing Tools and Intelligent Techniques for Power Quality Analysis; Single-Point Methods for Location of Distortion, Unbalance, Voltage Fluctuation and Dips Sources in a Power System; S-transform Based Novel Indices for Power Quality Disturbances; Load Balancing in a Three-Phase Network by Reactive Power Compensation; Compensation of Reactive Power and Sag Voltage using Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage; Optimal Location and Control of Flexible Three Phase Shunt FACTS to Enhance Power Quality in Unbalanced Electrical Network; Performance of Modification of a Three Phase Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) for Voltage Quality Improvement in Distribution System; Voltage Sag Mitigation by Network Reconfiguration; Intelligent Techniques for Power Quality Enhancement in Distribution Systems.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-330-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6058-8",doi:"10.5772/1425",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"power-quality-monitoring-analysis-and-enhancement",numberOfPages:380,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"4c9bb2e81ce9bc90e5f6c7fbdec9d353",bookSignature:"Ahmed Zobaa, Mario Mañana Canteli and Ramesh Bansal",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/918.jpg",numberOfDownloads:57382,numberOfWosCitations:27,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:30,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:73,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 11th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 8th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 15th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 13th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"39249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed F.",middleName:null,surname:"Zobaa",slug:"ahmed-f.-zobaa",fullName:"Ahmed F. Zobaa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39249/images/system/39249.jpg",biography:"Ahmed Faheem Zobaa received his BSc (Hons), MSc, and PhD degrees in Electrical Power and Machines from Cairo University, Egypt, in 1992, 1997, and 2002, respectively. Also, he received his Postgraduate Certificate in Academic Practice from the University of Exeter, UK, in 2010, and his Doctorate of Science from Brunel University London, UK, in 2017. He was an instructor from 1992 to 1997, a teaching assistant from 1997 to 2002, and an assistant professor from 2002 to 2007 at Cairo University, Egypt. From 2007 to 2010, he was a senior lecturer in renewable energy at the University of Exeter, UK. Currently, he is a reader in electrical and power engineering, an MSc course director, and a full member of the Institute of Energy Futures at Brunel University London, UK. His main areas of expertise include power quality, (marine) renewable energy, smart grids, energy efficiency, and lighting applications. Dr. Zobaa is an executive editor for the International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology. He is also an executive editor-in-chief for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy, and an editor-in-chief for the International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education. He is also an editorial board member, editor, associate editor, and editorial advisory board member for many international journals. He is a registered chartered engineer, chartered energy engineer, European engineer, and international professional engineer. He is also a registered member of the Engineering Council UK, Egypt Syndicate of Engineers, and the Egyptian Society of Engineers. He is a senior fellow of the Higher Education Academy of the UK and a fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology, the Energy Institute of the UK, the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Royal Society of Arts, the African Academy of Science, and the Chartered Institute of Educational Assessors. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 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His current research interests are in Renewable Energy and Power Systems which includes wind, PV and hybrid systems, AI applications in power systems, analysis and control of induction generators isolated and grid connected modes, etc. Dr. Bansal is an Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and an Editorial Board member of the IET - Renewable Power Generation, and Electric Power Components and Systems.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Queensland University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"146860",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manana",slug:"mario-manana",fullName:"Mario Manana",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146860/images/system/146860.jfif",biography:"Dr. Mario Mañana Canteli received his Ph.D. from the University of Cantabria (UC), Santander, Spain, in 2000. 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Polyaniline (PANI) and its block copolymer (PANI-PEO) are the best promising material in conducting polymers, because of environmental stability, easy processing, and economical efficiency [1, 2]. PANI has been used for electrode of light emitting diode, Li ion rechargeable battery and corrosion protection [3, 4]. Nanocomposites (PANI-MMT) and (PANI-PEO-MMT) are interesting due to the special properties as abundance, low cost of MMT and attractive features such as a large surface area and ion- exchange properties [5, 6]. The clay is supplied by a local company known as ENOF Maghnia (Algeria) [7, 8]. Microwave heating has been found to be particularly advantageous for reactions under “dry” media [9, 10]. Microwave it’s rapidly method in modern chemistry because offer a certain number of advantage, that it can be completed in a few seconds or minutes and without a solvent [2, 11]. Absence of solvent reduces the risk of explosions when reaction takes place in a microwave oven [12, 13]. The absence of solvent reduces the risk of explosions when the reaction takes place in a closed vessel in an oven [14, 15]. Aprotic dipolar solvents with high boiling points are expensive and difficult to remove from the reaction mixtures [16, 17]. The aim of this paper is to study the polymerization of aniline and its homolog block copolymer PANI-PEO catalyzed by Maghnite- H+ under microwave irradiation [18]. This catalyst can be easily separated from the polymer product and regenerated by heating at a temperature above 100°C [19, 20]. The kinetics studies of different synthesis are discussed together with the mechanism of polymerization.
The temperature was maintained at 160°C in all experiments. Microwave irradiation was performed in a single mode focused CEM reactor (Model Discover, CEM Co., Matthew, NC) operating at 2.45 GHz with ability to control output power.
MMT clay was obtained from ENOF Maghnia (Algeria). The MMT-H+ (Mag-H+) was prepared as described by Belbachir et al. and water (pH < 7) was used to synthesize emeraldine salt clay (PANI/Mag-H+) by cationic polymerization [16]. Polyethylene oxide (relative molecular mass of 2.103) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Polyaniline (PANI) homopolymer was prepared in laboratory of polymers chemistry (Oran University, Algeria) by standard chemical intercaled method [21].
1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements were carried out on a 300 MHz Bruker NMR Spectrometer equipped with a probe BB05 mm, in CDCl3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were obtained between 900 and 4000 cm −1 on an ATI Matson FTIR No 9501165. Intrinsic viscosity, [η], was measured at 30°C in benzene.GPC measurements of the samples were carried out using a WISP 712, Waters Associates chromatograph. The purification of polymers were carried out by dissolving the product in chloroform (CHCl3) and filtering to eliminate the Maghnite-H+. Then, chloroform was removed by evaporation [22, 23].
Catalyst called (maghnite-H+) was prepared according to the process similar to that described by Belbachir et al. [24, 25]. The raw maghnite was placed in an erlenmeyer flask together with 100 ml of distilled water and a solution of sulfuric acid 0.25 M then stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 2 h at room temperature. After filtration up to pH 7, the activated maghnite-H+ is dried in the stove for 24 hours at 105°C for characterization [26].
Into a flask with 100 mL and stirred to allow proper mixing was put a mixture of Maghnite-H+ (5%) and solution of (H2SO4 0.25 M), adequate amount of aniline (0.05 mol) was added to a solution. The reaction mixture was then submitted to microwave irradiation at 160°C for 4 minutes. Finally, the mixture was cooled at room temperature, filtered and washed extensively with distilled water and methanol to remove catalyst and any unreacted aniline [27, 28].
Copolymer PANI-PEO was synthesized via a cationic polymerization. To a (0.05 mol) of monomer aniline was added a solution of PEO (0.05 g in 25 mL of distilled water) and (5 wt %) of maghnite-H+ as an initiator. The mixture was stirred for 15 min. Then it is treated in a microwave oven at the power of 950 W, the temperature and viscosity of the reactive mixture increase fast and gelation point is reached after 4 min at 160°C. The mixture was cooled at room temperature, filtered and washed extensively with distilled water and methanol to remove impurity [16, 29].
Synthesized polyaniline was confirmed by noticing the predominant peaks at the wave numbers of 1501 cm−1corresponding to C═C stretching of quinine ring, 1557 cm−1for C═C stretching of benzenoid ring, 1293 cm−1for C▬N stretching, 755 and 838 cm−1for C▬H vibration of Para coupling benzenoid and benzene rings. Finally, C▬H bending at 694–593 cm−1 corresponds to aromatic ring and 507 cm−1is stretching at out of the plane [30, 31].
As shown in (Figure 2), there are significant changes in both the intensities and the frequencies in the product (PANI-PEO2000). There are more pronounced between 690 and 1574 cm−1, significant interaction between the oxygen of the ether group of PEO and the nitrogen in the PANI [32]. As shown in (Figure 1), polyethylene oxide (PEO2000) show a band of methylene group (CH2) stretching between 2950 and 2840 cm−1 and a large broad band appears centered at 3442 cm−1which confirms that PEO2000 is highly hydrophilic [9].
FT-IR spectra of polyaniline (PANI) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
FT-IR spectra of block copolymer (PANI-PEO2000) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Describes1H-NMR spectra of (PANI) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Describes 1H-NMR spectrum of poly ethylene oxide (PEO2000).
Describes 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer (PANI-PEO2000) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
UV spectral of the different form of (PANI-PEOs) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Thermogram analysis measurements (DSC) of maghnite-H+ (heating rate 10°C/mn) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Thermogram analysis (TGA) curves of a maghnite-H+ obtained in nitrogen atmosphere at heating rate of 10°C/min.
Thermogram analysis (TGA) curves of PANI prepared in the presence of Maghnite-H+ (0.25 M) under microwave irradiation.
Describes thermogram analysis (DSC) of PANI (heating rate 10°C/mn) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Thermogram analysis (TGA) curves of PANI-PEO2000 prepared in the presence of maghnite-H+ (0.25 M) under micro wave irradiation.
Thermogram analysis (DSC) of PANI-PEO2000 (heating rate 10°C/mn) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Describes gel permeation chromatograph of PANI with 2% maghnite-H+ at 160°C for 4 min.
Describes gel permeation chromatograph of PANI-PEO2000 with 2% maghnite-H+ at 160°C for 4 min.
Polyaniline was successfully synthesized as show in (Figure 3) and the different hydrogen peaks are present. The strongest sharp peaks centered at 7 and 7.8 ppm due to protons from phenylene and disubstituted phenylene units and the weak peak at 4.81 ppm due to (-NH) group but the peak at 6.22 ppm due to (–NH2) as end group [33, 34].
1H NMR spectroscopy at 300 MHz (Solvent CDCl3) and according to the work published by Yahiaoui et al., (Figure 4) for pure PEO showed different peaks: (a) the methylene groups (CH2−) at 2.6 ppm, and (b) the methylene (CH2O−) at 3.7 ppm [35, 36].
The block copolymer (PANI-PEO2000) was confirmed by 1HNMR spectrum as show in (Figure 5). The wide signal in the region of 6.8 to 8 ppm was assigned to benzenoid hydrogen of polyaniline. Signals at 3.25–3.75 ppm indicate peak of CH2O− and CH2CH2O− hydrogen of polyethylene oxide reported [37]. Peak at 1.5–2 ppm is due to CH2 hydrogen respectively [37, 38].
Conductive polymers synthesized PANI and PANI-PEO2000 has a conjugated system of double bonds in a backbone polymer. The UV-visible spectral peak in the 250–300 nm region is due to the aniline groups and
As shown in (Figures 7 and 8), the thermogram analysis of catalyst (maghnite-H+) shown two stages of weight loss. The weight loss in below 100°C is a result of free water and the weight loss around 600°C is associated with the dehydroxylation of silicate structure [37, 41].
For the thermogram analysis (TGA) of polyaniline (PANI), it can be found that the weight loss amounted 61, 17% at the temperature range of 187–600°C, which be true because polyaniline it is known a hygroscopic polymer as show in (Figure 9) [42, 43]. in the DSC thermogram of the PANI as show in (Figure 10), there were two endothermic peaks at 55.99 and 103.46°C.Therefore, these endothermic peaks were due to the evaporation of water, this is in agreement with the literature [44, 45]. The glass transition (Tg) appears at 74.06°C [46].
The curves of weight loss versus temperature showing the behavior of PANI-PEO2000 sample was presented in (Figure 11). The first significant weight loss occurs already at temperature between 50 and 100°C, that PANI-PEO2000 is hygroscopic and during the heating to 100°C the residual water evaporates [46]. Then the main mass loss, which corresponds to polymer degradation starts at about 200 and 500°C [47].
In polyaniline (PANI) monomer and block copolymer (PANI-PEO2000) as show in (Figure 12). Firstly, we notice the presence of two endothermic peak at (68, 39 and 190, 09°C) it is associated respectively to the evaporation of water absorbed by the copolymer and melting POE2000 block [48, 49]. The glass transition temperature of block copolymer (Tg = 16, 79°C) which is in agreement with the literature [50].
Table 1 describes thermodynamics properties of PANI and its block PANI-PEO2000. Tables 2 and 3 describes the molecular weight distribution averages for the polymer and it’s copolymer in the other hand (Figures 13 and 14) indicate a bimodal distribution. The macromolecular weight distribution of the obtained polymer and copolymer are narrow, this confirming the formation of the polymer PANI and the block copolymer PANI-PEO [51, 52].
Sample | T1 | T2 | T3 | Tg | ∆H1 | ∆H2 | ∆H3 | ∆Cp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PANI | 55.99 | 03.46 | X | 74.06 | 4.3161 | 20.5363 | X | 0.311 |
PANI-PEO2000 | 68.39 | 190.09 | X | 16.79 | 57.4130 | 17.8659 | X | 4.6837 |
Describes thermodynamics properties of PANI and its block PANI-PEO2000.
Sample name | RT | Area | % Area | Mn | Mw | Polydispersity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PANI | 17.973 23.638 | 1,318,425 20,616,195 | 6.01 93.99 | 644 33 | 746 114 | 1.15 3.41 |
Gel permeation chromatograph of PANI composite in THF catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Sample name | RT | Area | % Area | Mn | Mw | Polydispersity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PANI-PEO2000 | 17.917 23.032 | 130,748 9,960,549 | 1.30 98.70 | 2664 50 | 2701 264 | 1.013896 5.342141 |
Gel permeation chromatograph of block copolymer PANI-PEO2000 composite in THF catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
The value of transverse strength and the electrical conductivity of the PANI and its block copolymer PANI-PEO2000 were calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2) as show in (Table 4) [53].
Sample | e (cm) | R(Ω) | ρ (Ω. cm) | σ (S/cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PANI | 0.1 | 1.880 | 25.792 | 0.038 |
PANI-PEO2000 | 0.1 | 0.976 | 0.163 | 6.134 |
Describes electrical properties of PANI and PANI-PEO catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
The polyaniline powder was added to 50 ml of different solvent (DMF, Acetonitrile, toluene, dichloromethane, THF, and chloroform). The dry weight of the filter paper was used to calculate the solubility of the composites. The best solvents for PANI and its block are determined to be DMF and Toluene as show in (Table 5) and (Figure 15). Finally, we can calculate the band of energy by equation (3) [54].
Describes UV spectral of the copolymer (PANI-PEO2000) catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation in different organic solvents.
Solvant | PANI | PANI-PEO2000 |
---|---|---|
DMF | 0.55 | 1.6 |
Toluene | 0.52 | 1.4 |
Chloroforme | 0.47 | 1.05 |
Dichloromethane | 0.39 | 0.95 |
Acetonitrile | 0.20 | 0.79 |
THF | 0.12 | 0.58 |
Describes solubility parameters of PANI and PANI-PEO2000 composites catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation in different solvents (g/ml).
The solubility parameter (
Tables 6 and 7 describe intrinsic viscosity and properties physics of (PANI) and block (PANI-PEO2000) according to the Mark-Houwink equation:
Concentration | C | C1=2C/3 | C2=C/2 | C3= C/3 | C4=C/4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | 3.60 | 3.61 | 3.61 | 3.60 | 3.59 |
Cinema (cst) | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.6 |
Dynamic (cp) | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
Relative | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1 |
Specific | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 |
Reduced | 12.22 | 13.99 | 19.45 | 20.96 | 22.40 |
Inherent | 12.10 | 13.90 | 19.45 | 20.90 | 22.41 |
Solomon | 12.14 | 13.90 | 19.50 | 20.95 | 22.43 |
Visct. Intr (ml/g−1) | 25.80 | 25.78 | 25.77 |
Describes viscosimertic properties of pure PANI catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Concentration | C | C1=2C/3 | C2=C/2 | C3= C/3 | C4=C/4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average | 3.61 | 3.61 | 3.60 | 3.61 | 3.58 |
Cinema (cst) | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 |
Dynamic (cp) | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.90 |
Relative | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
Specific | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Reduced | 7.49 | 12.10 | 14.37 | 13.55 | 18.05 |
Inherent | 7.40 | 12.05 | 14.31 | 13.50 | 17.99 |
Solomon | 7.44 | 12.07 | 14.33 | 13.51 | 18.01 |
Visct. Intr (ml/g−1) | 19.75 | 19.66 | 19.68 |
Describes viscosimertic properties of PANI-PEO2000 catalyzed by maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Figure 9 describe the effect of the amount of catalyst on the yield of this copolymerization (PANI-PEO). As can be seen in (Figure 16 and 19), the copolymerization rate increased with the amount of Mag-H + and reaches a maximum at 160°C with (5% wt) of catalyst, above this temperature and percentage of catalyst, the yield decreases.
Describes effect of the amount of mag-H+(catalyst) on the yield of copolymerization.
The increase in yield with temperature and molecular weight of catalyst is mainly due to the number of active sites in the catalyst responsible for initiating the reaction. Similar results are obtained by many research [55, 56].
We have used (2%,5% and 10%) by weight as the amount maghnite and varying time after keeping the other parameters (the amount of monomers and the temperature). It is observed that the average molecular weight increases with time and reaches a maximum at 4 minutes of reaction and decrease after this time as show in (Figure 17) [57].
Describes effect of the amount of mag-H + on the viscosimertic molecular weight of copolymerization.
We notice a significant change in the yield with increasing the amount ratio, in particular with increasing the amount of PEO used in this reaction processing. The (Figure 18.) below summarizes the influence of the molar ratio on Aniline/PEO upon the reaction yield. This phenomenon can explain by the high reactivity and solubility of the POE in water compared to the aniline in particular at high temperature [58].
Describes the effect of the molar ratio(ANI/PEO) upon the yield of copolymerization.
As shows in (Figures 20 and 21), the process of synthesis of PANI-Maghnite-H+ and its homolog PANI-PEO2000-Maghnite-H+ composites can be divided into the following three steps [59, 60, 61].
Describes effect of temperature on the yield of copolymerization.
Proposed mechanism of homopolymer (PANI) catalyzed by Maghnite-H + under microwave irradiation.
Proposed mechanism of block copolymer (PANI-PEO2000) catalyzed by Maghnite-H+ under microwave irradiation.
Based on Maghnite-H+ (Algerian ecologic catalyst MMT) and under microwave irradiation our polymer (PANI) and block copolymer (PANI-b-PEO) were successfully synthesized and investigate. This product was prepared in order to combine the mechanical and physical properties of PEO2000 with conducting properties of PANI. A possible mechanism of this cationic polymerization is discussed based on the results of the 1H NMR Spectroscopic analysis of these compounds. Thus all the two types of composites (PANI and PEO) provide opportunities and rewards creating new world wide interest in these new materials in electronics devises.
All work was supported by the DGRSDT of Algeria republic and was performed using the equipment of the center of research scientific and technics in analysis chemical and physical (CRAPC)-Tipaza-Algeria.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
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