Etiology of facial contour deformity in 73 cases.
Keywords
1. Introduction
Correction of severe facial contour abnormalities still is a challenge to plastic surgeons. The aim of plastic surgical treatments is to restore a harmonious and symmetrical appearance. Some of the entities that cause this abnormalities include: Parry Romberg syndrome, lupus, Melkerson Rosenthal syndrome, Morphea, trauma’s sequel, embolization sequel, trauma, hemifacialmicrosomy, etc. (Gutiérrez “ et al”. 2007,2009).
The free fat graft has been used since 1889, with the open ceiling technique, in 1893 Neuber recommended the use of fat grafts size lesser than an almond (Neuber 1893).In 1910 Lexer start the use of fat graft in aesthetic surgery and in 1925 reports the first case of facial contour reconstruction in a patient with Parry Romberg syndrome.(Lexer 1910) Peer reports lost of fat tissue as much as 50% (Peer 1950,1956) later it was used the fat obtained by liposuction ; absorption of the graft was the main problem and several different procedures have been described to minimize this phenomenon.Illouz in 1990 demonstrated that 80% of the injected fat graft was resorbed (Illouz 1990).In 1994 it started the “ atraumatic purified” technique preconized by Coleman. Being the last one the one with better results in preserving volume because of a more viability of the adipose tissue and long lasting results. He recommends to avoid chopping, washing, manipulation, freezing, high negative pressure during extraction with a vacuum or high positive pressure during placement. Exposure to dry air will cause fat to desiccate rapidly.(Coleman 1995,1997,2002).
Fat grafts collected by liposuction can be subcutaneously reinjected for correction of depressed or irregular areas. The live fat tissue is revascularized at the transplantation site within 48 hours,during which time it is fed by diffused materials from plasma. Explantation of adipose tissue as performed during the procedure of autologous fat transfer confers stress to preadipocytes and adipocytes. Disruption of blood supply during fat harvesting may result in hipoxia and apoptosis of the heterogeneous population of cells present in adipose tissue. Preadipocytes play an important role in soft tissue augmentation, because these adipocyte precursor cells have a higher survival rate under ischemic conditions than mature adipocytes and even have the ability to proliferate and differentiate into mature adipocytes.(Asken 1990;Guerrerosantos “et al”. 1996; Latoni “et al”.2000;Rieck &Schlaak 2003; Sadick&Hudgins 2001.) Easy of technique, unlikelihood of scar formation, low morbidity, and low cost have increased the popularity of this operation. Fat grafts collected by liposuction can be subcutaneously reinjected for correction of depressed or irregular areas.
Fat should be harvested as an intact tissue small enough to pass through a small- lumen cannula, eliminating the need to later reduce the size of the parcel of fat by washing, chopping or straining. To obtain predictable results harvested subcutaneous tissue should be refined so the material infiltrated is mainly viable fatty tissue; via centrifugation, oil, blood, water and extracellular components should be removed without causing significant damage to the fat to be transplanted (Coleman 2001).
2. Patients and methods;Patient data
During the last nine years we have been injecting the fat graft with a peridural cannula in 73 patients for fat graft in the face.With ages from 5 to 61 years old, with a media of 28.3 years. They were females in 75.4% (55 cases) and male in 24.6% (18 cases).The ethiology of the deformities were Parry Romberg Syndrome 71.2% (52 cases), Morphea in 6 cases (8.2%), trauma sequel 4 cases (5.4%), hemifacialmicrosomia, lupus and post tumor resection sequel in 9 cases (3 each group;4.1% each). Depression after embolization of vascular anomaly 1 case (1.3%), Number 7 facial cleft 1 case (1.3%).With a total of 132 procedures realized (about 1.8 per patient). Table 1.
ETHIOOGYL | # CASES | % |
PARRY ROMBERG | 52 | 71.2 |
MORPHEA | 6 | 8.2 |
TRAUMA SEQUEL | 4 | 5.4 |
HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA | 3 | 4.1 |
TUMOR RESECTION SEQUEL | 3 | 4.1 |
LUPUS | 3 | 4.1 |
EMBOLIZATION SEQUEL | 1 | 1.3 |
7 FACIAL CLEFT | 1 | 1.3 |
3. Surgical technique
All the procedures were done under general anesthesia and meticulous sterile technique. The donor sites were abdomen and flanks in all patients.The donor sites were infiltrated with lidocaine 0.5% with 1:100,000 epinephrine in a Ringer’s lactate solution; in a ratio of 1 ml of solution for each cubic centimeter of fat harvested using a blunt cannula for infiltration. After 10 minutes we use a two holed cannula with blunt tip (shaped like a bucket handle), the other end of the cannula is attached to a 10cc syringe. The distal openings of the harvesting cannula are the same size as the entrance lumen of the syringe to avoid damage of the fatty tissue. The plunger of the syringe is gently manipulated to provide about 1 or 2 cc of negative pressure space in the barrel of the syringe while the cannula is pushed through the harvest site. After the fat has been harvested, the cannula is removed from the syringe and replaced with a plug which is twisted on to create a seal to prevent spillage during the centrifuging process. The plunger is removed from the proximal end of the syringe. Then the syringes are centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes. The upper oil is discharged, and also the lower portion (composed by blood, water and lidocaine).Then the middle portion of the syringe which is composed primarily of potentially viable parcels of fat tissue is transfered to 1cc syringes with a disposable three lines key, with a gentle aspiration from the 1 cc syringes. The recipient areas are not infiltrated to avoid deformity of the recipient areas. Only the sites were the peridural cannula will be placed are infiltrated with 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine with a 27 gauge needle, incisions 1 or 2 mm long are made with a No. 15 Bard Parker blade. The incisions will be placed depending of the areas to be injected 1 cm inside the scalp ( for forehead), in the external canthus, below the lobule, lip commissure, alar base ( for cheek, lip and chin), in nasionfor the nose.The fat transfer is done with a peridural cannula ( 18G BD Tuohy 17g x 89mm).Although it has a blunt point (Huber-Tuohy-Hustead point). The bevel’s sharp point of the peridural cannula is unsharpened as shown in figure 1.
The adipocytes are deposited in crossing lines in the desired areas being left during the take out of the cannula. The patient is discharged from the hospital 24 hours later with ketorolac in case of pain, amoxicillin clavulanic acid for seven days and cold for 2-3 days. The patients come to control every three months the first year and new lipoinjection if needed is realized 12 months after de last procedure, if they do not need more volume they are seen every 6 months for 5 years.
4. Results
Most of the patients had not had previous treatments 65 cases (89%), except 8 (10.9%).A total of 132 procedures realized in the first group about 1.8 per patient; in the second group (previous treated patients) 8 patients, had previous microsurgical corrections with 41 previous surgical procedures in this group about 5 procedures per patients. We injected 4755 cc fat tissue which represent about 65.4 cc per patient. The follow up was between 1 and 8 years. Complications the most common was under correction in 14 cases (19.1%), visible irregularities 5 (6.8%): oral mucosa perforation 2 (2.7%), granuloma 1 (1.3%) fat migration 2 (2.7%). We present some representative cases with long follow up.
5. Case reports
5.1. Case 1
5.2. Case 2
5.3. Case 3
5.4. Case 4
5.5. Case 5
5.6. Case 6
5.7. Case 7
5.8. Case 8
5.9. Case 9
6. Conclusion
The long lasting results presented permit us to evaluate inevitable known absorption of fat tissue injected. The time between each procedure (one year) let us know the final result of the fat grafted. As we can see in our patients the fat grafted behaves as the body fat when the patient increases the body weight with years. The use of peridural cannula is a safe and convenient instrument for fat grafting.In small deformities one procedure could be enough to solve it, specially if there is health tissue nearby as in trauma. The modification presented using the peridural cannula which is available in any Medical Centers also provides the advantage of being disposable. The number of procedures required depends of the size of the deformity and the tissue left one year after the fat grafted which will depend on the receptor tissue conditions (thin skin or scarring tissue) and this method will not permit transplant great volumes if there is not good skin conditions. As much as we know that small volume will survive better than great volume. The use of peridural cannula for lipoinjection is a reliable, safe and reproducible method. The period between each procedure was 12 months, this is time enough to evaluate absorption of the grafted fat, and there is no need of overcorrection. The complications reported with this method are similar to the ones reported with other methods.
7. Discussion
Free flaps has been considered as the gold standard for reconstruction in great defects (Inigo “et al”. 1993;Wojcicki &Zachara 2011;Yu-Feng “et al”. 2008). Unfortunately the long follow up as case 9 demonstrate that the behavior of the free flaps is more unpredictable than fat graft due to the gravitational force and the disproportional volume increase in relation to body weight changes. And the different match color when skin is required. Case one illustrates a great defect which was solved satisfactory with fat graft and when the patient increases her body weight the volumes is proportional to the normal side.
Acknowledgments
Residents Xitlali Baron, JordiEspel, Fernando Francis, Roberto López and Guillermo Sánchez for their help in taking care of the patients.
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