1. Introduction
Regenerative medicine is based on advanced and applied biomaterials science. Biomaterials have a major impact on the patient cure for improving the quality of life. We have been challenging to develop bioabsorbable dentin materials (Murata et al, 2011; Murata et al, 2012), harmonized with bone remodelling, by using the supersonic and acid-etching technology (Akazawa et al, 2012).
While human bone autograft was done in 19th century, human dentin autograft for bone augmentation was reported in IADR 2003. The first clinical case was a sinus lifting using auto-dentin for bone augmentation (Murata, 2003). Dentin is acellular matrix, while bone include osteocytes. Very interestingly, biochemical components in dentin and bone are almost simillar. They consist of body fluid (10%), collagen (18%), non-collagenous proteins (NCPs: 2%) and hydroxyapatite (HAp: 70%) in weight volume (Fig. 1). Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) are mainly type I collagen with growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) (Urist, 1965) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) (Fig. 2) (Butler et al.,1977; Murata et al, 2010a,b).
Korea Tooth Bank (KTB) was established in Seoul 2009 for an unique service of tooth-derived graft materials. The medical service system is the preparation and delivery of the tooth-derived materials on demand (Kim et al,2010; Kim et al, 2012). The tooth-derived materials were named as auto-tooth graft materials, which divided into the block-type and powder-type (Park et al., 2010). The block-type material, which is hydrated in 0.9% NaCl solution for 15-30 min before use, can be cut by operators with surgical knife or scissors. Recently, the enamel-dentin grafting has been becoming a realistic alternative to the bone grafting in Korea. We have thought the non-functional teeth as native resources of various graft materials and have achieved the medical recycle of patient-own teeth as novel materials for bone regeneration in Japan and Korea. This matrix-based bone therapy is
2. Biochemistry of human dentin
Dentin and bone are mineralized tissues and almost similar in chemical components. They consist of body fluid, collagen, non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) in weight volume (Fig. 1). The NCPs in dentin and bone are secreted into the ECM in the process of biomineralization. The category is termed the SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding Ligand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family that includes dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) (Fisher et al, 2001; Qin et al, 2007; Sun et al, 2010; Qin et al, 2011).
Both DDM and DBM are composed of predominantly type I collagen (95%) and matrix-binding proteins such as BMPs (Murata et al., 2000; Akazawa et al., 2006; Murata et al., 2007). BMPs, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II were detected in human dentin (Finkelman et al., 1990). In the rabbit study, completely demineralized dentin matrix induced bone in the muscle at 4 weeks, while calcified dentin induced bone at 8-12 weeks after implantation (Yeoman & Urist, 1967; Bang & Urist, 1967). Many researchers made effort to discover dentin-derived BMPs. (Butler et al., 1977; Urist et al., 1982; Kawai & Urist., 1989; Bessho et al., 1990). In our study, human DDM and human DBM induced bone and cartilage independently in the subcutaneous tissues at 4 weeks (Murata et al, 2010b). These results indicated that highly calcified tissues such as cortical bone and calcified dentin are not earlier in osteoinduction and osteoconduction than spongy bone, DBM, and DDM. The delayed inductive properties of the calcified dentin and bone may be related to the inhibition of BMPs-release by HAp crystals (Huggins et al., 1970).
DDM is defined as an acid-insoluble dentin collagen that is absorbable, but hard to digest in human body (Fig. 2). DDM is acellular biomatrix with the micro-tube structure. DDM and DBM possess the ability to coagulate blood plasmas (Huggins & Reddi., 1973). The coagulation action of blood plasma by DDM should become advantageous for surgical operations.
Dentin formation is a dynamic and complicated process, involving interplays among a number of molecules including type I collagen, NCPs and prtoteoglycans, which work collectively to precisely control the site and rate of apatite formation. Type I collagen secreted by odontoblasts forms the scaffold, upon which HAp crystals are deposited. In addition to type I collagen, the extracelluar matrix contains a number of NCPs which play critical roles in the initiation and regulation of HAp crystals (Qin et al., 2011).
3. Clinical study of human dentin
3.1. Case 1: Bone augmentation, 17 year-old female
3.2. Case 2: DDM onlay graft and tooth autograft, 25 year-old female
After the bone biopsy for the tissue observation and the preparation of transplated cavity, tooth autograft was carried out into the host bone (Fig. 8a,b,d).
4. Supersonic and acid-etching method for Dentin geometry
Compact structure inhibits the body fluid permeation and the cell invasion into the inside of the materials. Generally, this situation is called a material wall. Dentin and cortical bone have compact structure. We have been challenging to develop new dentin materials, using a supersonic and acid-etching technology (Akazawa et al., 2009; Akazawa et al., 2010; Akazawa et al., 2012). The surface structure design of dentin by the supersonic treatment might easily produce new functional scaffolds, which control the bio-absorption rate and the adsorption ability for protein and cells. Figure 9 shows the dissolution efficiencies of human dentin granules, which were demineralized for 5-45 min in 2.0%-HNO3 solutions by the supersonic treatment at 600W. A photograph inside Fig.9 is Digital microscopic view of DDM, dissolution for 30 min in 2.0%- HNO3 by the supersonic treatment at 600W and 28 kHz.
The innovative technology can create the adequate geometry and the surface structure of commercially available materials (Akazawa et al., 2012). Geometrical factors will improve the performance of biomaterials for bone regeneration (Reddi, 1974: Kuboki et al, 1995; Murata et al, 1998). Biomaterials science should support and develop the advanced regenerative therapy using tooth-derived materials for patients in the near future.
Acknowledgment
This project was greatly supported by the grant (consortium: 2004-5) of Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and Korea Tooth Bank Co. Ltd. The authors would like to thank WISM Mutoh Co. Ltd., and Tokyo Iken Co. Ltd., for developing the devices (Patents: 4866994, 4953276).
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