Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Stator Winding Fault Diagnosis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor-Based DTC-SVM Dedicated to Electric Vehicle Applications

Written By

Fatma Ben Salem

Submitted: 24 April 2019 Reviewed: 23 July 2019 Published: 09 September 2020

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88784

From the Edited Volume

Autonomous Vehicle and Smart Traffic

Edited by Sezgin Ersoy and Tayyab Waqar

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Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) have several advantages such as energy efficiency, virtually lack of pollution, and the availability of electric energy through electric distribution systems. Among the major components of an EV is the block control of the AC motor. Many modern high-performance control technologies are being used in EV controllers, such as direct torque control-based space vector modulation (DTC-SVM). Given that permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has a small volume, a lightweight, and a high reliability, attracting the interest of EV industrial designers. The fault diagnosis about the PMSM problems is essential because the PMSM has a huge influence on the safety and economic efficiency with the vehicles. In this background, the chapter concerns the modeling and simulation of an electric vehicle drive system including a PMSM-based DTC-SVM without and with stator winding fault. The performance of the motor under both the normal and faulty conditions is simulated. For the diagnosis of the fault, the chapter proposes the technique based on the motor current spectrum analysis.

Keywords

  • permanent magnet synchronous motor
  • electric vehicles
  • DTC-SVM
  • stator winding fault
  • diagnosis
  • fault signature extraction

1. Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) have several advantages such as energy efficiency, virtually lack of pollution, and the availability of electric energy through electric distribution systems [1, 2, 3, 4]. Among the major components of an electric vehicle is the controlling block of the AC motor. The controller should be designed to make the drive system robust and efficient on both dynamic and steady-state performances.

Many modern high-performance control technologies are being used in EV controllers, such as direct torque control-based space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The advantage of the DTC-SVM methodology is that it has all the merits of DTC strategy [13, 14, 15, 16] by adding the fact of having a fixed switching frequency, which guarantees low vibrations in order to provide passenger comfort.

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) becomes more suitable in wide speed range application due to their high efficiency and wide constant power speed range. In fact, the absence of rotor windings and therefore the absence of external excitation increase the efficiency of the PMSM and greatly reduce its maintenance cost. In addition, the drop in the price of permanent magnets promotes a strong use of this type of machine particularly in the field of electric vehicle applications [17, 18, 19, 20]. In fact, such motor has a small volume, lightweight, and high reliability attracting the interest of EV industrial designers.

So the fault diagnosis about the PMSM problems is essential because the PMSM has a huge influence on the safety and economic efficiency of the vehicles. The stator winding fault is a common fault that has interested researchers for many years [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. It is resulting from the degradation of the inter-turn interphase and main isolation of the motor winding. This internal fault will increase the torque ripples that deteriorate machine performance. However such fault can be rapidly propagated to motor stator turn since it makes a large circulating current in the shorted path yielding excessive heat. The adverse condition of heat will occasionally lead to the progressive deterioration and eventual breakdown of winding insulation in the phase of the motor.

Several methods have been used to detect and estimate the type and the degree of this fault in PMSM. The motor signature current analysis is one of the most common online methods for fault detection. In fact, it is widely used in the field of PMSM fault diagnosis, because it is fast and does not need any specific model. This method uses spectral analysis techniques by comparing the healthy to the faulty case; faults can be detected.

In this chapter, as for signal processing tools, fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to extract the frequency characteristics of the stator current signal. This method will be proposed to detect whether a PMSM, under DTC-SVM traction system, is healthy or faulty.

The chapter is organized as follows. Electric vehicle propulsion system scheme is developed in Section 2. In Section 3, the mathematical model of PMSM in (a, b, c) frame in healthy conditions is introduced and which is followed by Section 4, the PMSM with inter-turn fault modeling. Then, the design of a conventional DTC-SVM traction system is presented. Simulation result, considering steady-state operation, is discussed in Section 6.

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2. Electric vehicle propulsion system scheme

The major electric propulsion system of EV consists of motor, controller, power source, charger, transmission device, and wheels (Figure 1) [28]. The proposed motor drive includes the electric motor (PMSM), power converter (three-phase voltage inverter), energy storage (battery), and electronic controller (DTC-SVM). These components are the core of the EV propulsion system.

Figure 1.

Components of electric vehicle propulsion system.

The tractive effort (Fte) is the force propelling the vehicle forward, transmitted to the ground through the drive wheels. Consider a vehicle of mass Mv, proceeding at a velocity Vv, as in Figure 2. The force propelling the vehicle forward, the tractive effort, has to overcome the following forces:

  • The rolling resistance force: Frrol=μMvg

where μ is the coefficient of rolling resistance (μ=0.005 for tires developed especially for electric vehicles), Mv is the vehicle mass, and g is the gravitational constant

  • The aerodynamic drag: Fad=12ρACdVv2

where ρ is the air density, A is the frontal area, Cd is the drag coefficient, and Vv is the vehicle speed

  • The hill climbing force: Fhc=Mvgsinα

where α is the angle of a slope for a vehicle climbing a hill (in the case of Figure 2α=0).

Figure 2.

The forces acting on a vehicle.

Fte is equal to the sum of the resistance forces [28, 29], as shown in the sequel equation:

Fte=Frrol+Fad+FhcE1

2.1 Voltage source inverter

The DC voltage made constant by the rectifier is delivered by the battery to the inverter input, which thanks to controlled transistor switches, converts this voltage to three-phase AC voltage signal with wide-range variable voltage amplitude and frequency.

The inverter one leg consists of two transistor switches. A simple transistor switch consists of feedback diode connected in antiparallel with transistor. Feedback diode conducts current when the load current direction is opposite to the voltage direction.

Assuming that the power devices are ideal, when they are conducting, the voltage across them is zero and they present an open circuit in their blocking mode. Therefore, each inverter leg can be represented as an ideal switch. It gives the possibility to connect each of the three motor phase coils to a positive or negative voltage of the DC link (E0).

Considering a two-level inverter, presented by Figure 3, the voltage vector of the three-phase voltage inverter is represented as follows:

Figure 3.

Two-level three-phase voltage inverter.

Vs=23Sa+Sbej2π3+Scej4π3E2

where Sa, Sb, and Sc are three-phase inverter switching functions, which can take a logical value of either 0 or 1.

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3. Mathematical model of PMSM in (a, b, c) frame

An accurate dynamic model of the PMSM is necessary to study the dynamic behavior of the machine. Indeed, the dynamic behavior of a PMSM is described in terms of space variables as follows:

Vabc=RsIabc+LsddtIabc+ddtΦmabcE3

considering Vabc=vavbvcT, Iabc=iaibicT, and

dΦmabcdt=Φmωrcosθrcosθr2π3cosθr+2π3T

where Vabc, Iabc, and Φm denote the stator voltages, the stator currents, and the permanent magnetic flux amplitude, respectively. Rs and Ls denote the stator resistance and inductance matrix, respectively.

Φmabc=Φmsinθrsinθr2π3sinθr+2π3E4

since ωr=Npωm, ωr and ωm torque pulsation and mechanical pulsation, respectively. θr is the angular position of the rotor with respect to the magnetic axis of the phase (a) of the stator, θr= Npθm, θm denotes the mechanical angular position of the rotor, and Np is the pole pair number.

The electromagnetic torque can be expressed as follows:

Tem=eaia+ebib+ecicΩmE5

where ea, eb, and ec are the emf of the phases a, b, and c and Φmabcf=Φmeaebec.

Then referring to Eq. (4), the developed equation of electromagnetic torque becomes

Tem=Φmsinθria+sinθr2π3ib+sinθr+2π3icΩmE6

The mechanical part of the machine is described by

JddtΩm=TemTlE7

where J is the motor inertia, Tem is the electromagnetic torque, and Tl is the load torque.

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4. Modeling of the PMSM with inter-turn fault

An inter-turn fault represents an insulation failure between two windings in the same phase of the stator [23].

The representation of a PMSM with stator winding turn fault at phase (a) is shown in Figure 4; a2 and a1 represent the shorted turns and the healthy turns, respectively. The fault is modeled by a small resistance Rf connected across the shorted turns. In fact, Rs denotes the inter-turn short circuit resistance.

Figure 4.

Equivalent circuit of PMSM under inter-turn fault in phase (a).

To represent the impact of the defect, a new parameter σ is introduced. Parameter σ is defined as the ratio between the number of shorted turns Ncc and the total number of turns Ns.

The resistances of the sub-winding a1 and the shorted sub-winding a2 are noted by Ra1 and Ra2, respectively; they are proportional to the number of turns of the involved parties. Therefore, we can express them according to the resistance Ra and the coefficient σ. So we have

Ra1=1σRa,Ra2=σRaE8

By defining the electrical quantities of the new circuit with the index “f”, and refering to Figure 5 the new equations of the motor voltages are reformulated as follows:

Va=Ra1+Ra2ia+La1+La2+2Ma1a2diadt+Ma1b+Ma2bdibdt+Ma1c+Ma2cdicdt+ea+efRa2ifLa2+Ma1a2difdtVb=Rsib+Ldibdt+Ma1b+Ma2bdiadt+Mdicdt+ebMa2bdifdtVc=Rsic+Ldicdt+Ma1c+Ma2cdiadt+Mdibdt+ecMa2cdifdtE9

where L and M denote the phase self-inductance and M is the mutual inductance between phase windings of healthy PMSM, respectively. And considering La1=1σ2La, La2=σ2La and Ma1a2=σ1σLa.

Figure 5.

Schematic representation of an insulation fault between turns on a phase of the stator.

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5. Design of a conventional DTC-SVM traction system

The disadvantages of basic DTC is obvious: torque and flux ripples, deteriorated performance at low speed, and uncontrolled switching frequency of the inverter. For the defects of basic DTC, much works have been made over the past few decades. DTC combined with space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) for PMSM is to accomplish constant switching frequency of the inverter in addition to obtain the desired torque and stator flux with little ripples by synthesizing an appropriate voltage space vector through SVM, which is more accurate than that of basic DTC to compensate the error of desired and actual stator flux.

5.1 Flux reference coordinate computing

The relationship between the voltage, current, and stator flux vectors of a PMSM is given by

ddtΦ¯s=V¯sRsI¯sE10

where Rs is the stator resistance.

The reference of stator flux amplitude and phase is stated using Concordia quantities as

Φs=ϕαs2+ϕβs2,θs=arctanϕβsϕαsE11

5.2 Voltage reference coordinate computing

The coordinates of references of voltage vectors vαs and vβs in (α,β) frame are determined by the following equations:

vαs=ϕαsϕαsTem+Rsiαsvβs=ϕβsϕβsTem+RsiβsE12

These vectors are introduced to the SVM block, which use them to control the inverter switches (Sa,Sb,Sc).

5.3 SVM block design

The SVM technique refers to a special switching scheme of the six power transistors of a two-level three-phase voltage inverter. In fact, it uses eight sorts of different switch modes of the inverter to control the stator flux to advance the reference flux circle. Eight types of switch modes stand for eight space voltage vectors that contain six active voltage vectors and two zero voltage vectors as shown in Figure 6a [30, 31].

Figure 6.

(a) Basic switching vectors and sectors. (b) Projection of the reference voltage vector on two adjacent vectors.

Voltage vectors, created by a three-phase PWM inverter, divide the space vector plane into six sectors: i1π3<Siiπ3, i=1,,6. The determination of the sector, where the reference voltage vector is located, is done according to

θs=arctanvβsvαsE13

The SVM’s principle is to project the desired stator voltage vector Vsref on the two adjacent voltage vectors Vi and Vi+1 corresponding to two switching states of the inverter. Values of these projections provide the determination of desired commutation times Ti and Ti+1 and correspond to two nonzero switching states of the inverter. To maintain the constant commutation frequency, in the case where Ti+Ti+1Tmod, a zero state of the inverter is applied during the rest of the period Tmod, i.e., T0=TmodTi+Ti+1. In what follows, the study will be limited to sector S1, as presented in Figure 6b. As the reference voltage vector Vsref is in sector S1, it can be compounded by the active voltage vectors V1 and V2. The projection on these adjacent vectors gives the following expression:

Vsref=V+jV=T1TmodV1+T2TmodV2E14

where Tmod=T1+T2+T0. D1 and D2 are duties relative to voltages V1 and V2.

In sector S1, expressions of the voltage vectors are

V1=23E0cos0+jsin0=23E0V2=23E0cosπ3+jsinπ3E15

Expressions of T1 and T2 are detailed in the sequel:

T1=32V12VTmodE0T2=2VTmodE0E16

Consequently, the expressions of the duties are given as follows:

D1=32V12V1E0D2=2V1E0E17

The time duration of each nonzero vector is divided equally into two parts, the time duration of zero vectors is distributed equally to V0 and V7, and thus the switching sequence of space vector is V0,V1,V2,V7,V7,V2,V1,V0 during the modulation period.

The duties of each phase of the inverter are calculated as follows:

Da=D1+D2+12D0Db=D2+12D0Dc=12D0E18

As D1+D2+D0=1, duties, given by the system of Eq. (18), turn to be

Da=121+32VE0+12VE0Db=12132VE0+12VE0Dc=12132VE012VE0E19

5.4 Block diagram of the DTC-SVM

The DTC-SVM block diagram retains all the advantages of the conventional DTC, such as no coordinate transformation, robust to motor parameters, etc. Moreover, a SVM block is used to generate the pulses for the inverter in order to promise a fixed commutation frequency.

Figure 7 illustrates the block diagram of the proposed traction control system, and the overall control scheme is set as follows:

  • Including two major loops: the torque control loop and the flux control loop. In fact, the flux and torque are directly controlled individually. The basic principle of the direct torque control is to destine the torque error and the flux error in hysteresis bands by properly choosing the switching states of the inverter.

  • The speed command is compared with the estimating speed to compute the speed error. Then, the speed error is processed by the PI speed controller to obtain the torque command. On the other hand, the flux command is compared to the estimated flux.

  • The errors ΔTem and ΔΦs go through the hysteresis controllers and the vector selection table to generate the required switching states and therefore the desired voltage vector.

  • The controllers produce the voltage command vector; an appropriate space voltage vector can be generated with SVM.

Figure 7.

Block diagram of SVM-DTC PMSM drive.

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6. Simulation end discussion

Parameters of the PMSM are listed in Table 1. It has the following ratings: 220 V, 10 kW, and 1470 rpm at 50 Hz.

Rs=0.29ΩLs=Lr=50 mHNp=2
Rr=0.38ΩM=47.3 mHJ=0.5 Kg.m2

Table 1.

PMSM parameters.

The parameters of the electric vehicle model are given in Table 2.

r=0.3mA=1m2
Mv=400 KgCd=0.19
G = 0.9ρ=1.2 Kg/m3

Table 2.

The electric vehicle model parameters.

6.1 Case study

We consider a vehicle traveling along a straight horizontal road. For Fhc=0, the tractive effort is reduced to Fte=Frrol+Fad, and the load torque can be expressed as Tr=RgrFrrol+Fad=, where Rg=1G and G denotes the gear ratio.

After development the load torque is

Tl=K1+K2Vv2E20

where K1=RgMvg and K2=12RgACdVv2.

The relationship between vehicle speed and motor speed is given by

Vv=RgrΩmE21

Simulation tests were performed in healthy and faulty conditions, with the motor driving a load torque, referring to Eqs. (20) and (21), and can be expressed as follows:

Tl=K1+K2Rgr2Ωm2E22

The magnitude of the torque and flux hysteresis bands is 0.01 N.m and 0.001 Wb, respectively.

6.2 Steady-state operation analysis

Figure 8 shows several features of the PMSM drive at steady-state operation considering a speed Ωm=750 rpm. Waveforms presented in the left side (subscript “1”) of Figure 8 represent results yielded by the PMSM under DTC-SVM without fault. The middle side (subscript “2”) of Figure 8 represents the results yielded by the PMSM under DTC-SVM considering 5% turns are shorted. The right side (subscript “3”) of Figure 8 represents the results yielded by PMSM under DTC-SVM considering 25% turns are shorted.

Figure 8.

(subscript “1”) Considering the PMSM under DTC-SVM without fault, (subscript “2”) considering the PMSM under DTC-SVM allowing for 5% shorted turns, and (subscript “3”) considering the PMSM under DTC-SVM allowing for 25% shorted turns. Legend: (a) speed and its reference, (b) electromagnetic torque, and (c) stator phase current.

From the analysis of the previous steady-state simulation results, one can remark the following:

  • The speed follows its reference despite the presence of defect. It is clear that in the case of machine with short circuit fault, the speed oscillates around its reference with a ripple amplitude that increases when the percentage of turns shorted increases.

  • It is seen in Figure 8 when 5 and 25% turns are shorted, respectively, in one of the phase (a) windings, the increase of torque ripples is notable.

  • The stator flux shapes, in healthy and faulty conditions, are quite similar.

6.3 Signature extraction based on the analysis of the fault effect

From the analysis of Figure 9, one can notice that a short circuit fault between turns on phase (a) increases the amplitude of the second harmonic which was too low in the spectrum of the healthy machine. This harmonic introduced by the defect presents an amplitude that evolves the rate of defect in the sense that this harmonic sees its amplitude increases in a proportional way with the increase of the number of turns short circuited on the phase (a). When we increase the rate of the short circuit, the amplitude of this harmonic has increased in value.

Figure 9.

(a) One period of ias, (b) reduced spectrum of ias with respect to fundamental, and (c) harmonic of ias (fundamental = 1). (subscript “1”) considering the PMSM under DTC-SVM without fault, (subscript “2”) considering the PMSM under DTC-SVM allowing for 5% shorted turns, and (subscript “3”) considering the PMSM under DTC-SVM allowing for 25% shorted turns.

In light of this analysis, it clearly appears that, in general, the harmonic amplitude increases in an apparent way when there is a short circuit fault.

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7. Conclusion

The chapter focused on a study and diagnosis of the PMSM under DTC-SVM integrated in EV propulsion system without and with stator winding fault. Simulation results have been presented in order to demonstrate that in a DTC-SVM PMSM drive, with stator inter-turn short circuits, the considered defect affects the dynamics of the motor and introduces a strong second harmonic in the motor supply currents, which can be used to detect this type of fault. This ascertainment can be used in the industry for fault detection and diagnosis of stator winding faults of PMSM.

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Written By

Fatma Ben Salem

Submitted: 24 April 2019 Reviewed: 23 July 2019 Published: 09 September 2020