Computational complexity of O(n2) versus O(n log2 n).
\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83962-718-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-717-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-754-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",keywords:"Water Cycle, Water Use Strategy, Vegetation Dynamics, Plant Community, Precipitation, Carbon Emission, Soil Respiration, Autotrophic Respiration, Algae Crust, Wind, Temperature, Vegetation Stability",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 26th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 23rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 24th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 13th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 11th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Zhu holds a Ph.D. in Ecology and is currently an Associate Research Professor at the Chinese Academy of Forestry at the Institute of Desertification Studies, she has led a number of national projects while working there.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Luo holds a Ph.D. in Physical Geography and is currently a Research Professor at the Institute of Afforestation and Sand Control, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry. She is a holder of several technological patents in her area of research.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Liu holds a Ph.D. in Ecology and is currently an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry. He has published several international works that have been recognized.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180427/images/system/180427.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu obtained her Bachelor's degree in Agriculture from Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University in 2002 and PhD in Ecology from Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2007. She was a postdoctoral fellow working on the topic of land desertification control in the Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, followed by her appointment as an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry and currently she is an Associate Research Professor at the same institute. She is a Master's supervisor with interests in plant ecology in deserts, biodiversity, stable isotope ecology, isohydrology and desertification control.",institutionString:"Chinese Academy of Forestry",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Chinese Academy of Forestry",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"340564",title:"Dr.",name:"Qinghong",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"qinghong-luo",fullName:"Qinghong Luo",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032N5e7QAC/Profile_Picture_1605773886590",biography:"Dr. Qinghong Luo holds a Master's degree from Life Science College, Shihezi University (2006) and PhD in Physical geography from Xinjiang Ecology and Geography Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2018). She was initially an Assistant Research Professor at Institute of Afforestation and Sand Control, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, after an Associate Research Professor and currently she is a Research Professor at the same institute. Her research interests include desert vegetation dynamics, plant-soil interaction and desertification control among others. She has participated in a number of funded and non funded projects and is a holder of several patents.",institutionString:"Xinjiang Academy of Forestry",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Xinjiang Academy of Forestry",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"340567",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuguo",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"yuguo-liu",fullName:"Yuguo Liu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032N5hEQAS/Profile_Picture_1605774524148",biography:"Dr. Yuguo Liu obtained his bachelor's degree, majoring in Environmental Sciences from Inner Mongolia University in 2007 and doctoral degree, majoring in Ecology from Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2013. He has been working as an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry ever since. His research interests include ecological protection and restoration of fragile areas, and karst vegetation and rocky desertification control.",institutionString:"Chinese Academy of Forestry",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Chinese Academy of Forestry",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"10",title:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",slug:"earth-and-planetary-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5962",title:"Estuary",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43058846a64b270e9167d478e966161a",slug:"estuary",bookSignature:"William Froneman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5962.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109336",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Froneman",slug:"william-froneman",fullName:"William Froneman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13455",title:"Ultra-Fast Microwave Heating for Large Bandgap Semiconductor Processing",doi:"10.5772/16036",slug:"ultra-fast-microwave-heating-for-large-bandgap-semiconductor-processing",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13455.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13455",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13455",totalDownloads:4879,totalViews:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2010",dateReviewed:"October 18th 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13455",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13455",book:{slug:"advances-in-induction-and-microwave-heating-of-mineral-and-organic-materials"},signatures:"Mulpuri V. Rao",authors:[{id:"22899",title:"Prof.",name:"Mulpuri",middleName:null,surname:"Venkata Rao",fullName:"Mulpuri Venkata Rao",slug:"mulpuri-venkata-rao",email:"rmulpuri@gmu.edu",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"29",title:"Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials",slug:"advances-in-induction-and-microwave-heating-of-mineral-and-organic-materials",publishedDate:"February 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Stanisław Grundas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/29.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13436",title:"Recent Studies on Fundamentals and Application of Microwave Processing of Materials",slug:"recent-studies-on-fundamentals-and-application-of-microwave-processing-of-materials",totalDownloads:3313,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Noboru Yoshikawa",authors:[{id:"14092",title:"Dr.",name:"Noboru",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshikawa",fullName:"Noboru Yoshikawa",slug:"noboru-yoshikawa"}]},{id:"13437",title:"Review of Numerical Simulation of Microwave Heating Process",slug:"review-of-numerical-simulation-of-microwave-heating-process",totalDownloads:4636,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Xiang Zhao, Liping Yan and Kama Huang",authors:[{id:"14582",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Xiang Zhao",slug:"xiang-zhao"},{id:"16798",title:"Dr.",name:"Liping",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",fullName:"Liping Yan",slug:"liping-yan"},{id:"16799",title:"Prof.",name:"Kama",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Kama Huang",slug:"kama-huang"}]},{id:"13438",title:"Modeling and Analysis of Induction Heating Converters",slug:"modeling-and-analysis-of-induction-heating-converters",totalDownloads:7461,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"András Kelemen and Nimród Kutasi",authors:[{id:"16660",title:"Dr.",name:"Andras",middleName:null,surname:"Kelemen",fullName:"Andras Kelemen",slug:"andras-kelemen"},{id:"16661",title:"MSc.",name:"Nimrod",middleName:null,surname:"Kutasi",fullName:"Nimrod Kutasi",slug:"nimrod-kutasi"}]},{id:"13439",title:"Numerical Modelling of Industrial Induction",slug:"numerical-modelling-of-industrial-induction",totalDownloads:3476,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"A. Bermúdez, D. Gómez, M.C. Muñiz, P. Salgado and R. Vázquez",authors:[{id:"15013",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Bermudez",fullName:"Alfredo Bermudez",slug:"alfredo-bermudez"},{id:"16947",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez",fullName:"Dolores Gómez",slug:"dolores-gomez"},{id:"16949",title:"Prof.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Salgado",fullName:"Pilar Salgado",slug:"pilar-salgado"},{id:"16950",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez",fullName:"Rafael Vázquez",slug:"rafael-vazquez"},{id:"23354",title:"Prof.",name:"M. Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Muñiz",fullName:"M. Carmen Muñiz",slug:"m.-carmen-muniz"}]},{id:"13440",title:"Using Numerical Methods to Design and Control Heating Induction Systems",slug:"using-numerical-methods-to-design-and-control-heating-induction-systems",totalDownloads:7352,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Julio Walter and Gerardo Ceglia",authors:[{id:"13955",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Walter",fullName:"Julio Walter",slug:"julio-walter"},{id:"14311",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ceglia",fullName:"Gerardo Ceglia",slug:"gerardo-ceglia"}]},{id:"13441",title:"Development of Customized Solutions - An Interesting Challenge of Modern Induction Heating",slug:"development-of-customized-solutions-an-interesting-challenge-of-modern-induction-heating",totalDownloads:4820,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jens-Uwe Mohring and Elmar Wrona",authors:[{id:"16064",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmar",middleName:null,surname:"Wrona",fullName:"Elmar Wrona",slug:"elmar-wrona"},{id:"34725",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens-Uwe",middleName:null,surname:"Mohring",fullName:"Jens-Uwe Mohring",slug:"jens-uwe-mohring"}]},{id:"13442",title:"Configuration Proposals for an Optimal Electromagnetic Coupling in Induction Heating Systems",slug:"configuration-proposals-for-an-optimal-electromagnetic-coupling-in-induction-heating-systems",totalDownloads:2870,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elias Carrillo",authors:[{id:"16938",title:"Dr.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Carrillo",fullName:"Elias Carrillo",slug:"elias-carrillo"}]},{id:"13443",title:"Criterions for Selection of Volume Induction Heating Parameters",slug:"criterions-for-selection-of-volume-induction-heating-parameters",totalDownloads:5286,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Niedbała Ryszard and Wesołowski Marcin",authors:[{id:"16646",title:"Dr.",name:"Niedbała",middleName:null,surname:"Ryszard",fullName:"Niedbała Ryszard",slug:"niedbala-ryszard"},{id:"24134",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcin",middleName:null,surname:"Wesołowski",fullName:"Marcin Wesołowski",slug:"marcin-wesolowski"}]},{id:"13444",title:"Two Novel Induction Heating Technologies: Transverse Flux Induction Heating and Travelling Wave Induction Heating",slug:"two-novel-induction-heating-technologies-transverse-flux-induction-heating-and-travelling-wave-induc",totalDownloads:2769,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Youhua Wang, Junhua Wang, S. L. Ho, Xiaoguang Yang, and W. N. Fu",authors:[{id:"16590",title:"Dr.",name:"Junhua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Junhua Wang",slug:"junhua-wang"},{id:"16594",title:"Prof.",name:"Youhua",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Youhua Wang",slug:"youhua-wang"},{id:"16595",title:"Prof.",name:"S. L.",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"S. L. Ho",slug:"s.-l.-ho"},{id:"16596",title:"Dr.",name:"W. N.",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"W. N. Fu",slug:"w.-n.-fu"},{id:"23951",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingling",middleName:null,surname:"Pang",fullName:"Lingling Pang",slug:"lingling-pang"}]},{id:"13445",title:"Induction Heating of Thin Strips in Transverse Flux Magnetic Field",slug:"induction-heating-of-thin-strips-in-transverse-flux-magnetic-field",totalDownloads:5167,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jerzy Barglik",authors:[{id:"14398",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Barglik",fullName:"Jerzy Barglik",slug:"jerzy-barglik"}]},{id:"13446",title:"Microwave Processing of Metallic Glass/Polymer Composite in a Separated H-Field",slug:"microwave-processing-of-metallic-glass-polymer-composite-in-a-separated-h-field",totalDownloads:2699,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Song Li, Dmitri V Louzguine-Lugzin, Guoqiang Xie, Motoyasu Sato and Akihisa Inoue",authors:[{id:"14827",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Song Li",slug:"song-li"},{id:"16585",title:"Prof",name:"Guoqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",fullName:"Guoqiang Xie",slug:"guoqiang-xie"},{id:"16586",title:"Prof.",name:"Dmitri V.",middleName:null,surname:"Louzguine-Lugzin",fullName:"Dmitri V. Louzguine-Lugzin",slug:"dmitri-v.-louzguine-lugzin"},{id:"16587",title:"Prof.",name:"Motoyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Sato",fullName:"Motoyasu Sato",slug:"motoyasu-sato"},{id:"16588",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Inoue",fullName:"Akihisa Inoue",slug:"akihisa-inoue"}]},{id:"13447",title:"Thermal Microwave Processing of Materials",slug:"thermal-microwave-processing-of-materials",totalDownloads:5225,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Juan A. Aguilar-Garib",authors:[{id:"15364",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar-Garib",fullName:"Juan Aguilar-Garib",slug:"juan-aguilar-garib"}]},{id:"13448",title:"Evaporators with Induction Heating and Their Applications",slug:"evaporators-with-induction-heating-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:5045,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Anatoly Kuzmichev and Leonid Tsybulsky",authors:[{id:"16332",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonid",middleName:null,surname:"Tsybulski",fullName:"Leonid Tsybulski",slug:"leonid-tsybulski"},{id:"16571",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Kuzmichev",fullName:"Anatoly Kuzmichev",slug:"anatoly-kuzmichev"}]},{id:"13449",title:"Application of Microwave Heating to Recover Metallic Elements from Industrial Waste",slug:"application-of-microwave-heating-to-recover-metallic-elements-from-industrial-waste",totalDownloads:3463,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Joonho Lee and Taeyoung Kim",authors:[{id:"17547",title:"Dr.",name:"Joonho",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Joonho Lee",slug:"joonho-lee"},{id:"17549",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeyoung",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Taeyoung Kim",slug:"taeyoung-kim"}]},{id:"13450",title:"Microwave Heating for Emolliating and Fracture of Rocks",slug:"microwave-heating-for-emolliating-and-fracture-of-rocks",totalDownloads:4027,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Aleksandr Prokopenko",authors:[{id:"16694",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Prokopenko",fullName:"Aleksandr Prokopenko",slug:"aleksandr-prokopenko"}]},{id:"13451",title:"Use of Induction Heating in Plastic Injection Molding",slug:"use-of-induction-heating-in-plastic-injection-molding",totalDownloads:8717,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Udo Hinzpeter and Elmar Wrona",authors:[{id:"16064",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmar",middleName:null,surname:"Wrona",fullName:"Elmar Wrona",slug:"elmar-wrona"},{id:"34726",title:"Dr.",name:"Udo",middleName:null,surname:"Hinzpeter",fullName:"Udo Hinzpeter",slug:"udo-hinzpeter"}]},{id:"13452",title:"Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Coordination and Organometallic Compounds",slug:"microwave-assisted-synthesis-of-coordination-and-organometallic-compounds",totalDownloads:9098,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Oxana V. Kharissova, Boris I. Kharisov and Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez",authors:[{id:"13939",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Kharisov",fullName:"Boris Kharisov",slug:"boris-kharisov"},{id:"13941",title:"Dr.",name:"Oxana V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kharissova",fullName:"Oxana V. Kharissova",slug:"oxana-v.-kharissova"},{id:"13942",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz Mendez",fullName:"Ubaldo Ortiz Mendez",slug:"ubaldo-ortiz-mendez"}]},{id:"13453",title:"The Effects of Microwave Heating on the Isothermal Kinetics of Chemicals Reactions and Physicochemical Processes",slug:"the-effects-of-microwave-heating-on-the-isothermal-kinetics-of-chemicals-reactions-and-physicochemic",totalDownloads:3232,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Borivoj Adnadjevic and Jelena Jovanovic",authors:[{id:"16551",title:"Dr.",name:"Jelena",middleName:null,surname:"Jovanovic",fullName:"Jelena Jovanovic",slug:"jelena-jovanovic"},{id:"16623",title:"Dr.",name:"Borivoj",middleName:null,surname:"Adnadjevic",fullName:"Borivoj Adnadjevic",slug:"borivoj-adnadjevic"}]},{id:"13454",title:"The Use of Microwave Energy in Dental Prosthesis",slug:"the-use-of-microwave-energy-in-dental-prosthesis",totalDownloads:6309,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Célia M. Rizzatti-Barbosa, Altair A. Del Bel Cury and Renata C. M. Rodrigues Garcia",authors:[{id:"14720",title:"Prof.",name:"Celia Marisa",middleName:null,surname:"Rizzatti-Barbosa",fullName:"Celia Marisa Rizzatti-Barbosa",slug:"celia-marisa-rizzatti-barbosa"},{id:"16737",title:"Dr.",name:"Altair Antoninha",middleName:null,surname:"Del Bel Cury",fullName:"Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury",slug:"altair-antoninha-del-bel-cury"},{id:"16738",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:"Cunha Matheus",surname:"Rodrigues Garcia",fullName:"Renata Rodrigues Garcia",slug:"renata-rodrigues-garcia"}]},{id:"13455",title:"Ultra-Fast Microwave Heating for Large Bandgap Semiconductor Processing",slug:"ultra-fast-microwave-heating-for-large-bandgap-semiconductor-processing",totalDownloads:4879,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mulpuri V. Rao",authors:[{id:"22899",title:"Prof.",name:"Mulpuri",middleName:null,surname:"Venkata Rao",fullName:"Mulpuri Venkata Rao",slug:"mulpuri-venkata-rao"}]},{id:"13456",title:"Magnetic Induction Heating of Nano-Sized Ferrite Particle",slug:"magnetic-induction-heating-of-nano-sized-ferrite-particle",totalDownloads:7656,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Yi Zhang and Ya Zhai",authors:[{id:"14300",title:"Prof.",name:"Ya",middleName:null,surname:"Zhai",fullName:"Ya Zhai",slug:"ya-zhai"},{id:"20620",title:"Dr.",name:"Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Yi Zhang",slug:"yi-zhang"}]},{id:"13457",title:"Changes in Microwave-Treated Wheat Grain Properties",slug:"changes-in-microwave-treated-wheat-grain-properties",totalDownloads:3471,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jerzy R. Warchalewski, Justyna Gralik, Stanisław Grundas, Anna Pruska-Kędzior and Zenon Kędzior",authors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas"},{id:"17935",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Gralik",fullName:"Justyna Gralik",slug:"justyna-gralik"},{id:"23863",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerzy R.",middleName:null,surname:"Warchalewski",fullName:"Jerzy R. Warchalewski",slug:"jerzy-r.-warchalewski"},{id:"23864",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenon",middleName:null,surname:"Kedzior",fullName:"Zenon Kedzior",slug:"zenon-kedzior"},{id:"23905",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Pruska-Kedzior",fullName:"Anna Pruska-Kedzior",slug:"anna-pruska-kedzior"}]},{id:"13458",title:"The Use of Microwave Radiation Energy to Process Cereal, Root and Tuber-based Products",slug:"the-use-of-microwave-radiation-energy-to-process-cereal-root-and-tuber-based-products",totalDownloads:5918,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoon Kil Chang, Caroline Joy Steel and Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva Clerici",authors:[{id:"15049",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoon Kil",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Yoon Kil Chang",slug:"yoon-kil-chang"},{id:"17184",title:"Prof.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Steel",fullName:"Caroline Steel",slug:"caroline-steel"},{id:"17186",title:"Dr",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:"Pedrosa Silva",surname:"Clerici",fullName:"Maria Teresa Clerici",slug:"maria-teresa-clerici"}]},{id:"13459",title:"Microwave Heating in Moist Materials",slug:"microwave-heating-in-moist-materials",totalDownloads:2061,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Graham Brodie",authors:[{id:"14683",title:"Dr.",name:"Graham",middleName:null,surname:"Brodie",fullName:"Graham Brodie",slug:"graham-brodie"}]},{id:"13460",title:"Assessment of Microwave versus Conventional Heating Induced Degradation of Olive Oil by VIS Raman Spectroscopy and Classical Methods",slug:"assessment-of-microwave-versus-conventional-heating-induced-degradation-of-olive-oil-by-vis-raman-sp",totalDownloads:4750,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Rasha M. El-Abassy, Patrice Donfack and Arnulf Materny",authors:[{id:"14406",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnulf",middleName:null,surname:"Materny",fullName:"Arnulf Materny",slug:"arnulf-materny"},{id:"16733",title:"Prof.",name:"Rasha M.",middleName:null,surname:"El-Abassy",fullName:"Rasha M. El-Abassy",slug:"rasha-m.-el-abassy"},{id:"16734",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Donfack",fullName:"Patrice Donfack",slug:"patrice-donfack"}]},{id:"13461",title:"Microwave Heating: A Time Saving Technology or a Way to Induce Vegetable Oils Oxidation?",slug:"microwave-heating-a-time-saving-technology-or-a-way-to-induce-vegetable-oils-oxidation-",totalDownloads:4399,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ricardo Malheiro, Susana Casal, Elsa Ramalhosa and José Alberto Pereira",authors:[{id:"16928",title:"Dr.",name:"José Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"José Alberto Pereira",slug:"jose-alberto-pereira"},{id:"23911",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",middleName:null,surname:"Casal",fullName:"Susana Casal",slug:"susana-casal"},{id:"23912",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Ramalhosa",fullName:"Elsa Ramalhosa",slug:"elsa-ramalhosa"},{id:"23913",title:"PhD.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Malheiro",fullName:"Ricardo Malheiro",slug:"ricardo-malheiro"}]},{id:"13462",title:"Experimental and Simulation Studies of the Primary and Secondary Vacuum Freeze Drying at Microwave Heating",slug:"experimental-and-simulation-studies-of-the-primary-and-secondary-vacuum-freeze-drying-at-microwave-h",totalDownloads:2412,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Józef Nastaj and Konrad Witkiewicz",authors:[{id:"15124",title:"Dr.",name:"Józef",middleName:null,surname:"Nastaj",fullName:"Józef Nastaj",slug:"jozef-nastaj"},{id:"15908",title:"Dr.",name:"Konrad",middleName:null,surname:"Witkiewicz",fullName:"Konrad Witkiewicz",slug:"konrad-witkiewicz"}]},{id:"13463",title:"Application of Microwave Heating on the Facile Synthesis of Porous Molecular Sieve Membranes",slug:"application-of-microwave-heating-on-the-facile-synthesis-of-porous-molecular-sieve-membranes",totalDownloads:3702,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Aisheng Huang and Jürgen Caro",authors:[{id:"15461",title:"Dr.",name:"Aisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Aisheng Huang",slug:"aisheng-huang"},{id:"23709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Caro",fullName:"Jürgen Caro",slug:"jurgen-caro"}]},{id:"13464",title:"Microwave-Assisted Domino Reaction in Organic Synthesis",slug:"microwave-assisted-domino-reaction-in-organic-synthesis",totalDownloads:5090,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Shu-Jiang Tu and Bo Jiang",authors:[{id:"16059",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu-Jiang",middleName:null,surname:"Tu",fullName:"Shu-Jiang Tu",slug:"shu-jiang-tu"},{id:"16487",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Bo Jiang",slug:"bo-jiang"}]},{id:"13465",title:"Application of Microwave Technology for Utilization of Recalcitrant Biomass",slug:"application-of-microwave-technology-for-utilization-of-recalcitrant-biomass",totalDownloads:3716,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Shuntaro Tsubaki and Jun-Ichi Azuma",authors:[{id:"16619",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuntaro",middleName:null,surname:"Tsubaki",fullName:"Shuntaro Tsubaki",slug:"shuntaro-tsubaki"},{id:"16775",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun-Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Azuma",fullName:"Jun-Ichi Azuma",slug:"jun-ichi-azuma"}]},{id:"13466",title:"Microwave Heating Applied to Pyrolysis",slug:"microwave-heating-applied-to-pyrolysis",totalDownloads:5176,totalCrossrefCites:20,signatures:"Yolanda Fernandez, Ana Arenillas and J. Angel Menendez",authors:[{id:"14045",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Menéndez Díaz",fullName:"J. Angel Menéndez Díaz",slug:"j.-angel-menendez-diaz"},{id:"15134",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Arenillas",fullName:"Ana Arenillas",slug:"ana-arenillas"},{id:"15135",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",fullName:"Yolanda Fernandez",slug:"yolanda-fernandez"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3039",title:"Advances in Agrophysical Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f53474d693f71f2d6ff21e1ebf8bbb2",slug:"advances-in-agrophysical-research",bookSignature:"Stanislaw Grundas and Andrzej Stepniewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3039.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",surname:"Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"45154",title:"Introduction to Scientific Discipline Agrophysics — History and Research Objects",slug:"introduction-to-scientific-discipline-agrophysics-history-and-research-objects",signatures:"B. Dobrzański, S. Grundas and A. Stępniewski",authors:[{id:"168809",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Stępniewski",fullName:"Andrzej Stępniewski",slug:"andrzej-stepniewski"}]},{id:"39945",title:"Aquametry in Agrophysics",slug:"aquametry-in-agrophysics",signatures:"Wojciech Skierucha, Agnieszka Szypłowska and Andrzej Wilczek",authors:[{id:"151440",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Skierucha",fullName:"Wojciech Skierucha",slug:"wojciech-skierucha"},{id:"151479",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Szypłowska",fullName:"Agnieszka Szypłowska",slug:"agnieszka-szyplowska"},{id:"151480",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczek",fullName:"Andrzej Wilczek",slug:"andrzej-wilczek"}]},{id:"39868",title:"Time Stability of Soil Water Content",slug:"time-stability-of-soil-water-content",signatures:"Wei Hu, Lindsay K. Tallon, Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si",authors:[{id:"151062",title:"Prof.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Si",fullName:"Bing Si",slug:"bing-si"}]},{id:"39857",title:"Model Averaging for Semivariogram Model Parameters",slug:"model-averaging-for-semivariogram-model-parameters",signatures:"Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si",authors:[{id:"151062",title:"Prof.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Si",fullName:"Bing Si",slug:"bing-si"},{id:"151832",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",fullName:"Asim Biswas",slug:"asim-biswas"}]},{id:"39953",title:"Scale Dependence and Time Stability of Nonstationary Soil Water Storage in a Hummocky Landscape Using Global Wavelet Coherency",slug:"scale-dependence-and-time-stability-of-nonstationary-soil-water-storage-in-a-hummocky-landscape-usin",signatures:"Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si",authors:[{id:"151062",title:"Prof.",name:"Bing",middleName:null,surname:"Si",fullName:"Bing Si",slug:"bing-si"},{id:"151832",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",fullName:"Asim Biswas",slug:"asim-biswas"}]},{id:"39940",title:"Improving Soil Primary Productivity Conditions with Minimum Energy Input in the Mediterranean",slug:"improving-soil-primary-productivity-conditions-with-minimum-energy-input-in-the-mediterranean",signatures:"Elsa Sampaio and Júlio C. Lima",authors:[{id:"151113",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsa",middleName:"Paula Morgado",surname:"Sampaio",fullName:"Elsa Sampaio",slug:"elsa-sampaio"},{id:"155400",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlio",middleName:"César",surname:"Lima",fullName:"Júlio Lima",slug:"julio-lima"}]},{id:"41733",title:"Soil Behaviour Characteristics Under Applied Forces in Confined and Unconfined Spaces",slug:"soil-behaviour-characteristics-under-applied-forces-in-confined-and-unconfined-spaces",signatures:"Seth I. Manuwa",authors:[{id:"37280",title:"Prof.",name:"Seth",middleName:"Idowu",surname:"Manuwa",fullName:"Seth Manuwa",slug:"seth-manuwa"}]},{id:"45516",title:"Microaggregate Stability of Tropical Soils and its Roles on Soil Erosion Hazard Prediction",slug:"microaggregate-stability-of-tropical-soils-and-its-roles-on-soil-erosion-hazard-prediction",signatures:"C.A. Igwe and S.E. Obalum",authors:[{id:"59964",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Igwe",fullName:"Charles Igwe",slug:"charles-igwe"},{id:"151469",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunday",middleName:"E.",surname:"Obalum",fullName:"Sunday Obalum",slug:"sunday-obalum"}]},{id:"39954",title:"Soil Physical Properties and Nitrous Oxide Emission from Agricultural Soils",slug:"soil-physical-properties-and-nitrous-oxide-emission-from-agricultural-soils",signatures:"Natalya P. Buchkina, Elena Y. Rizhiya, Sergey V. Pavlik and Eugene V.\nBalashov",authors:[{id:"151966",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalya",middleName:null,surname:"Buchkina",fullName:"Natalya Buchkina",slug:"natalya-buchkina"},{id:"151967",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Rizhiya",fullName:"Elena Rizhiya",slug:"elena-rizhiya"},{id:"151968",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Balashov",fullName:"Eugene Balashov",slug:"eugene-balashov"},{id:"151975",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Pavlik",fullName:"Sergey Pavlik",slug:"sergey-pavlik"}]},{id:"39942",title:"Identification of Wheat Morphotype and Variety Based on XRay Images of Kernels",slug:"identification-of-wheat-morphotype-and-variety-based-on-xray-images-of-kernels",signatures:"Alexander M. Demyanchuk, Stanisław Grundas and Leonid P.\nVelikanov",authors:[{id:"14397",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanisław",middleName:"Teodor",surname:"Grundas",fullName:"Stanisław Grundas",slug:"stanislaw-grundas"},{id:"151121",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Demyanchuk",fullName:"Alexander Demyanchuk",slug:"alexander-demyanchuk"},{id:"151122",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonid",middleName:null,surname:"Velikanov",fullName:"Leonid Velikanov",slug:"leonid-velikanov"}]},{id:"45150",title:"Physical Properties of Seeds in Technological Processes",slug:"physical-properties-of-seeds-in-technological-processes",signatures:"B. Dobrzański and A. Stępniewski",authors:[{id:"168809",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Stępniewski",fullName:"Andrzej Stępniewski",slug:"andrzej-stepniewski"}]},{id:"39944",title:"Criteria of Determination of Safe Grain Storage Time – A Review",slug:"criteria-of-determination-of-safe-grain-storage-time-a-review",signatures:"Agnieszka Kaleta and Krzysztof Górnicki",authors:[{id:"39519",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Górnicki",fullName:"Krzysztof Górnicki",slug:"krzysztof-gornicki"},{id:"75295",title:"Prof.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Kaleta",fullName:"Agnieszka Kaleta",slug:"agnieszka-kaleta"}]},{id:"39936",title:"Extrusion-Cooking of Starch",slug:"extrusion-cooking-of-starch",signatures:"L. Moscicki, M. Mitrus, A. Wojtowicz, T. Oniszczuk and A. Rejak",authors:[{id:"151046",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Moscicki",fullName:"Leszek Moscicki",slug:"leszek-moscicki"}]},{id:"39943",title:"Determination of Food Quality by Using Spectroscopic Methods",slug:"determination-of-food-quality-by-using-spectroscopic-methods",signatures:"Agnieszka Nawrocka and Joanna Lamorska",authors:[{id:"151304",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Nawrocka",fullName:"Agnieszka Nawrocka",slug:"agnieszka-nawrocka"},{id:"151497",title:"MSc.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Lamorska",fullName:"Joanna Lamorska",slug:"joanna-lamorska"}]},{id:"44744",title:"Plant Fibres for Textile and Technical Applications",slug:"plant-fibres-for-textile-and-technical-applications",signatures:"M. Sfiligoj Smole, S. Hribernik, K. Stana Kleinschek and T. Kreže",authors:[{id:"17945",title:"Prof.",name:"Majda",middleName:null,surname:"Sfiligoj-Smole",fullName:"Majda Sfiligoj-Smole",slug:"majda-sfiligoj-smole"},{id:"20508",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvo",middleName:null,surname:"Hribernik",fullName:"Silvo Hribernik",slug:"silvo-hribernik"},{id:"20510",title:"Prof.",name:"Karin",middleName:null,surname:"Stana-Kleinschek",fullName:"Karin Stana-Kleinschek",slug:"karin-stana-kleinschek"},{id:"27045",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Kreze",fullName:"Tatjana Kreze",slug:"tatjana-kreze"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74096",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94521",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",body:'The Fourier transform has been the basis of digital signal processing since the development of the fast Fourier transform in 1965 by Cooley and Tukey in [1]. Its use for analysis goes back much farther with the development of the Fourier transform by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier in 1807 as a solution to thermodynamic equations. By using the Fourier transform, we can take any signal and obtain the amplitude of the sinusoids needed to recreate it. Then we can use this information to obtain the power spectrum of the signal, or we modify the amplitudes and take the inverse Fourier transform of the signal, which then filters the signal.
A fundamental limitation of the Fourier transform is that the all properties of a signal are global in scope. Information about local features of the signal, such as changes in frequency, becomes a global property of the signal in the frequency domain. There have been various methods proposed to address this limitation; the main two are the windowed Fourier transform and wavelets.
Gabor [2] created the windowed Fourier transform in 1946. It applies a window function of a short duration to the signal and the Fourier transform is applied to the resulting data. This method is frequently used; however, there are two limitations with this method. The first is that, since the filtering window is constant, it creates problems if the feature is larger or shorter than the window. The second is that the time resolution is the same for high frequencies as it is for low frequencies. Since as frequency increases, so does the rate of change of the signal, higher frequency signals can have more information in the same period of time as lower frequency signals, and so require a higher time resolution.
Wavelets overcome both these limitations in that the window is scaled in both time and frequency. The term wavelet was introduced by Ricker [3] in 1940 to describe the limited duration functions that he created to model seismic phenomena. The first wavelet was created earlier, in 1910, by Haar [4] as an alternative to the Fourier transform developed in 1807 by Fourier [5]. Work on the wavelet transform preceded slowly through the twentieth century until the 1980’s when work on them increased dramatically with the development of the continuous wavelet transform. In the 1990’s, the discrete wavelet transform and its inverse were developed, allowing filtering and compression of signals.
The wavelet transform has many more modes of operation and other options than the Fourier transform. This is one of the key problems with the use of wavelets; we can feel overwhelmed by all the options we have available with them. This chapter will go through some of these options and demonstrate their use.
The Fourier Transform was first published in 1822 by Joseph Fourier [6]. It converts a mathematical function from the time domain to the frequency domain. This enables us to find new properties of the function that would otherwise be hidden. There are several different variations of the Fourier transform equation. In this chapter, we are using the traditional electrical engineering equation
to convert f(t) to the frequency domain.
The Fourier transform itself is for continuous functions. The Discrete Fourier transform was developed for astronomical observations. The goal was to calculate a trigonometric equation for the orbit of an object in the sky based on observations of its ascensions and declinations at various points in time. Most datasets consist of discrete points sampled in time. These can be converted to the frequency domain as well with the discrete Fourier transform. The computational complexity of this is O(n2).
An interesting note about the Fast Fourier Transform is that it actually predates the Fourier Transform. While the Fast Fourier Transform that we now use was published in a paper by Cooley and Tukey [1] in 1967, a functionally equivalent algorithm was found in an unpublished work by Carl Friedrich Gauss [7] that is presumed to date to 1805. A fascinating history of the Fast Fourier Transform is in [8]. Gauss was computing the discrete Fourier transform of 12 points and noted that the problem could be broken down into subproblems that could simplify the number of steps used [5].
The Fast Fourier Transform reduces the computational complexity of the Discrete Fourier Transform from O(n2) to O(n log2 n). This enables efficient computation of time series. Table 1 shows how the computational complexity increases for an O(n2) process versus an O(n log2 n) process. The difference grows between the two processes until at 1 million data points, the discrete Fourier transform would require over 50,000 times the amount of time that the Fast Fourier transform would require.
n | O(n2) | O(n log2 n) | Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
10 | 100 | 34 | 2.94 |
100 | 10,000 | 665 | 15.04 |
1000 | 1,000,000 | 9966 | 100.34 |
10,000 | 100,000,000 | 132,878 | 752.57 |
100,000 | 10,000,000,000 | 1,660,965 | 6020.60 |
1,000,000 | 1E+12 | 1,9931,569 | 50171.66 |
Computational complexity of O(n2) versus O(n log2 n).
The drawback with the Fourier transform is that all signal information is across the entire range of the transform. As stated in [9], “A local characteristic of the signal becomes a global characteristic of the transform”. As illustrated by other authors [10], the best way that this can be explained is by a score of music as shown in Figure 1.
Opening of Beethoven’s 5th Symphony [11].
The score consists of many different notes, each with a finite duration, each happening at a precise time. A Fourier transform of this signal gives you the average amplitude of the individual frequencies over the entire piece, but obscures the duration and location of the notes. The Fourier power spectrum of music often approximates that of pink (1/f) noise [12]. That information is not lost, since the Fourier transform is reversible, but is encoded in the phase of the Fourier transform.
In 1946, Gabor [2] proposed the windowed Fourier transform as a way to deal with this problem. In it, a window function of a short duration is applied to the signal and the Fourier transform is taken. This is repeated at different locations in the signal. An example of the use of Hamming window function is shown in Figure 2.
Multiple Hamming window functions at successive locations in time.
One limitation of the windowed Fourier transform is that the window length is constant. When a signal feature is much shorter than the window, information about it can be difficult to extract, since the any local property within the time span of the window becomes a global property of the Fourier transform of the window, as noted previously. Conversely, when a signal feature is larger than the windowing function, information about it spans multiple windows, and can also be difficult to extract.
Another limitation is that the time resolution for the windowed Fourier transform is the same for high frequency signals as it is for low frequency signals. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that the time resolution of the window is inversely proportional to the frequency resolution. Since a high frequency signal changes much faster than a low frequency signal, it would be ideal to have a transform with better time resolution for high frequency portions of the signal, and better frequency resolution for lower frequency portions of the signal.
Going back to the music score, we can see this by looking at two different notes, Middle C, and one that is two octaves higher, called C6, as shown in Figure 3.
Musical notation for middle C and C6.
The frequency for middle C is 261.63 Hertz, and the frequency for C6 is 1046.50 [13]. The frequency for C6 is quadruple the one for Middle C, which means that for every complete cycle of the middle C note, four complete cycles of C6 have occurred, as shown in Figure 4. The windowed Fourier transform would have the limitation that both notes would be treated equally, when the time resolution for C6 needs to be 4 times that of middle C for analysis purposes.
Amplitude graph for Middle C and C6.
The wavelet transform overcomes the limitation of the windowed Fourier transform by scaling the bandwidth of the filter inversely to the frequency. According to [14], while each box of the windowed Fourier transform has the same bandwidth, each level of the wavelet transform has the same Q as defined as
This gives the transform the desired time resolution for the higher frequency portions of the signal and the desired frequency resolution for lower frequency portions.
The continuous wavelet has a long history spanning from the 1940’s to present. In 1940, Norman Ricker first proposed the term wavelet and various mathematical functions to model seismic waves as they traveled through the Earth’s crust in [3]. He further refined this in a series of papers [15, 16, 17]. This was the first continuous wavelet. The functions in the time domain are given by
called the three-loop equation, and
called the two-loop equation [18]. Graphs for both of these are in Figure 5.
Three loop (a) and two loop (b) Ricker wavelet equation with fm = 1.
The next development for continuous wavelets was in the 1980’s by Grossman and Morlet, and expanded on by Stephen Mallat and others [19]. The term continuous wavelet refers to the fact that it can be scaled to any time scale. Discrete wavelets can only use specific time scales, usually a power of 2.
Wavelet analysis centers around the use of a wavelet function, also called the mother function in literature, traditionally represented by the Greek letter upsilon (ψ). A key requirement is that it has finite energy, i.e.
The energy of the wavelet function is usually one. Functions such as sine and cosine cannot be used as analyzing functions, because they violate this condition by having infinite energy. There is an implicit requirement that, while it has finite energy, it must have some energy, so the integration of the function must be greater than zero.
The second requirement is known as the admissibility condition, which states that the Fourier transform of the wavelet function cannot have a zero-frequency component, i.e.
This can only be satisfied if
A third condition is usually that the wavelet function must have zero mean, which means that it must oscillate, hence be a wavelet. Mathematically this is [20]
Another condition is that the wavelet function has effective support. While the wavelet functions for the continuous wavelets are usually mathematical functions that extend to infinity, effective support means that the wavelet functions are effectively zero outside of a certain range. Since the continuous wavelet functions asymptotically approach 0 as x goes to either ∞ or -∞, the choice of the boundary of this range is a bit arbitrary and can vary from paper to paper.
Morlet and Grossman formalized the continuous wavelet transform in 1984 in [21]. For the continuous wavelet transform, the wavelet function itself is shifted in time and is scaled to do the wavelet transforms [22] as the following equation illustrates:
The continuous wavelet transform is defined as the integration of the function to be analyzed with the complex conjugate of the wavelet function:
In some papers such as [22], you will see the definition of the continuous wavelet transform without the complex conjugate definition. Since most wavelet functions are real valued and not complex, both definitions are equivalent, since the complex conjugate of a real number is equal to that number. The difference only comes up when the wavelet function is complex, such as the Gabor wavelet.
An alternate formula for the continuous wavelet transform is
where Wn(s) is the transformed sequence, xn′ is the original sequence, and ψ* is the complex conjugate of the analyzing wavelet function, n represents the time shift or dilation, and s represents the scale. Usually the time shift is calculated over the total number of data points of the function, and s goes over the scales that are being analyzed to give a two-dimensional picture of the data [23].
The first discrete wavelet was created in 1910 by Alfred Haar as an alternative to the Fourier transform. This consists of two functions as shown in Figure 6, one a scaling function and a wavelet function. The scaling function is the unit step function and the wavelet function consists of offsets from that.
Scaling (a) and wavelet (b) functions for Haar wavelet.
One of the drawbacks of the continuous wavelet transform is that it creates a lot of redundant data, since the coefficients between the scales are highly correlated. Ingrid Daubechies developed the theory of discrete wavelets in 1988, which generates compact data by eliminating the redundancy. Daubechies created an entire family of wavelet functions with the Haar wavelet forming the first level of the Daubechies wavelet.
The wavelet function for discrete wavelets is modified to
where s0 is the scale of the wavelet, usually 2 [20]. This condition as well as the condition that j and k are integers restricts the wavelet to only certain scales. The wavelet function has the properties of finite energy, oscillation, and the admissibility condition of the continuous wavelets, as well as the properties of compact support, vanishing moments, and orthogonality.
Compact support means that the wavelet function is defined by a series of coefficients over a finite region, and is zero at all other places. This contrasts with the continuous wavelets, which, as mentioned, are mathematical functions and have effective support in which the function continues to infinity, but is effectively zero outside of a finite range.
Vanishing moments are obtained when the following condition defined mathematically as
holds true for all integers 0 ≤ k < N, where N is the number of vanishing moments of the function [24]. This property is useful for analyzing functions that have an additive polynomial trend function given by
Here, g(x) is the function to be analyzed and N(x) is the polynomial trend function (also termed a nuisance function in Economics).
The orthogonality condition removes the redundancy of the continuous wavelet transform. As stated earlier, the discrete wavelet transform can only be used at certain scales, most often a power of 2. Mathematically it is stated as
An orthogonal basis ensures that the signal is represented in the most compact way possible. However, by removing all the redundant information, this also removes information to handle shift variance. The exact same function sampled at two different places can yield very different results. In order to deal with this, some discrete wavelet transforms retain some of this redundant information.
Each wavelet of the discrete wavelet family consists of two functions, a wavelet function (ψ), as in the continuous wavelet families, and also a new function called a scaling function (ϕ). In literature, these are termed the mother and father functions respectively. The scaling function has its own admissibility condition, which ensures that it has the zero-frequency component that the wavelet function does not:
This is necessary so that a discrete wavelet transform terminates in a finite number of steps and can completely regenerate the information in the signal [20]. Otherwise, the zero-frequency component could never be captured, since no amount of scaling value can cause the wavelet filter to have a zero-frequency component.
In addition, as specified in [25] the scaling equation is defined in terms of a finite set of coefficients pk that are defined by the following equation
that adheres to the following conditions as specified in [25] as well:
The wavelet function is defined by
where l is the length of the set of coefficients, so that the wavelet coefficients are basically the scaling coefficients in reverse order with alternating signs. These coefficients are used to implement the discrete wavelet transform as a filter bank of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. Graph of the scaling and wavelet functions for Daubechies level 2 wavelet are shown in Figure 7 and the frequency response is shown in Figure 8. As with the Haar wavelet, the wavelet function is a high pass filter and the scaling function is a low pass filter. Both are symmetric around π/2.
Scaling (a) and Wavelet (b) functions for Daubechies level 2 wavelet.
Different papers and software implementations have different coefficients for the Haar and Daubechies wavelet, depending on how they are normalized and whether the scale parameter from Eq. (8) is included is included in the filter. The coefficients for the Haar and the Daubechies level 2 wavelet are in Tables 2 and 3 with b defined by the implementation. Mathematica uses 2 for b, which would normalize the sum of the coefficients to 1. PyWavelets uses
Scaling coefficients | Wavelet coefficients | ||
---|---|---|---|
c0 | 1/b | d0 | 1/b |
c1 | 1/b | d1 | −1/b |
Coefficients for Haar scaling and wavelet functions.
Scaling coefficients | Wavelet coefficients | ||
---|---|---|---|
c0 | d0 | ||
c1 | d1 | ||
c2 | d2 | ||
c3 | d3 |
Coefficients for Daubechies level 2 scaling and wavelet functions.
The class of discrete wavelet functions has many transforms available with the discrete wavelet transform in Figure 9 the most common. Since this was the transform introduced with the Haar wavelet, it is sometimes referred to as the Haar transform [26] as well as the decimated wavelet transform [10]. Essentially, it works as a pyramid algorithm, where the number of coefficients of each lower level is roughly twice that of the preceding level, but each coefficient is influenced by half as much of the data set as the preceding level. Each level has two sets of coefficients, one is called coarse and the other is called details.
Frequency response of scaling function (red) and wavelet function (blue) for Daubechies level 2 wavelet.
In Figure 9, g is the scaling filter defined by the set of scaling filter coefficients and h is the wavelet filter defined by the set of wavelet filter coefficients. At each level, the detail coefficients (W) are outputs, except for the final level, where the coarse coefficients (V) are given as outputs as well. Collectively, this set of coefficients contains enough information to reconstruct the signal perfectly.
One key part of the discrete wavelet transform is the down sampling operator, which is a function that removes every other position from a sequence. An example would be the sequence {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} would be {a, c, e, g} or {b, d, f, h}, after the down sampling operator is applied, depending on whether the even or the odd positions are eliminated. Both are valid, however, by convention with the discrete wavelet transform, the even positions are eliminated, leaving only the odd positions. The down sampling operator is what makes the discrete wavelet transform a pyramid function and also reduces the set of coefficients to the minimum amount necessary to reconstruct the signal.
A problem with the decimation operator is aliasing. This is when different sequences map to the same sequence after the application of the operator. An example would be that the sequences {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} and {a, h, c, i, e, j, g} would both map to the sequence {a, c, d, g}. Therefore, just given the sequence {a, c, d, g}, it would be impossible to reconstruct the original. The filters of the discrete wavelets are designed to compensate for this, ensuring that the original sequence can be recovered. The combination of these filters with the down sampling operator is referred to as decimation.
The discrete wavelet transform also has an inverse transform. This process combines as described in Figure 10 to form a perfect reconstruction of the signal, where
Diagram of a three-level discrete wavelet transform.
Implementing the discrete wavelet transform as a finite impulse response filter and using decimation gives it a computational complexity of O(n). As Table 4 shows, an O(n) process can be much faster than an O(n log2 n) process such as the fast Fourier Transform. At 1 million samples, an O(n) process requires almost 20 times less operations than an O(n log2 n) process (Table 4).
n | O(n log2 n) | O(n) | Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
10 | 34 | 10 | 3.40 |
100 | 665 | 100 | 6.65 |
1000 | 9966 | 1000 | 9.97 |
10,000 | 132,878 | 10,000 | 13.29 |
100,000 | 1,660,965 | 100,000 | 16.61 |
1,000,000 | 19,931,569 | 1,000,000 | 19.93 |
Computational complexity of O(n log2 n) versus O(n).
Another wavelet transform for discrete wavelet functions is the stationary wavelet transform, also known as the undecimated discrete wavelet transform. Essentially the stationary wavelet transform is the discrete wavelet transform without the decimation operation for the data. Whereas the number of coefficients for each level is half that of the preceding level in the discrete wavelet transform, the number of coefficients is the same for each level in the stationary wavelet transform.
The procedure is diagrammed in Figure 11, where gn is the set of the scaling filter coefficients and hn is the set of the wavelet filter coefficients. The reason that the scaling filter and wavelet filter coefficients are different for each level is that instead of the decimation operator being applied to the wavelet data coefficients after each level, the upsampling operator is applied to the wavelet and scaling filter coefficients. The wavelet and scaling coefficients for each level are upsampled from the previous level, as shown in Figure 12.
Diagram of a three-level inverse discrete wavelet transform.
Diagram of a three-level stationary wavelet transform.
Like the discrete wavelet transform, the stationary wavelet transform has an inverse transform, as shown in Figure 13. The difference between this and the inverse discrete wavelet transform is the absence of the upsampling operator. As with the stationary wavelet transform, the filter coefficients for the inverse stationary wavelet transform are changed instead of the data. In this case, the filters are down sampled. The retention of redundant data in the stationary wavelet transform helps to make it translation invariant, which is useful for filtering applications (Figure 13).
Diagram of a filter upsampling for the stationary wavelet transform.
Diagram of a three-level inverse stationary wavelet transform.
Since the decimation step is not used, the stationary wavelet transform has a computational complexity of O(n log2 n), the same as the Fast Fourier Transform. However, there is also memory complexity to consider. While the Fast Fourier Transform and the Discrete Wavelet Transform has an O(n) memory complexity, the stationary wavelet transform has an O(n log2 n) memory complexity. Therefore, the output will always be larger than the input.
The two previous transforms applied the detail and the coarse filters to the data at each level. The output of the coarse filter is given as the input to the next level and the output of the detail filter at that level is included in the set of the outputs of the transform. In the final level, the output of both the detail and the coarse filters were included in the set of outputs of the transform; however, that is not the only possibility. The packet transform creates a binary tree where the detail and coarse filters are applied to each node, diagrammed in Figure 14. The output of the detail filter becomes one child and the output of the coarse filter becomes the other. This process is repeated until the final level is reached, creating a set of output coefficients where each set is identified by the sequence of filters applied to it.
Diagram of a three-level discrete wavelet packet transform.
The stationary wavelet packet transform is yet another transform for discrete wavelet functions. Basically, it combines the stationary wavelet transform with the wavelet packet transform, as diagrammed in Figure 15. Instead of the decimation operator, the filters themselves are upsampled for each level. The transform creates a binary tree, as with the discrete wavelet packet transform, where both filters for each level are applied at each node. As with the wavelet packet transform, the output from the detail filter becomes one child and the output from the scaling filter becomes the other, and the process is repeated until the final level is reached. Each set of output coefficients are also identified by the sequence of filters applied to it, with the difference that since there is no decimation applied between levels, the number of each set of output coefficients is the same as the input data. This leads to the total number of output coefficients to be 2 times the number of levels multiplied by the length of the input data. Both the discrete wavelet packet transform and the stationary wavelet packet transform have inverse transforms.
Diagram of a three-level stationary wavelet packet transform.
The wavelet packet transform introduces many more possibilities for use, some of which are discussed here. Depending on the application, you can do different combinations of the scaling and wavelet filters. Computational complexity depends on the filter combinations selected. If it is taken to the maximum level with the maximum filter combinations, then the discrete wavelet packet transform has a complexity of O(n log2 n) and the stationary wavelet packet transform has a complexity of O(n2).
The Fast Fourier Transform has been listed as one of the top algorithms of the 20th century [27]. Its development has been instrumental to digital signal processing. However, recently a new algorithm, the wavelet transform, has started to have a significant impact on digital signal processing. The wavelet transform improves on the Fourier Transform in that it can analyze a signal by time and frequency simultaneously, thereby easily recovering localized signal information. This is key to many applications, including fractal and multifractal analysis, compression, and filtering.
The wavelet transform introduces many possibilities for use and this chapter has only touched the surface of it. Different wavelets can be used and the transform itself can be customized to fit the application as shown with the wavelet packet transform. Future research will be to determine the proper combination of features for various applications. In addition, there are other possibilities, such as the lifting wavelet transform, which wasn’t covered in this chapter. Only orthogonal wavelets that use the same set of wavelets for the forward and inverse transform were covered in this chapter. Biorthogonal wavelets that use different wavelets for the forward and inverse transforms are also available.
The key to wavelet compression and filtering is the sparse signal representation generated by the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform can reduce a signal to minimal set of coefficients. Coefficients that are near zero can be rounded to zero, reducing the size of the signal. In addition, fractional parts of the coefficients can be rounded, also reducing signal size. One of the first uses of this was to compress fingerprints for the FBI [28]. As stated in [29], in the 1990’s the FBI had 25 million cards, each containing 10 fingerprints. Digitized, each card contained 10 megabytes of information, for a total of 250 terabytes. Using the two-dimensional discrete wavelet packet transform gives a compression ratio of 20 to 1, enabling the archive to be stored on approximately 12.5 terabytes, while still being able to search and match unknown fingerprints against the ones in the archive. The recently developed JPEG format at the time was based on using the discrete cosine transform on blocks of the image, which left unacceptable artifacts in the image.
JPEG 2000 was developed using the two-dimensional wavelet transform to be the successor to JPEG, although it hasn’t caught on. JPEG 2000 allows both lossy and lossless compression. It also doesn’t have the lossy artifact generation that the JPEG format has as mentioned previously. Both lossy and lossless compression use the discrete wavelet transform, the difference is that the lossless one uses a wavelet transform that is reversible, while the lossy one uses a wavelet transform that introduces quantization noise that making it irreversible.
Compressed sensing deals with the fact that we that we can obtain a vast amount of information and a lot of it can be discarded and still retain what is relevant. As stated in [24], “singularities and irregular structures often carry the most important information in signals.” This is due to the fact that they represent changes to one or more of the properties of the signal. An example of this would be the edges in an image. Compressed sensing removes the redundant, unnecessary information from a signal and analyzes the remaining part of the signal. This is an ideal application for the wavelet transform.
The discrete wavelet transform has been used for Iris recognition for biometric identification in patent US 2002O150281A1 [30]. After taking a picture of the eye, the iris is extracted from the image and then converted to polar coordinates. Using the discrete wavelet transform, the high frequency components are extracted, which are the detail coefficients as referenced in this paper. These form the characteristic vector that is used to identify an iris from the previously recorded data.
The wavelet transform can provide an efficient way to filter white noise from a signal. The procedure consists of applying one of the discrete wavelet transforms to the data and then executing a threshold algorithm that modifies the detail coefficients. After the coefficients are modified, then the inverse transform is applied; the resulting output is a representation of the signal with the noise component significantly reduced.
There are numerous packages available for experimenting with the wavelet transform. The discrete and stationary wavelet transforms are available in Mathematica, Maple, Matlab, R, and PyWavelets to name a few, with the wavelet packet transform available in Mathematica, Matlab, and PyWavelets.
The wavelet transform provides many possibilities for signal analysis depending on the application. A few potential applications were touched on here. The reader is encouraged to develop their own uses and applications for the wavelet transform.
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
",metaTitle:"Types of publications",metaDescription:"IntechOpen publishes different types of publications",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\\n\\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\\n\\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\\n\\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\\n\\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\\n\\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\\n\\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\\n\\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\\n\\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\\n\\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\\n\\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\\n\\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5763},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10365},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15784}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118187},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"6,16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10725",title:"Paranasal Sinuses Anatomy and Conditions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7373bad684eb0c956ad2725227cd7227",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10725.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10709",title:"Heart Valve Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cb3479fd272d968ee7eee95ae09ea9db",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10723",title:"Brachial Plexus Injury",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"441fb315d751efcdc4ae3fdb03808b46",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10723.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10730",title:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2ac3ed12d9db14ee4bc66d7808c82295",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10707",title:"Primary Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bdb1aeb61b1eb116c1bdb09d25593686",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10712",title:"Thrombectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"853e71d74c3dd5007277d3770e639d47",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10712.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10719",title:"Diverticulum and its Related Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"87a9b5a36a9ddb31f3281d5e5961fede",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10719.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10715",title:"Brain MRI",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d56c88c53776966959f41f8b75daafd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10715.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10731",title:"Cannabinoids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1d2e090ecf2415b8d3c9fba15856b7b1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10731.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10703",title:"Cardiovascular Risk Factors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"74951b49bbb62ec0de58ef39b777256b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10703.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10783",title:"Huntington's Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"014e040c96e46bcafb2a4f3610ed1883",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10783.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:64},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5221},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"26",title:"Agricultural Engineering",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-agricultural-engineering",parent:{title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:97,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:27,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-agricultural-engineering",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8939",title:"Urban Horticulture",subtitle:"Necessity of the Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5db1ff90f7e404baf4e42cdfbe0b9755",slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",bookSignature:"Shashank Shekhar Solankey, Shirin Akhtar, Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodriguez-Fuentes, Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras and Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8939.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210702",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashank Shekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Solankey",slug:"shashank-shekhar-solankey",fullName:"Shashank Shekhar Solankey"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8308",title:"Agricultural Economics",subtitle:"Current Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"138b8e4117a40c74fc41ec72d552fa9f",slug:"agricultural-economics-current-issues",bookSignature:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8308.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37057",title:"Dr.",name:"Surendra N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kulshreshtha",slug:"surendra-n.-kulshreshtha",fullName:"Surendra N. Kulshreshtha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6265",title:"Automation in Agriculture",subtitle:"Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"397d9aa9d63ecac6048c1c2274f35704",slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",bookSignature:"Stephan Hussmann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6265.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6250",title:"Prof. Dr.-Ing.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Hussmann",slug:"stephan-hussmann",fullName:"Stephan Hussmann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5227",title:"Urban Agriculture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"722ebe60b63f7c01577d063a3e39c36a",slug:"urban-agriculture",bookSignature:"Mohamed Samer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175050",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Samer",slug:"mohamed-samer",fullName:"Mohamed Samer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"57703",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71582",title:"The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Precision Agriculture",slug:"the-fourth-industrial-revolution-and-precision-agriculture",totalDownloads:2117,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Jehoon Sung",authors:[{id:"210240",title:"Dr.",name:"Jehoon",middleName:null,surname:"Sung",slug:"jehoon-sung",fullName:"Jehoon Sung"}]},{id:"69221",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89279",title:"Social Value of Urban Rooftop Farming: A Hong Kong Case Study",slug:"social-value-of-urban-rooftop-farming-a-hong-kong-case-study",totalDownloads:463,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"agricultural-economics-current-issues",title:"Agricultural Economics",fullTitle:"Agricultural Economics - Current Issues"},signatures:"Ting Wang and Mathew Pryor",authors:[{id:"289674",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ting",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"ting-wang",fullName:"Ting Wang"},{id:"289677",title:"Prof.",name:"Mathew",middleName:null,surname:"Pryor",slug:"mathew-pryor",fullName:"Mathew Pryor"}]},{id:"50067",doi:"10.5772/62301",title:"Urban Gardening: From Cost Avoidance to Profit Making — Example from Ljubljana, Slovenia",slug:"urban-gardening-from-cost-avoidance-to-profit-making-example-from-ljubljana-slovenia",totalDownloads:1783,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"urban-agriculture",title:"Urban Agriculture",fullTitle:"Urban Agriculture"},signatures:"Matjaž Glavan, Majda Černič Istenič, Rozalija Cvejić and Marina\nPintar",authors:[{id:"61187",title:"Prof.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Pintar",slug:"marina-pintar",fullName:"Marina Pintar"},{id:"82604",title:"Dr.",name:"Matjaž",middleName:null,surname:"Glavan",slug:"matjaz-glavan",fullName:"Matjaž Glavan"},{id:"178797",title:"Dr.",name:"Rozalija",middleName:null,surname:"Cvejić",slug:"rozalija-cvejic",fullName:"Rozalija Cvejić"},{id:"179170",title:"Prof.",name:"Majda",middleName:null,surname:"Černič Istenič",slug:"majda-cernic-istenic",fullName:"Majda Černič Istenič"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57703",title:"The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Precision Agriculture",slug:"the-fourth-industrial-revolution-and-precision-agriculture",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Jehoon Sung",authors:[{id:"210240",title:"Dr.",name:"Jehoon",middleName:null,surname:"Sung",slug:"jehoon-sung",fullName:"Jehoon Sung"}]},{id:"70662",title:"Automation and Robotics Used in Hydroponic System",slug:"automation-and-robotics-used-in-hydroponic-system",totalDownloads:1544,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes, Héctor Flores Breceda, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes, Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras and Urbano Luna Maldonado",authors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"},{id:"215230",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Vidales Contreras",slug:"juan-antonio-vidales-contreras",fullName:"Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras"},{id:"220744",title:"MSc.",name:"Héctor",middleName:null,surname:"Flores Breceda",slug:"hector-flores-breceda",fullName:"Héctor Flores Breceda"},{id:"252026",title:"Dr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Fuentes",slug:"humberto-rodriguez-fuentes",fullName:"Humberto Rodríguez-Fuentes"},{id:"299825",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Márquez Reyes",slug:"julia-mariana-marquez-reyes",fullName:"Julia Mariana Márquez Reyes"},{id:"303920",title:"Prof.",name:"Urbano",middleName:null,surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"urbano-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Urbano Luna Maldonado"}]},{id:"71186",title:"Application of Nanotechnology Solutions in Plants Fertilization",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-solutions-in-plants-fertilization",totalDownloads:593,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Daniela Predoi, Rodica V. Ghita, Simona Liliana Iconaru, Carmen Laura Cimpeanu and Stefania Mariana Raita",authors:[{id:"50919",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodica V.",middleName:null,surname:"Ghita",slug:"rodica-v.-ghita",fullName:"Rodica V. Ghita"},{id:"183930",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Predoi",slug:"daniela-predoi",fullName:"Daniela Predoi"},{id:"313256",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Iconaru",slug:"simona-liliana-iconaru",fullName:"Simona Liliana Iconaru"},{id:"313258",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Cimpeanu",slug:"carmen-laura-cimpeanu",fullName:"Carmen Laura Cimpeanu"},{id:"313260",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Raita",slug:"stefania-mariana-raita",fullName:"Stefania Mariana Raita"}]},{id:"70957",title:"Nutrients for Hydroponic Systems in Fruit Crops",slug:"nutrients-for-hydroponic-systems-in-fruit-crops",totalDownloads:586,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Pramod Kumar and Simran Saini",authors:[{id:"253238",title:"Dr.",name:"Pramod",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"pramod-kumar",fullName:"Pramod Kumar"},{id:"316834",title:"Ms.",name:"Simran",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"simran-saini",fullName:"Simran Saini"}]},{id:"59402",title:"Robotic Harvesting of Fruiting Vegetables: A Simulation Approach in V-REP, ROS and MATLAB",slug:"robotic-harvesting-of-fruiting-vegetables-a-simulation-approach-in-v-rep-ros-and-matlab",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Redmond R. Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Manoj Karkee and\nCornelia Weltzien",authors:[{id:"182449",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"A. Hameed",slug:"ibrahim-a.-hameed",fullName:"Ibrahim A. Hameed"},{id:"203413",title:"Dr.",name:"Redmond Ramin",middleName:null,surname:"Shamshiri",slug:"redmond-ramin-shamshiri",fullName:"Redmond Ramin Shamshiri"},{id:"241193",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:null,surname:"Karkee",slug:"manoj-karkee",fullName:"Manoj Karkee"},{id:"241194",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",middleName:null,surname:"Weltzien",slug:"cornelia-weltzien",fullName:"Cornelia Weltzien"}]},{id:"50248",title:"Relationship between Population and Agricultural Land in Amasya",slug:"relationship-between-population-and-agricultural-land-in-amasya",totalDownloads:1530,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"urban-agriculture",title:"Urban Agriculture",fullTitle:"Urban Agriculture"},signatures:"Mustafa Ergen",authors:[{id:"166961",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Ergen",slug:"mustafa-ergen",fullName:"Mustafa Ergen"}]},{id:"58805",title:"The German Vision of Industry 4.0 Applied in Organic Farming",slug:"the-german-vision-of-industry-4-0-applied-in-organic-farming",totalDownloads:1005,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"F. J. Knoll and V. Czymmek",authors:[{id:"211093",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Florian Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Knoll",slug:"florian-johannes-knoll",fullName:"Florian Johannes Knoll"},{id:"221049",title:"BSc.",name:"Vitali",middleName:null,surname:"Czymmek",slug:"vitali-czymmek",fullName:"Vitali Czymmek"}]},{id:"50063",title:"Urban Agriculture Case Studies in Central Texas: From the Ground to the Rooftop",slug:"urban-agriculture-case-studies-in-central-texas-from-the-ground-to-the-rooftop",totalDownloads:1730,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"urban-agriculture",title:"Urban Agriculture",fullTitle:"Urban Agriculture"},signatures:"Bruce D. Dvorak and Ahmed K. Ali",authors:[{id:"178373",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed K.",middleName:"Kamal",surname:"Ali",slug:"ahmed-k.-ali",fullName:"Ahmed K. Ali"},{id:"179542",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"Dvorak",slug:"bruce-dvorak",fullName:"Bruce Dvorak"}]},{id:"59129",title:"The Effect of Vermicompost and Other Fertilizers on the Growth and Productivity of Pepper Plants in Guyana",slug:"the-effect-of-vermicompost-and-other-fertilizers-on-the-growth-and-productivity-of-pepper-plants-in-",totalDownloads:1455,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"automation-in-agriculture-securing-food-supplies-for-future-generations",title:"Automation in Agriculture",fullTitle:"Automation in Agriculture - Securing Food Supplies for Future Generations"},signatures:"Vasnie Ganeshnauth, Sirpaul Jaikishun, Abdullah A Ansari and\nOudho Homenauth",authors:[{id:"206474",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"abdullah-ansari",fullName:"Abdullah Ansari"},{id:"206476",title:"Mr.",name:"Sirpaul",middleName:null,surname:"Jaikishun",slug:"sirpaul-jaikishun",fullName:"Sirpaul Jaikishun"},{id:"210300",title:"Ms.",name:"Vasnie",middleName:null,surname:"Ganaeshnauth",slug:"vasnie-ganaeshnauth",fullName:"Vasnie Ganaeshnauth"},{id:"210301",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudho",middleName:null,surname:"Homenauth",slug:"oudho-homenauth",fullName:"Oudho Homenauth"}]},{id:"71024",title:"Implication of Urban Agriculture and Vertical Farming for Future Sustainability",slug:"implication-of-urban-agriculture-and-vertical-farming-for-future-sustainability",totalDownloads:670,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"urban-horticulture-necessity-of-the-future",title:"Urban Horticulture",fullTitle:"Urban Horticulture - Necessity of the Future"},signatures:"Anwesha Chatterjee, Sanjit Debnath and Harshata Pal",authors:[{id:"312477",title:"Dr.",name:"Harshata",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"harshata-pal",fullName:"Harshata Pal"},{id:"316680",title:"Dr.",name:"Anwesha",middleName:null,surname:"Chatterjee",slug:"anwesha-chatterjee",fullName:"Anwesha Chatterjee"},{id:"316681",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjit",middleName:null,surname:"Debnath",slug:"sanjit-debnath",fullName:"Sanjit Debnath"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-agricultural-engineering",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"book.detail",path:"/books/biotechnology",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"biotechnology"},fullPath:"/books/biotechnology",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()