1. Introduction
The lattice models naturally arise in different fields of physics, chemistry and other sciences. First, it is physics of the solid state and physicochemistry of the surface. Among the many well-known lattice models the magnetic, alloys, liquid mixture, adsorption models are usually mentioned. The lattice models can be both classical and quantum. In this chapter only the classical lattice models focusing on models arising in physicochemistry of the surface will be considered. For the beginning let’s give the most common formal definition of the classical lattice model.
Let there be given some finite or countable set M. Its elements will be called sites or nodes of the lattice and numbered index i. Each site is associated with the vector (
Determination of the lattice model dimension may be connected with the number of sites where can be the particle performing a random walk on the lattice in n steps. For
Following this approach 1,2,3,…,
Concluding the general description of lattice models it is worth to introduce the concept of a homogeneous lattice model. Models properties of all their sites are identical are called homogeneous lattice models. It follows the obtained lattice model has a geometric realization possessing the property of translational invariance. As it is mentioned above, the models relating to physicochemistry of the surface are of main interest, respectively, these are primarily two-dimensional ones. It is readily to conclude that all the two-dimensional homogeneous models can be divided to three classes having in the basis the geometric realizations: the square, triangular and hexagonal lattice. Note that the lattice models having different types of sites but whose geometric realizations possess translational invariance can serve the generalization of concept of lattice model homogeneity. From the computational point of view these models are very similar to homogeneous ones. Thus, the most common definition of the classical lattice model, its dimension, homogeneity and translational invariance have been introduced.
Lattice gas model and its various generalizations are one of the most important lattice models of modern statistical physics. Despite its relative simplicity these shows fantastic variety of non-trivial physical phenomena. First, this refers to the phase transitions of various types whose study is of great interest from the standpoint of the general theory. Note that the adlayers on the monocrystal faces represent the physical realization of many interesting and important models for
Usually the lattice gas means the molecular system which differs from the continual gas following feature: molecules of such a system can occupy only such places in the space in which their centers are located at the sites of one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric lattice. The interaction energies of molecules located in different configurations respect to each other are the parameters of the model. In the general case, these parameters also depend on the relative orientation of the molecules. These interactions called lateral naturally can be divided to pairs and many-particle. Pair interactions are additive while many-particle ones are nonadditive.
It is easy to see from the standpoint of common definition of classical lattice model the lattice gas model (LGM) stated above refers to the same class of models as the Ising model. Indeed, considering the dependences of the energy of lateral interaction of molecules on their relative orientation one can obtain the lattice model in which the vector
One of the simplest examples of the system for which LGM is quite adequate model is the monomolecular adsorption model. It is well known that chemisorption has localized character as in this case there occurs chemical bond between the adsorbed molecule and the substrate. For substrate being face of monocrystal chemisorbed molecules are located in well defined places of the periodic lattice formed by the surface atoms. Therefore, the simplest LGM introduced above is completely adequate model of monomolecular chemisorption on monocrystal face.
The thermodynamic Hamiltonian of the simplest LGM with one type of particles on regular lattice (for example, hypercubic) has the form:
where
In some cases this description corresponds to reality but in most cases it does not [1]. It is known that even at adsorption of the most simple gases such as Ar, Kr, Xe, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen and others the adsorbate molecule size is usually larger than the distance between neighboring active centers of adsorption [2-6]. In this connection at the adsorbate molecule adsorption on one active center it simultaneously occupies one or several neighboring active centers.
The assumption of one-center adsorption becomes even more inadequate at the description of adsorption of linear and quasilinear molecules such as the simple saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons [7,8]. In the paper complete review of the experimental results on the adsorption of simple hydrocarbons on the surface of metal monocrystals (Pt, Pd) was given and, particularly, the adsorption of such molecules was shown to occur parallel to the solid surface in connection with which multicenter nature of the adsorption becomes apparent.
In addition in this review some types of ordered structures of adsorption monolayer С4 – С8 alkanes experimentally observed at low temperatyres on the surface of monocrystalline platinum are discussed. The necessity of describing of the n-alkane adsorption in the framework of the models with multisite adsorption is also supported by the fact that at the interpretation of experimental adsorption isotherms by using the known multisite Langmuir model and other analytical models there exists good correlation between the model parameter k (the number of active sites occupied by adsorbate molecule) and the real number of segments in the molecule of the adsorbate [7,8,10-12]. It should be noted that the above analytical models of multisite adsorption are used to determine the specific surface of porous solids and its topography (in the case of energetically heterogeneous surfaces).
Obviously that the adsorption of more complex (in regard geometry, the chemical structure – the presence of double/triple bonds or several functional groups) of molecules is even more nontrivial [14-25]. First of all this is manifested in that complex organic molecules (cyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic systems etc.) depending on their geometry and chemical structure can form set of different ordered structures on the solid surface.
Along with the possibility of multisite adsorption that of different orientations of molecules with respect to the interface is one of the most interesting features of these systems. Indeed, over the past ten years series of experimental works devoted to the study of organic self-assembled monolayers on metal surfaces has been published. The general conclusion of these studies is that the molecule orientation in the adlayer is a function of external parameters such as concentration, pressure, temperature, electrode potential and others[14-25]. Moreover, very interesting ordered structures have been experimentally found in some of similar systems. Those are structures which simultaneously contain the molecules with different orientations in the adlayer. For example, in [18] the authors investigated behavior of the adsorption monolayer of molecules p-Sexiphenil on the Au(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum using the method of scanning tunneling microscopy. It was shown that five various ordered structures two of which contain molecules with different orientations in the adlayer – molecules oriented parallel to the surface and tilted to the surface at an angle can be formed. In [24] phase transitions in the adlayer of acid trimezin molecules on the Au(111) surface have been investigated using the method of scanning tunneling microscopy, and one of them proved to lead to formation of the ordered structure containing the acid trimezin molecules oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the surface. Another striking example of the adsorption system in which the adsorbate molecules can have different orientations with respect to the surface is the adsorption of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons on the reconstructed semiconductor surface especially on the reconstructed face of the Si(001) [25-27]. This is connected to the fact that cycloaddition reaction [2+2] with formation of di-σ bond Si-C with the silicon surface atoms results from chemisorption of unsaturated organic molecules on the silicon surface. In chemisorptions of more complex hydrocarbons containing several unsaturated bonds the particle adsorbed on the surface can have several configurations depending on the number of di-σ bonds Si-C [28]. Moreover, the stable π-complex being resulted from interaction between unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule and silicon atom has been experimentally discovered recently [29,30]. In light of the above it is clear that all specified features of the behavior arising at detail studying of adsorption of simple or complex molecules can be investigated only in the framework of models taking into account the multisite character of adsorption and the possibility of different orientation of molecules both with respect to each other and with respect to the solid surface.
Practically, theoretical study of organic self-assembled adsorption monolayers or thin organic films is of great interest generally in connection to the set of possible applications in which thin organic films are used anyway [31]. The potential field of application of such systems is an organic optoelectronics, in particular, electroluminescent devices [32], photovoltaics [33], organic field-effect transistors [34]. Similar systems are used as coatings on computer hard drives to provide protection against corrosion and low friction [35].
It is difficult to overestimate the applied significance of considered systems in the field of chemistry and biochemistry where they are used as active elements of chemical and biological sensors [36], in heterogeneous catalysis [37] and as coatings for biomedical implants [38]. Polymorphism of organic thin films and the ability of molecules to constitute different crystalline forms leads to is it is very difficult to control growth and properties of such systems. Moreover, it was recently shown that the structure of the organic film significantly affects epitaxial growth of crystals on the film [39]. This fact can be used to control the morphology of nanocrystalline systems.
In all these cases location of the molecules on the surfaces is a decisive factor that determines process of growth of the film and its physical properties. Therefore, a detailed understanding of elementary phisical and chemical processes occurring in such systems is the primary motivator at the investigation of molecular self-organization on the solid surface. The development of realistic models of such systems can allow completely to control the process of self-assembly of organic and other molecules on the solid surface and to come nearer to dream of nanotechnology – to gather material possessing the necessary properties with atomic precision. Based on the above it is clear why the interest of researchers specified both practical and theoretical considerations is now shifting towards more complex lattice models some of which will be discussed in this review.
Let’s consider the class of lattice models describing the so-called multisite adsorption. The simplest LGM considered above in the two-dimensional case is a model of monosite adsorption (active centers of adsorption, generally speaking, do not coincide with the surface atoms). However, as noted above at the description of many adsorption systems one is forced to abandon from idea about the monosite adsorption. In the framework of the LGM multisite adsorption is described as a system of prohibitions on certain configurations. At the same time a relatively simple lattice geometrically equivalent to the crystal lattice of the surface is persisted but the number of possible states of the site determining which part of the complex molecule is located above this site and how adsorbed molecule is oriented is increased. Further, the main results obtained in the framework of the models with multisite adsorption will be presented.
2. The models of dimer and k -mer adsorption
The simplest model of multisite adsorption is a dimer adsorption model. In the first approximation the dimer model described adsorption of molecules consisted of two the same atoms, for example H2, N2, O2 etc. when temperature is relatively low and molecules cannot dissociate.
Statistical thermodynamics of the dimers lattice models has a long history. This is one of the earliest lattice models which take into account the own size of molecules in the frame of the lattice gas model. Apparently, the first model of the dimer has been studied in the context of the entropy of the adlayer in 1937 [40]. As it turned out, the dimer model has deep connections with the Ising model and many other important models in statistical physics. In the early sixties of the twentieth century an exact solution of the dimer model on a square lattice was obtained in the case of the so-called "close-packed limit", i.e. all lattice sites belong to one and only one of the dimers [41-43]. In particular, the entropy per one lattice site was calculated. Interest in the dimer model persists to this day. Exact solutions for the dimer model were recently obtained with close-packed limit in the case of the two-dimensional non-orientable surfaces, such as the Möbius strip and Klein bottle [44,45]. The problem of the packing of dimers in the presence of vacancies is much more complicated and largely solved numerically [46,47].This is mainly due to three factors: 1) there are no statistical equivalence between the particle and the vacancy, and 2) any occupied site indicates that at least one of the neighboring sites occupied too and 3) it is impossible to determine exactly whether there will be adsorption on the isolated vacancy. Exact solutions for the dimer model on lattices of dimension greater than two is currently unknown. For three- and more than three dimensional lattice models it is the overall situation characteristic not only for the dimer model, but also for the simpler one-centered model such as the classical Ising model and its many generalizations.
The dimer model in the framework of the lattice gas model can be described as follows. Let consider the lattice (for simplicity, a square) of the active sites. Each lattice site can be occupied by one of the segments of a dimer, or be empty. In addition, the orientation of the dimer should be specified. The last stage of building the lattice gas model is a complete listing of prohibited configurations. In this case, the system of prohibitions describes the continuity of the dimer. Just as in the simplest of the lattice gas model, different lateral interactions can be considered in the constructed model of dimer adsorption too. The dimer model is actively studied for decades because it is the simplest model of multisite adsorption and is of theoretical and practical interest.
A natural generalization of the dimer adsorption model is an adsorption model of rigid or flexible linear
Depending on whether the same or different properties are segments of the molecule,
In ref. [51] the authors, by comparing experimental data with results obtained by means of analytical approximations and a Monte Carlo simulation, studied the adsorption of linear and flexible polyatomic molecules on honeycomb, square and triangular lattices. Data obtained by the FSTA model in the case of a square lattice are almost identical to the data obtained by the Monte-Carlo simulation. A similar analytical calculation by FSTA for the
In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed approach (FSTA) the authors have constructed and analytically calculated the two models of real processes. The first is a model of oxygen adsorption on 5A zeolite and the second one – a model of adsorption of propane on the 13X zeolite. The results of analytical calculations were almost identical to the experimental data. The principal difference FSTA from earlier models of multisite adsorption is that in addition to the size of molecules, it also takes into account their shape and surface geometry. Thereby FSTA can describe the adsorption of both rigid and flexible molecules.
Analyzing the results deviations for various approximations from the results of Monte Carlo, it was shown that the most accurate approximation is the semi-empirical model, developed by Roma et al. Semi-empirical model is a combination of the exact solution for one-dimensional approximation and Guggenheim-DiMarzio approximation [65]. A new theoretical approach is significantly better than other existing approximations and allows fairly simple explaining the experimental data.
When comparing the adsorption isotherms of monomers and k-mers, it was found that in the second case the symmetry of the "particle-vacancy" is broken. The isotherms are shifted toward lower coverage with increasing coordination number of the lattice. In other words, for a given value of the chemical potential the surface coverage increases with the lattice coordination number.
As can be seen in most works devoted to the development of new analytical methods, the results are compared not only with the experimental data, but also with the results obtained by the Monte-Carlo, as the reference.
The Monte Carlo method has proved to be a very powerful tool in the study of
In ref. [70] the authors, using the transfer-matrix method, investigated the ordered structures of the adsorption layer consisting of interacting dimers adsorbed on a square lattice. Analysis of the changes of the adlayer entropy and the surface diffusion coefficient showed that there is a finite number of ordered phases in case of repulsion lateral interactions between the nearest neighboring molecules.
Later in ref. [71] Ramirez-Pastor et al. using the Monte Carlo method have considered both attractive and repulsive interactions between adsorbed dimers on a square lattice. It was shown that in the case of attractive interactions, the phase diagram is similar to the diagram for a monoatomic gas, but the critical temperature is shifted to higher values. The most interesting case is repulsive interactions when a variety of ordered structures take place. In the case of dimers the symmetry of the "particle-vacancy", typical of monatomic particles, disturbed, that leads to the asymmetry of the adsorption isotherm with respect to the line
The study of the adsorption monolayers consisting of heteronuclear dimers showed that the phase diagram of the system greatly influenced by the quantity of energy of lateral interactions between the different types of segments (it is about two different molecules). In the study of phase diagrams of these films interesting phenomena were found. In particular, the coexistence of three phases and a variety of structural transitions, and ordered linear type structure exists even at high temperatures [75].
Similar calculations were performed for the adsorption of homonuclear dimers on heterogeneous surfaces [1,10,76-79]. In the case where the surface is represented by heterogeneous clusters of active sites of one kind and another, the approximate solution is relatively simple (the solution for multisite adsorption on a homogeneous surface can be used). In describing the adsorption of dimers on heterogeneous surfaces, created at random, the task becomes more complicated. Slightly more than twenty years ago an approximate solution was suggested for this model [1,10,79]. However, the original approach of Nitta et al. could only be applied to surfaces with a discrete distribution of adsorption energy. Later on the basis of this approximation Rudzinski and Everett [1] obtained a solution for a model with continuous distribution of adsorption energy on the surface. However, the usable area of this and other approximations [78] is limited. For example, in [77], the authors investigated an analytical approximation by Monte Carlo method to describe the adsorption of homonuclear dimers on heterogeneous surfaces, created randomly (random heterogeneous surface). The calculation shows that this approximation yields accurate results when the difference between the energies of adsorption on active sites of one and other kind is small.
There are papers devoted to the description of the first order phase transition such as "surface gas – surface liquid" [75,76,80]. The most important conclusion from all these studies is that with increasing molecular size the critical temperature shifts to higher values. On the other hand, increasing of the molecule flexibility leads to decreasing of critical temperature. A very interesting phenomenon was observed in the study of phase transition "surface gas – surfacee liquid" in the adlayer consisting of heteronuclear trimers – namely, the coexistence of three phases (there is a second phase transition "liquid – liquid"). In this case, the phase diagram is asymmetric – there are a shift of the critical density to the unit and an increasing the critical temperature.
The findings in the study of dimers adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces with a sufficient degree of accuracy can be extended to the adsorption systems of
Summarizing the results obtained in these works, one can conclude that the phase behavior of adlayer of dimers on heterogeneous surfaces defined by the following factors: 1) the distribution of the various active sites of adsorption, and 2) the relation between the
It should be noted about the theoretical studies of percolation threshold in systems with multisite adsorption. Information on transitions "percolate region" – "nonpercolate area" on the surface is of great interest both from the point of view of phase transitions science, as well as from the applied point of view, in particular the appearance of surface conductivity. In the case of the two-dimensional lattice gas model the percolation threshold is so minimum value of the coverage
Thus, all existing works on the
Additionally it should be noted that long before the above works, the study of the multisite adsorption was engaged by Soviet scientists in Temkin (1938 [84]), and Snagovski(1972 [85-87]). In ref. [84-87] the adsorption isotherms were analytically obtained in the case of multisite adsorption of two-center (
As one can see, at present the theory of adsorption of
3. Multisite adsorption of orientable molecules
Today there is a small number of papers devoted to theoretical investigation of the behavior of adsorption monolayer consisting of molecules that can have a different orientation with respect to the surface [88-92]. Let’s examine them in detail.
The earliest papers on theoretical study of molecular reorientation in the adsorption monolayer were carried out at MSU by Gorshtein and Lopatkin in 1971 [88,89]. They investigated one- and two-dimensional lattice models of diatomic molecules adsorption. It was assumed that the molecule can adsorb in two different ways with respect to the surface: vertically and horizontally. Each type of adsorption had its heat of adsorption, and adsorption energy of vertically oriented molecule was approximately two times smaller. The lateral interactions between adsorbed molecules were not taken into account. The authors derived an exact analytical expression for the adsorption isotherms in one-dimensional case and the approximate equation for two-dimensional lattice. It is shown that for the large values of adsorption heats at low pressures, most of the molecules adsorbed horizontally, and the number of vertically orientated molecules is very small. When coverage increasing the horizontally adsorbed molecules change the orientation, and the number of molecules adsorbed vertically grows fast. In addition, the authors had obtained expressions for isosteric heats of adsorption. Having analyzed calculated thermodynamic functions they concluded that the system exhibits two modes of adsorption: on two neighbor sites in the region of low pressure and on one site at high pressures.
The authors of [90] studied the adsorption of heteronuclear dimers (A-B) on a homogeneous surface with a mean-field approximation. In this case the dimer can be adsorbed on the surface in three different ways: horizontal adsorption with two segments at the same time and vertical adsorption with the A segment or vertical adsorption with the B segment. It was assumed that all three types of adsorption differed in the adsorption heat, and the interaction between adsorbed molecules were absent. The authors derived analytical expressions for the adsorption isotherms and isobars. In fact, the physical results obtained in this work are in qualitatively agreement with Gorshteyn and Lopatkin’s ones and partially duplicate it.
There is the quite interesting model of spin-1 type, which can describe the adsorption of heteronuclear dimers on different lattices [91,92]. It is assumed in the model that all adsorbed molecules are oriented vertically to the surface only, and the energy of adsorption depends on what segment, A or B, molecule adsorb with. The authors of [91,92] considered the various sets of lateral interactions between dimers, in particular, they took into account not only interactions between nearest neighbors, but also between next-nearest neighbors. Such complex lateral interactions in the system led to the set of ordered surface structures and phase transitions. It had been shown that if the lattice is completely filled the "order-disorder" transition may occure via a continuous phase transition as well as the first-order phase transition depending on the model parameters. Moreover, the continuous phase transition is nonuniversal. It should be noted that the model does not take into account the possibility of horizontal orientation of the dimer and generally speaking this model can be attributed to the well-known Blume-Emery-Griffiths model [66].
In [93] authors proposed the general lattice gas model describing the adsorption of complex molecules. The model can be formulate by following: the molecule can be adsorbed on the surface by the
As it noted in [90], the results obtained for adsorption of complex molecules can be extended also to the gas mixtures. In other words, the general model can be considered as a special case of gas mixtures adsorption model. In this case the number of mixture components will be characterized by a number
In order to evaluate the influence of surface geometry on the phase behavior of adsorbed monolayer the model of orientable dimers on the square and triangular lattice was studied [100,101]. It was shown that the influence of the coordination number (the number of nearest neighbors) plays an important role in the phase formation process. Namely, in the case of square lattice only two ordered structures consisting of dimers adsorbed only vertically or only horizontally can form, in the case of triangular lattice except for the phases of this type another phase consisting of differently oriented molecules appears. Phase diagrams are presented in Fig.2.
The simplest special case of the general model of adsorption of molecules with different orientations in the adsorbed monolayer is the lattice model of dimers adsorption discussed in detail above. Extending the model of dimers adsorption on molecules with more complex form (cyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic systems, etc.) one can get the lattice model of complex organic molecules adsorption, which takes into account, firstly, the possibility of different orientations with respect to the solid surface and, secondly, the diversity and complicated structure of surface complexes (non-linear shape of the adsorbate molecules). Further, a special case of the generalized model, which allows to study the effect of varying the orientation of the complex organic molecules on the behavior of the adsorbed layer in «pure form» will be considered. The fact is the model of dimers adsorption along with the possibility of different orientations of the molecules with respect to the surface takes into account the ability to the different orientation of molecules relative to each other
As model of solid surface homogeneous square lattice is considered and it is assumed that the molecule can be adsorbed in two different ways: 1) on four active sites (Fig. 3a) and 2) on one active site (Fig. 3b). In the first case the four active sites involved in adsorption process form the square. Thus, for the constructed model one have
where the occupation numbers
The thermodynamic properties of the model have been investigated with standard importance sampling Monte Carlo method [93]. The calculations of the isotherms and the surface coverage as the function of the gas phase pressure (chemical potential) are carried out with the linear size of the lattice
Analysis of the ground state (T = 0K) of the model allowed to conclude that in the adlayer due to the infinitely strong repulsive interactions between nearest-neighbor molecules the set of chessboard type ordered structures forms:
The adsorption isotherms calculated for different values of the ratio
The dependencies of surface coverage on reduced chemical potential
are monotonically increasing functions for all values of
In order to uniquely identify the ordered structures appearing in the adsorption monolayer the authors of [93] calculated the curves of partial surface coverage by molecules adsorbed on one and four active sites as functions of the reduced chemical potential
Recently, a similar phase behavior of adlayer of complex organic molecules was observed experimentally (Fig. 8). In [24] the authors investigated the behavior of the adsorption monolayer of trimesic acid on Au (111) with electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy. It was shown that with increasing electrode potential the ordered structure of the adlayer consisting only of molecules oriented parallel to the surface changes into the ordered phase, which contains molecules adsorbed both parallel and perpendicular to the electrode surface. Further increasing in the electrode potential leads to the surface phase which is formed only by molecules oriented perpendicular to the surface.
Analogous sequence of the ordered structures was also observed in other systems, in particular, in p-sexiphenyl [18] and pyridine adsorption monolayers [23] on Au (111). Thus, the phase behavior of monolayer adsorption which is realized in the model under consideration is qualitatively the same as the phase behavior of real adsorption monolayers of complex organic molecules on homogeneous surfaces. Therefore, a detailed study of the model and models similar to that is very useful for deeper understanding of the thermodynamics of self-assembled monolayers of complex organic molecules.
In the framework of the model under consideration, the modern methods of theoretical physics such as the multiple-histogram reweighting and finite-size scaling techniques (the fourth-order cumulant of the order parameter) have been used to estimate the phase diagram (T, μ) of complicated organic molecules adsorbed on the homogenous square lattice (Fig. 9) [93].
The phase diagram shown in Fig. 9 differs from the phase diagrams of dimers adsorption monolayer on square and triangular lattices that: 1) there is the phase consisting of molecules oriented in both ways (parallel and perpendicular to the solid surface) simultaneously, and 2) the critical temperature of this phase (
Thus, the numerical analysis of the thermodynamic properties of the lattice models which take into account the possibility of varying the orientation of the adsorbate molecules both with respect to each other and with respect to the solid surface showed that:
The phenomenon of non-monotonic changes of the surface coverage as function of the chemical potential is a general property of the systems under consideration and is not observed in models of single-site or multisite single-component gas adsorption which exclude different orientations in the adsorption monolayer.
There are ordered structures in the adsorption monolayer of complex organic molecules consisting of the molecules with different orientations relative to the solid surface, simultaneously.
The transition between the ordered structures of the adsorption monolayer occurs abruptly through the first-order phase transition.
The phase behavior of adsorption monolayer of complex organic molecules strongly depends on two factors: a) the geometry and chemical structure of the adsorbed molecule, and b) the geometry of the surface.
It is worth to note that the adsorption of single-component gas consisting of molecules with complex shape can exhibit the features which typical for the adsorption of multicomponent gas mixtures [90]. In particular, the model of adsorption of a gas mixture A (adsorb on
4. Conclusion
Lattice gas model and its various generalizations are one of the most important models of modern statistical thermodynamics and are currently experiencing a new stage of development. On the one hand, it is related to the solution of some fundamental issues concerning the limiting behavior of two-dimensional lattice models, and, on the other hand, it is related to successful attempts to describe with the help of this model complex systems, in particular, multisite adsorption of various molecules on the solid surface.
Lattice models of multisite adsorption can take into account the number of characteristic features of complex adsorption systems, the most important of which is the possibility of the orientation varying of the adsorbate molecules, both with respect to each other and relative to the solid surface. Analysis of the thermodynamic properties of models of this type showed that despite its relative simplicity they exhibit a fantastic variety of non-trivial physical phenomena. First of all, it refers to the processes of self-assembly and phase transitions of various types, whose study is of considerable interest from the standpoint of the general thermodynamic theory. In addition, referring to the results of the experimental data, it can be argued that discussed in this chapter multisite adsorption model is firstly qualitatively, and in some cases quantitatively, reproduce the behavior of real systems and secondly have considerable predictive power. The results of study of multisite adsorption models can be summarized in following conclusions:
The adlayer of complex organic and inorganic molecules can form ordered structures consisting of molecules with different orientations simultaneously (both with respect to each other and relative to the solid surface).
The phase diagram of such systems is asymmetric. Its shape depends essentially firstly on the size and shape of the adsorbate molecules and secondly on the coordination number and type of heterogeneity of the substrate surface.
The critical temperature of the ordered phases of the adlayer on the one hand increases with the size of the molecule and on the other hand decreases with increasing coordination number of the lattice (entropy factor).
In models that take into account the possibility of the orientation varying of molecules adsorbed on the solid surface one can see the phenomenon of non-monotonic change in the coverage with increasing chemical potential, and the transition between the ordered structures of the monolayer adsorption occurs abruptly, through first order phase transition.
From applied point of view a theoretical study of such systems in general is of great interest because of the many possible applications in which used the adsorption monolayers one way or another (self-assembled monolayers adsorbed, thin organic films). The potential application range of such systems is an organic optoelectronics, the development of active elements of chemical and biological sensors, biomedical materials, heterogeneous catalysis. In this paper it is shown that the development of lattice models of these systems and study of its thermodynamic properties allows ones to understand and generalize laws of physical and chemical processes occurring in such systems, and brings the scientists closer to being able to fully control the phase behavior of monolayers of organic and other molecules on solid surfaces.
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