Electric car history [12].
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10248",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",title:"Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The Amazonia is the largest continuous river basin and rainforest ecosystem in the world. In all aspects it is a natural wonder, and the rainforest with its billions of trees is a vital carbon store that slows down the advance of global warming. It is home to one million indigenous people and some three million species of plants and animals. There have been many climate fluctuations during the last 55 million years of its existence, but never before have “the lungs of the world” been at greater risk than they are today due to uncontrolled fires, expanding agriculture and heavy industrial development in the forms of oil drilling, mining and large hydroelectric dams. Over twelve chapters, this book describes the anthropological, biological and industrial problems facing the Amazonia, and seeks to find new solutions.",isbn:"978-1-83962-813-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-812-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-814-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91089",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"ecosystem-and-biodiversity-of-amazonia",numberOfPages:256,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,hash:"1218c819f575bd951d5de0e85f3ea006",bookSignature:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",publishedDate:"March 10th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10248.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1298,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 17th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 8th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 6th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 25th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 24th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144330/images/system/144330.jpg",biography:"Heimo Mikkola, Ph.D., has more than 35 years of experience in\nsustainable development through working with growing responsibilities in international organizations, in particular the African\nDevelopment Bank, European Union, United Nations System\nand the World Bank. Dr. Mikkola received his Ph.D. from the\nUniversity of Kuopio, Finland. He has visited and worked in 133\ncountries (46 of those in Africa). In South America, he worked\nwith the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Colombia and\nUruguay visiting also Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Guadeloupe, Panama and Venezuela. Since 1988 Dr. Mikkola has been an adjunct professor at Eastern\nFinland University. Between 2010 and 2018, he served as a visiting professor at three\ndifferent universities in Almaty, Kazakhstan and one in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. He has\npublished more than 660 zoological papers and texts and has edited seven books.",institutionString:"University of Eastern Finland",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"9",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"University of Eastern Finland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"331",title:"Forestry Science",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-ecology-forestry-science"}],chapters:[{id:"74359",title:"Diversity of the Owl Species in the Amazon Region",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94977",slug:"diversity-of-the-owl-species-in-the-amazon-region",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Heimo Juhani Mikkola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74359",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74359",authors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],corrections:null},{id:"73681",title:"Microbiota of Wild Fruits from the Amazon Region of Ecuador: Linking Diversity and Functional Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria with Their Origin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94179",slug:"microbiota-of-wild-fruits-from-the-amazon-region-of-ecuador-linking-diversity-and-functional-potenti",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Gabriela N. Tenea, Pablo Jarrin-V and Lucia Yepez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73681",authors:[{id:"32352",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela N.",surname:"Tenea",slug:"gabriela-n.-tenea",fullName:"Gabriela N. Tenea"},{id:"181759",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Yepez",slug:"lucia-yepez",fullName:"Lucia Yepez"},{id:"331787",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Jarrin-V",slug:"pablo-jarrin-v",fullName:"Pablo Jarrin-V"}],corrections:null},{id:"74564",title:"Ticks from the Brazilian Amazon: Species, Distribution and Host-Relations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94862",slug:"ticks-from-the-brazilian-amazon-species-distribution-and-host-relations",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Hermes R. Luz, Thiago F. Martins, Sebastián Muñoz-Leal, Francisco B. Costa, Sérgio L. Gianizella, João Luiz H. Faccini and Marcelo B. Labruna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74564",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74564",authors:[{id:"307913",title:"Prof.",name:"Hermes",surname:"Luz",slug:"hermes-luz",fullName:"Hermes Luz"},{id:"336673",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago F.",surname:"Martins",slug:"thiago-f.-martins",fullName:"Thiago F. Martins"},{id:"336675",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastián",surname:"Muñoz-Leal",slug:"sebastian-munoz-leal",fullName:"Sebastián Muñoz-Leal"},{id:"336676",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco B.",surname:"Costa",slug:"francisco-b.-costa",fullName:"Francisco B. Costa"},{id:"336677",title:"Prof.",name:"Sérgio L.",surname:"Gianizella",slug:"sergio-l.-gianizella",fullName:"Sérgio L. Gianizella"},{id:"336678",title:"Prof.",name:"João Luiz H.",surname:"Faccini",slug:"joao-luiz-h.-faccini",fullName:"João Luiz H. Faccini"},{id:"336679",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcelo B.",surname:"Labruna",slug:"marcelo-b.-labruna",fullName:"Marcelo B. Labruna"}],corrections:null},{id:"74831",title:"Ecology of the Seed Bank in the Amazon Rainforest",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94745",slug:"ecology-of-the-seed-bank-in-the-amazon-rainforest",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Natali Gomes Bordon, Niwton Leal Filho and Tony Vizcarra Bentos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74831",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74831",authors:[{id:"325517",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Natali Gomes",surname:"Bordon",slug:"natali-gomes-bordon",fullName:"Natali Gomes Bordon"},{id:"326791",title:"Prof.",name:"Niwton",surname:"Leal Filho",slug:"niwton-leal-filho",fullName:"Niwton Leal Filho"},{id:"326793",title:"Dr.",name:"Tony Vizcarra",surname:"Bentos",slug:"tony-vizcarra-bentos",fullName:"Tony Vizcarra Bentos"}],corrections:null},{id:"73597",title:"The Nymph Architect of the Cicada Guyalna chlorogena: Behaviours and Ecosystem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94106",slug:"the-nymph-architect-of-the-cicada-em-guyalna-chlorogena-em-behaviours-and-ecosystem",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Claude François Béguin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73597",authors:[{id:"330161",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Claude François",surname:"Béguin",slug:"claude-francois-beguin",fullName:"Claude François Béguin"}],corrections:null},{id:"73476",title:"Shipibo Conibo and Chilean Diaguita Visual Art: Cognitive Technologies, Shamanism and Long-Distance Cultural Linkages",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93984",slug:"shipibo-conibo-and-chilean-diaguita-visual-art-cognitive-technologies-shamanism-and-long-distance-cu",totalDownloads:86,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Paola González Carvajal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73476",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73476",authors:[{id:"325352",title:"Prof.",name:"Paola",surname:"González Carvajal",slug:"paola-gonzalez-carvajal",fullName:"Paola González Carvajal"}],corrections:null},{id:"73242",title:"From the “Terra Preta de Indio” to the “Terra Preta do Gringo”: A History of Knowledge of the Amazonian Dark Earths",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93354",slug:"from-the-em-terra-preta-de-indio-em-to-the-terra-preta-do-gringo-a-history-of-knowledge-of-the-amazo",totalDownloads:155,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Klaus Hilbert and Jens Soentgen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73242",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73242",authors:[{id:"325354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Klaus",surname:"Hilbert",slug:"klaus-hilbert",fullName:"Klaus Hilbert"},{id:"325356",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",surname:"Soentgen",slug:"jens-soentgen",fullName:"Jens Soentgen"}],corrections:null},{id:"73583",title:"Ecology as Cosmology: Animal Myths of Amazonia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94177",slug:"ecology-as-cosmology-animal-myths-of-amazonia",totalDownloads:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Alexandre Guida Navarro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73583",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73583",authors:[{id:"326671",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Guida Navarro",slug:"alexandre-guida-navarro",fullName:"Alexandre Guida Navarro"}],corrections:null},{id:"73493",title:"Bioeconomic Potential of Sustainability Indicators in a Ceramic Production Center in the Western Amazon",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94002",slug:"bioeconomic-potential-of-sustainability-indicators-in-a-ceramic-production-center-in-the-western-ama",totalDownloads:97,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Gelson Dias Florentino, Lucieta Guerreiro Martorano, Sandro Augusto Lima dos Santos, José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes, Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda and Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73493",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73493",authors:[{id:"78933",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"De Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-pinheiro-ruivo",fullName:"Maria De Lourdes Pinheiro Ruivo"},{id:"252816",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucieta Guerreiro",surname:"Martorano",slug:"lucieta-guerreiro-martorano",fullName:"Lucieta Guerreiro Martorano"},{id:"264502",title:"MSc.",name:"José Reinaldo Da Silva Cabral De",surname:"Moraes",slug:"jose-reinaldo-da-silva-cabral-de-moraes",fullName:"José Reinaldo Da Silva Cabral De Moraes"},{id:"326256",title:"Prof.",name:"Gelson Dias",surname:"Florentino",slug:"gelson-dias-florentino",fullName:"Gelson Dias Florentino"},{id:"326424",title:"Mr.",name:"Sandro Augusto",surname:"Lima dos Santos",slug:"sandro-augusto-lima-dos-santos",fullName:"Sandro Augusto Lima dos Santos"},{id:"326427",title:"Dr.",name:"Ires Paula",surname:"de Andrade Miranda",slug:"ires-paula-de-andrade-miranda",fullName:"Ires Paula de Andrade Miranda"}],corrections:null},{id:"73778",title:"Neo-Developmentalism and Regional Integration: IIRSA Impact in the Environmental Agenda in the Amazon",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93983",slug:"neo-developmentalism-and-regional-integration-iirsa-impact-in-the-environmental-agenda-in-the-amazon",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Pedro Pablo Cardoso Castro and Nirvia Ravena",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73778",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73778",authors:[{id:"326745",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Pablo",surname:"Cardoso Castro",slug:"pedro-pablo-cardoso-castro",fullName:"Pedro Pablo Cardoso Castro"},{id:"326748",title:"Prof.",name:"Niriva",surname:"Ravena",slug:"niriva-ravena",fullName:"Niriva Ravena"}],corrections:null},{id:"74281",title:"Social Changes in the Peruvian Amazon Due to Foreign Influence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94772",slug:"social-changes-in-the-peruvian-amazon-due-to-foreign-influence",totalDownloads:103,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Zoran Stiperski and Tomica Hruška",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74281",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74281",authors:[{id:"326790",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoran",surname:"Stiperski",slug:"zoran-stiperski",fullName:"Zoran Stiperski"},{id:"326792",title:"Mr.",name:"Tomica",surname:"Hruška",slug:"tomica-hruska",fullName:"Tomica Hruška"}],corrections:null},{id:"73796",title:"Quilombo Communities and Opportunities for Market-Driven Mechanisms for the Protection of the Amazon Forest",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93976",slug:"quilombo-communities-and-opportunities-for-market-driven-mechanisms-for-the-protection-of-the-amazon",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Anna Kanele and Pedro Pablo Cardoso Castro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73796",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73796",authors:[{id:"326745",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro Pablo",surname:"Cardoso Castro",slug:"pedro-pablo-cardoso-castro",fullName:"Pedro Pablo Cardoso Castro"},{id:"327029",title:"MSc.",name:"Anna",surname:"Kanele",slug:"anna-kanele",fullName:"Anna Kanele"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5210",title:"Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Modern World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c78e2a5e686279a30ed3fb640769dad",slug:"fisheries-and-aquaculture-in-the-modern-world",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5210.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5705",title:"Future Foods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3e0407db8b07ae39128d6454b67bc690",slug:"future-foods",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5705.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6478",title:"Bats",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"90a4ab5d70985630b12f49cb23939c02",slug:"bats",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6645",title:"Seabirds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ce1372af411b6ada3b53e881f7b85fc",slug:"seabirds",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6645.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8005",title:"Edible Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43f8a1ebb7293cf0d434182444e42507",slug:"edible-insects",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8005.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8793",title:"Owls",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8df7a192b3300e2640a0e1c530f4e259",slug:"owls",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2246",title:"Global Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b633fc6fc6a3a8f24dd4c4373fb14cb7",slug:"global-perspectives-on-sustainable-forest-management",bookSignature:"Okia Clement Akais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119660",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Clement A.",surname:"Okia",slug:"dr.-clement-a.-okia",fullName:"Dr. Clement A. Okia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"616",title:"Forest Ecosystems",subtitle:"More than Just Trees",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00ecaa84de1aa2d7116ab5871b353b82",slug:"forest-ecosystems-more-than-just-trees",bookSignature:"Juan A. Blanco and Yueh-Hsin Lo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51995",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",surname:"Blanco",slug:"juan-blanco",fullName:"Juan Blanco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"617",title:"Sustainable Forest Management",subtitle:"Current Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a8d91cf4745e90f7510e056fd508dc46",slug:"sustainable-forest-management-current-research",bookSignature:"Jorge Martin Garcia and Julio Javier Diez Casero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/617.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88987",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio J.",surname:"Diez",slug:"julio-j.-diez",fullName:"Julio J. Diez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1511",title:"Deforestation Around the World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9eeb50fd58ff5ebb4151b5368105e9ef",slug:"deforestation-around-the-world",bookSignature:"Paulo Moutinho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1511.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"115144",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Moutinho",slug:"paulo-moutinho",fullName:"Paulo Moutinho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66777",slug:"corrigendum-to-robust-optimal-power-distribution-for-hyperthermia-cancer-treatment",title:"Corrigendum to: Robust Optimal Power Distribution for Hyperthermia Cancer Treatment",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66777.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66777",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66777",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66777",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66777",chapter:{id:"59062",slug:"robust-optimal-power-distribution-for-hyperthermia-cancer-treatment",signatures:"Nafiseh Shariati, Dave Zachariah, Johan Karlsson and Mats\nBengtsson",dateSubmitted:"November 11th 2017",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 27th 2019",book:{id:"6655",title:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT)",subtitle:"Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications",fullTitle:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT) - Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications",slug:"medical-internet-of-things-m-iot-enabling-technologies-and-emerging-applications",publishedDate:"February 27th 2019",bookSignature:"Hamed Farhadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6655.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171143",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed",middleName:null,surname:"Farhadi",slug:"hamed-farhadi",fullName:"Hamed Farhadi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"233776",title:"Dr.",name:"Nafiseh",middleName:null,surname:"Shariati",fullName:"Nafiseh Shariati",slug:"nafiseh-shariati",email:"nafiseh.shariati@ericsson.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"233777",title:"Dr.",name:"Dave",middleName:null,surname:"Zachariah",fullName:"Dave Zachariah",slug:"dave-zachariah",email:"dave.zachariah@it.uu.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"233778",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Karlsson",fullName:"Johan Karlsson",slug:"johan-karlsson",email:"johan.karlsson@math.kth.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"233779",title:"Prof.",name:"Mats",middleName:null,surname:"Bengtsson",fullName:"Mats Bengtsson",slug:"mats-bengtsson",email:"mats.bengtsson@kth.se",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"59062",slug:"robust-optimal-power-distribution-for-hyperthermia-cancer-treatment",signatures:"Nafiseh Shariati, Dave Zachariah, Johan Karlsson and Mats\nBengtsson",dateSubmitted:"November 11th 2017",dateReviewed:"December 19th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 27th 2019",book:{id:"6655",title:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT)",subtitle:"Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications",fullTitle:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT) - Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications",slug:"medical-internet-of-things-m-iot-enabling-technologies-and-emerging-applications",publishedDate:"February 27th 2019",bookSignature:"Hamed Farhadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6655.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171143",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed",middleName:null,surname:"Farhadi",slug:"hamed-farhadi",fullName:"Hamed Farhadi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"233776",title:"Dr.",name:"Nafiseh",middleName:null,surname:"Shariati",fullName:"Nafiseh Shariati",slug:"nafiseh-shariati",email:"nafiseh.shariati@ericsson.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"233777",title:"Dr.",name:"Dave",middleName:null,surname:"Zachariah",fullName:"Dave Zachariah",slug:"dave-zachariah",email:"dave.zachariah@it.uu.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"233778",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Karlsson",fullName:"Johan Karlsson",slug:"johan-karlsson",email:"johan.karlsson@math.kth.se",position:null,institution:null},{id:"233779",title:"Prof.",name:"Mats",middleName:null,surname:"Bengtsson",fullName:"Mats Bengtsson",slug:"mats-bengtsson",email:"mats.bengtsson@kth.se",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6655",title:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT)",subtitle:"Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications",fullTitle:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT) - Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications",slug:"medical-internet-of-things-m-iot-enabling-technologies-and-emerging-applications",publishedDate:"February 27th 2019",bookSignature:"Hamed Farhadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6655.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171143",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed",middleName:null,surname:"Farhadi",slug:"hamed-farhadi",fullName:"Hamed Farhadi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10874",leadTitle:null,title:"Antimicrobial Peptides",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in single-cell and multiple-cells organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, insects, scorpions, frogs, and mammals. AMPs are peptides with a varying number (12-50 of amino acids residues) and they belong to the first line defense molecules of multicellular organisms. They have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. More than 3000 AMPs have been discovered since the first discovery and isolation. AMPs are mostly synthesized as a precursor containing signal sequences that determine their localization in the cell. Next, the precursor molecules go through cleavage and formation of biologically active peptide. Target and mechanism of action of AMPs can be differing and depend on microorganism against which action is directed; by inhibiting proteins, by disrupting membrane integrity, by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis, or by interacting with intracellular targets.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book will thus aim to include information on AMPs and their targets and mechanisms of action.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-714-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-713-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-715-9",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23ca26025e87356a7c2ffac365f73a22",bookSignature:"Dr. Shymaa Enany, Dr. Jorge Adrian Masso-Silva and Dr. Anna Savitskaya",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10874.jpg",keywords:"Antimicrobial Peptide, AMP, Synthesis, Mechanism of Action, Amino Acid, Precursor, Cleavage, Target, Inhibition, Antimicrobial Activity, Defense Molecule, Microorganism",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 19th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 16th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 15th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 3rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Shymaa Enany was the first Arab scientist to apply bacterial proteomic techniques helping in revealing good markers for microbes spreading in the community. For her scientific contributions, she received many awards including the State Encouragement Prize for women in the field of health and pharmaceutical sciences, 2019 and The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Young Arab Scientist Prize 2018 for Scientific Achievement in Medical Sciences.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shymaa Enany is an associate professor of Microbiology at Suez Canal University, Egypt. She received her PhD from School of Medical Sciences, Niigata University, Japan, and spent her postdoc in USA and Japan. She was the first Arab scientist applying bacterial proteomic techniques helping in revealing good markers for microbes spreading in community. She received many awards for her scientific contributions. Recently, she awarded the most prestigious award in Egypt: the state encouragement prize for women in the field of health and pharmaceutical sciences, 2019. Also, she was awarded The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Young Arab Scientist Prize 2018 for Scientific Achievement in Medical Sciences. She was selected as a member of Egyptian Young Academy of Science, an evaluator on Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, a reviewer in International Exhibition of Innovation, and an affiliate of The World Academy of Sciences. Dr. Shymaa is also a part of the scientific committee of World Forum for Women in Science, a selected young leader in STS and WSF, a member in the global Open Science Group, and a collaborator in Global Burden of Disease. On Microbiology National Committee, she is working for achieving sustainable development goals for a better future. She was appointed an Egyptian ambassador in Next Einstein Forum (NEF), which showcases the global contribution and potential of scientists from Africa, enabling Africa to get onto the global scientific stage, and she is a selected member in COVID-19 Diagnostics group in Africa, as well as the co-chair of the COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition platform (Immunology, Virology and Diagnostics Working Group) in low- and middle-income countries. Latterly, she is selected as an African science leadership program fellow.",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"346095",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Adrian",surname:"Masso-Silva",slug:"jorge-masso-silva",fullName:"Jorge Masso-Silva",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000034TvktQAC/Profile_Picture_1610961185642",biography:null,institutionString:"VA San Diego Healthcare System",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"VA San Diego Healthcare System",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"346088",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Savitskaya",slug:"anna-savitskaya",fullName:"Anna Savitskaya",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000034TvdsQAC/Profile_Picture_1610960064985",biography:'Savitskaya Anna, PhD, is a senior researcher at the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation. Her research interests focus on microbiology, molecular genetics, and the use of microorganisms as producers of target proteins and analysis of intracellular protein interaction. Since 2008, she\'s been enrolled in PhD course at the Department of Chemical Technologies of Wood and Biotechnology of the Siberian State University of Science and Technology named after Academician M.F. Reshetnev, and has started working as a junior researcher at the biotechnology laboratory of the Krasnoyarsk agriculture Research Institute (Krasnoyarsk). In 2011, she underwent a six-month internship at the University of Ottawa (Canada) for which she won a grant from the President of the Russian Federation for training and internships in foreign higher educational institutions and research centers for the 2010/2011 academic year in priority areas of development of science, technology and technology in the Russian Federation. Since 2011, she has worked as a junior researcher at the Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, KrasGMU named after prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky. From 2012 to 2020, she worked as a senior lecturer/associate professor at the Department of Microbiology, KrasGMU named after prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky. From 2014 to 2018, she studied at the graduate school of the University of Niigata (Japan) at the Department of Bacteriology. In 2018 she defended her thesis for a PhD degree in medical science on the topic "C-terminal dependent organization of the mycobacterial genome by a histone-like protein (C-terminal internally disturbed region-dependent organization of the mycobacterial genome by a histone-like protein)". She has carried out studies on heterogeneity of the population of fungi of the genus Fusarium, as well as studies on the selection of aptamers for bacteria S. enteritidis and S. typhymotium, and the development of testing systems using aptamers. She also did research on the role of the internal disordered region (IDR) in the functions of the mycobacterial DNA-binding protein MDP1 and its influence on the phenotype of mycobacteria. The results have been personally reported many times at international scientific conferences and published in scientific journals.',institutionString:"Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"346794",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Miskulin",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/346794/images/15795_n.png",email:"mia@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6045",title:"The Rise of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f24bfdcb5cd606846da63b96000bed2",slug:"the-rise-of-virulence-and-antibiotic-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany and Laura E. Crotty Alexander",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6045.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5471",title:"Frontiers in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"514afc8c2d4eb28ddca22c032ad96d9e",slug:"frontiers-in-i-staphylococcus-aureus-i-",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany and Laura E. Crotty Alexander",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5471.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6425",title:"Probiotics",subtitle:"Current Knowledge and Future Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129bd046ff0fb4db6584e5afeebe98fa",slug:"probiotics-current-knowledge-and-future-prospects",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6425.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6685",title:"Basic Biology and Applications of Actinobacteria",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"301e66d4a6b29d4326c39ff2922ec420",slug:"basic-biology-and-applications-of-actinobacteria",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5831",title:"Clostridium Difficile",subtitle:"A Comprehensive Overview",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fabbec5ed99960d2fb904f16790e8b97",slug:"clostridium-difficile-a-comprehensive-overview",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71269",title:"Mechanical and Electrical Design Calculations of Hybrid Vehicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91059",slug:"mechanical-and-electrical-design-calculations-of-hybrid-vehicles",body:'\nElectric cars as many people have seen have acquired a great significance because it is an alternative future way for transmission due their features. In spite of that, there are three difficulties that face the evaluation of the electric cars: long time of charging, cost of batteries, and limited driving ranges [1, 2, 3]. The great developments in power electronic inverters which are used as a main controller inside the electric cars have given a step frontward [4, 5]. In addition to that, the electric machine motors such as DC motors, induction motors, and three-phase synchronous motors have witnessed effective process in material and electromagnets aided to increase their efficiency [6, 7, 8].
\nThe traction motors need strongly two important parameters to recognize their performance: high starting torque and acceleration. Furthermore, the traction motor should have the initial force to overcome the resistance force induced at the starting movement [9, 10].
\nThe electric car was first invented in the USA and Scotland in 1834. After that, slow progress began to prove its importance until three eras of development to this day. These three boom eras were dominated by factors such as the presence of oil, prices, and crises, and the second factor is the pollution of the environment and the increase in temperature of the earth.
\nThe first boom era began in 1850 and continued to 1900 in the USA where the DC motors were the basic component of the drag with the presence of batteries. The second boom era started from 1950 to 2000, where the 1973 oil crisis, pollution of the environment, and global warming contributed to this development. The third boom started since the beginning of 2000 to the present day, where the Japanese companies, Toyota and Nissan, and the German company, Mercedes or BMW, and Chinese companies as well as US companies entered in a fierce competition to control the global markets [11, 12]. \nTable 1\n shows the history of the electric car since 1834 until these days.
\nName | \nYear and country | \nType of traction | \nNotes | \n
---|---|---|---|
Thomas Davenport | \n1834, USA | \nDC motor | \n\n |
Robert Anderson | \n1832–1839, Scotland | \nFirst prototype electric-powered carriage | \n\n |
Andreas Flocken | \n1888, Germany | \nThe first four-wheeled electric car | \n\n |
Pope Manufacturing Co. | \n1897, USA | \nThe first commercial electric vehicle | \n\n |
La Jamais Contente | \n1899, France | \nThe first electric vehicle to travel over 100 km per hour | \n\n |
\n | 1900, USA | \nElectricity-powered cars | \nCapturing 28% of the market | \n
The petrol-powered Ford Model | \n1908, USA | \nElectric car Model T | \n\n |
A Baker Electric | \n1909, USA | \nAutomobile | \n\n |
Charles Kettering | \n1912, USA | \nThe electric starter was invented instead of hand-crank | \n\n |
Global EV stock | \n1912, USA | \n\n | Market, 30,000 | \n
Carmaker Tama | \n1947, Japan | \nElectric car with a 40 V lead acid battery | \n\n |
General Motors | \n1996, USA | \nEV1 electric car | \n\n |
Toyota | \n1997, Japan | \nThe Prius, the world’s first commercial hybrid car | \n\n |
BEV Nissan | \n2010, Japan | \nThe world’s largest electric car sharing service | \n\n |
Nissan LEAF | \n2011, Japan | \nNew car models | \n\n |
PHEV Chevrolet Volt | \n2012, USA | \nNew car models | \n\n |
Electric car history [12].
There are three types of electric motors which are nominated to use: DC motor, AC single- or three-phase induction motor (IM), and three-phase synchronous motor (SM). These motor features are chosen depending on the nature of voltage-supplied source, performance, and method of construction.
\nDC motors are characterized as follows: exacted spin speeds, the same wide range of changing speed with the possibility of easy control, the possibility of reversing the rotational movement, and the possibility to start an appropriate torque.
\nThere are two types of induction motors: the first type has a rotor shape-like squirrel cage arrangement. It is characterized by simple installation, low cost, and hardness. This type is suitable for applications requiring constant rotation speed. The second type is called the slip-ring motor which has a wound rotor with a three-phase winding. The first three terminals of the windings are shorted, while the second three ending terminals of the windings are connected to the three slip rings. Slip-ring induction motor is suitable for applications that need great starting torque for a few seconds with a decrease in the value of the starting current. This type is characterized by the first type with its great ability to control the speed and torque and the starting current by using additional variable three-phase resistance connected through the three slip rings of the motor.
\nThis type of motor is suitable for applications that need a constant rotation speed value and great power in addition to the possibility designed to operate at slow speeds by a high power factor and high operating efficiency.
\nThe general electrical mechanical properties required for the traction motors are:
A large starting torque and acceleration which are needed by electric vehicle to overcome the power large traction required at starting the movement. In addition to the traction force needed to overcome the resistance to train traffic, also, the movement toward the highest inclined land means the need to extra drag to overcome the effect of gravity.
Series motor properties: It is necessary for the motor used in the vehicle to have series motor properties between motor speed and torque, for the following reasons:
Operating more than one motor per electric vehicle: Electric vehicle usually contains several similar traction motors which are installed with movement gears and wheels. As long as the wheels of movement have the same diameter, the motor speeds are equal, and the entire load is equally distributed between the motors. But because of unequal corrosion that happens, there is a dissimilarity in the wheels’ diameters. This may cause an unequal distribution of the load between the motors.
Self-protection feature: Because of the characteristics between the speed and torque, the speed of the motor decreases as the torque increases. This relationship is correct when neglecting magnetic saturation.
Lower power consumption during load increase: During load increase, the required traction increases, as is the case with a sloping level, when the required power by the series motor is much lower than the power calculated by the parallel motor; the reasons are mentioned above.
The most important advantages of using the electric motors in traction are anti- contamination that accompanies with the use of electric motors. The electric motor provides a great starting torque, which allows high acceleration value at the start of the vehicle. So, they allow carrying twice as many people on the same way because of the high flow of vehicle speed. The electric motor provides a soft change in the ultrafast speed.
\nThe electric motor provides the possibility of using the electric brake, which enables the return power to the electric grid when using the brake regeneration while walking down the slopes. The use of electric brakes leads to savings in the use of the mechanical brakes which prolongs life and reduces corrosion in the roller wheels and iron bars. The time required for the maintenance and repair of an electric vehicle is lesser than the need by others. The maintenance and repair of the electric vehicle cost about half of those cost in other vehicles. They did not need electric vehicles to the time to become operational. Finally, getting rid of the exhaust fumes, which may contain toxic elements, is considered one of the most important advantages of electric traction, especially in hypocrisy and roads under the ground. The disadvantages of electric traction are as follows: The cost of construction is high, any malfunction in the electrical grid even for a brief period will lead to total paralysis in traffic and might extend long hours, and also an overlap occurs between the electric traction network and communication signals.
\nThere are three different types of feed electric traction systems:
DC voltage system (DC power system)
Single-phase AC voltage system
Three-phase AC voltage system
(a) DC power system: DC voltage of 600 to 700 V is used globally for trams in the cities, while the ongoing effort of the 1500–3000 V is used outside the cities. The iron bars represent the neutral line. The specification states that the voltage drop should not be more than 7 volts between any two points on the neutral line (iron bars).
\nAs for the electric bus (trolleybus), the two electric lines should be two overhanged, the feeding line and neutral line. The voltage must not exceed 10% plus or minus. The DC network is fed into electric power stations 3–5 kilometers away from each other inside the cities and 40–50 kilometers outside the cities. Electric power stations are also supplied with power from the AC voltage networks of 110–122 kV, where it is converted into a DC voltage required.
\n(b) Single-phase AC system: This system uses a voltage of 11–15 kV (2/3 16) or 25 Hz. If power plants are used to feed traction stations, there will be no difficulty in generating the required voltage and frequency. In the case of high-voltage networks at 50 or 60 Hz frequency, the frequency limit should be reduced to the desired limit (a three-phase synchronous motor is used to operate a single-phase generator to generate the required voltage and frequency).
\nIn this case, the traction network consists of a single overhanged line, and the rails represent the neutral. The traction line carries the transformer to reduce the voltage to 300 or 400 volts to feed the general series motor, and the motor speed can be controlled by changing the voltage of the transformer.
\nLow frequency (16.667) or 25 Hz is used to improve the efficiency and power factor of the motor. It also helps to reduce the electrical spark between the brushes and the commutator, in addition to reducing the induction impedance of the traction network transmission lines and thus reducing the lost voltage. This increases the distance between feeding stations to 50–80 kilometers. Low-frequency use also helps reduce interference with telephone and communication networks.
\n(c) Three-phase AC system: Three-phase induction motors are used as drive motors in this case with a voltage of 3.3 kV and a frequency of 16.667 Hz. The power stations receive power from high-voltage networks, and the voltage and frequency are reduced to the required limit. The traction network consists of two transmission lines; the line bar is the third line. The advantages mentioned, due to the use of low frequency, can also be mentioned in this system.
\nChoosing an electric motor depends on the circumstances that will work underneath and the type of load. There are several factors to consider when choosing an electric motor to suit industrial applications, and one of the most important are as follows:
Electrical properties:
The properties of the start of the movement, in terms of the value of each of the torque and the drawn current
The properties of the motor during operation, the relationship between the torque and speed, and the relationship between speed and power, current, losses, and efficiency
The extent of control the speed of rotation during operation
How to turn off the motor and break it
Mechanical considerations:
The type of outside cover of the motor, the type of cooling of the motor.
The type of rotary bearings used.
What is the transmission way between the motor and the load.
The noise level, which is produced by the motor.
The motor size and the design power:
Loading requirements in terms of continuous or short term or intermittent
Ability of the motor to deal with excessive loads
The cost of the motor:
In terms of the primary and operating cost
In addition to the previous factors, it should be kept in mind the current user type, in terms of being a DC constant, AC single-phase, or three-phase current. From the above it is clear that there are many factors must be considered when choosing a motor to drive a given load, and despite the fact that the cost of the machine came in the last previous mechanical considerations, but the final decision in the selection of the machine, depending upon significantly. The desired and selected machine must meet all the technical requirements of the load and at the same time should not be so high till it succeeds economically. In fact, the choice of the motor requires careful study and analysis of its characteristics and load together.
\nIn addition to the full knowledge of the entire system of stirring and control devices, it is required to have switching devices and change the frequency.
\nThe latest factors and their impact on different types of motors will be discussed in detail separately in the next section, to illustrate the impact of each of them:
Electrical properties:
The properties of the different motors in terms of operating properties and the properties of the start of the movement and speed control have been studied in the decisions of the DC machines and AC small power motors.
Mechanical considerations:
Cover user type: The main objective of the outer frame of the machine is not only to provide protection for the people and the workers but also to provide protection for the machine itself, against moisture, dirt, dust, and unwanted objects and what might leak out of the motor fumes and flammable materials. There are different types of the motors according to their protection ways:
Open type
Mesh cover-protected type
Type covered against scattering of liquids and dust
Water- and rain-protected type
Self-air cooling
Separated cooling
Tubed cooling
Bearings used type:
There are two types of bearings used in electric motors, namely, ball bearings and roller bearings.
Ball bearings: used in motors up to 100 horsepower. They are preferred by other types due to its many benefits. The most important of these are little friction losses, less maintenance, and longer durability than the other wheels. Between stator and rotor. But its main disadvantages are its high cost and noise, especially at high speeds.
Roller bearings: used in motors that work in quiet places such as hospitals, offices, and classrooms.
Types of transmission: Transfer the generated mechanical power to the machine to drive the mechanical load axis; there are many ways to lead the load, and the most important are:
Direct transmission: The load and the motor are directly connected by a mechanical coupling which is solid or flexible. Coupling is used when the load speed is equal to the speed of the motor.
Driving by timing belts to transfer power of up to two hundred and fifty kilowatts, preferably when using this method to be less distance between the axis of rollers equal to four to five times the diameter of the largest pulley, and so that the maximum ratio between the diagonal rollers are 1: 6, as there is in this case sliding between the borders of three to four percent. The disadvantage of this method is that it requires a large space, so the belts make tension sideways on the bearings, causing increased friction missing out and fatigue.
Driving by using V-type belts: This type of V-type conveyor is used between two rollers with the same shape. This method is used to transport large valves that exceed the capacity of the belt, and it operates with a small slip that can be neglected.
By driving chains: This method is more efficient and is used at high speeds, but the cost is the biggest. But they need less space than the previous two, where the required distance between the axis of rollers is of one and half to twice the diameter of a larger pulley. It is used in wet and dust places so that the chains should be protected by its own cover, as it should have perfectly parallel axes, to avoid lateral tensile axis rollers.
By steering with gearbox: This method is used when the motor used has a high speed to drive a load when its speed is slow; the motor is built and merged with gearbox by the required speed ratio.
The noise produced by the motor: noise produced inside the motor for the following reasons:
Alternating magnetic field inside the motor caused by vibrations in the iron body segments and the motor
The movement of air within the instrument
Friction in the bearings
Noise level should be reduced to the lowest level possible, especially in motors that are used in hospitals, offices, theaters, and classrooms. To reduce the transitional noise from the motor to the other places, it must be installed with rubber or helical springs to absorb vibrations.
3. Size of the motor and its power:
The factors that control the size and capacity of the motor is the maximum temperature reached by the motor during the service run under load conditions, in that it continuously or intermittently, or short-term and the maximum. It has been found that the motor that achieves the first condition of temperature also achieves the second condition of the torque required. It is worth mentioning here that the maximum temperature of the motor is designed on the basis of the type of the insulating material used. Motor insulations are classified to types depending on the maximum temperature allowed.
Loading requirements in terms of that continuous or short term or intermittent: usually electric motors are designed based on the amount of time in which they operate the machine required load as well as the amount of time in which the machine is stationary for work or runs at no load. On this basis, the rules that follow to choose electric motors indicate the possibility of rating motor in terms of time plan. Here are some operating types of motor:
Continuous operation: the machine working needs to do its job in this case to start the motor full rating and on continuous so as to reach the temperature in all parts of the motor to the maximum amount at which the motor has been designed on the basis of not beyond it with the operating continuation of any period after that.
Short-term operating: The machine working in this type of operation runs sporadic periods, each of which extends over a specific period of time, the measured temperature so as not to exceed in all parts of the motor the maximum temperature.
The required torque for moving vehicle gear box assembly is subjected to many rules. These rules are interrelated with tires, friction, wind resistance, weight, and tilt level [4].
\nA tire subjected to a load will be deformed and flattened until the contact area with the ground will get a force equal to the load on the same wheel. When the tire rolls, the resulting force at contact is not centered but placed at a distance: this is the lever arm required to calculate the required torque on the tire to overcome the resistance by rolling (it is not the tire radius). The friction coefficient between the tire rubber and ground is only required to find out the maximum torque before sliding. This may occur in case of a very high starting torque when the moment of vehicle inertia has an essential role. Tire deformation demands energy, and tires have an internal friction in which it is clear that after driving, tires heat up. The motor must supply the torque and energy to overcome all losses. If, for instance, two wheels are active, the rolling resistance and other losses are present on all four wheels even if the torque is applied only on two. Since rolling resistances are not linear, their sum should consider load distribution on the different axes and wheels. All before is valid for a flat horizontal ground. When the road is inclined with an angle, then the e = weight force can be analyzed to components. The downward component is F = G × sin (angle). The friction coefficient also adds an opposite torque to the tire torque. \nFigure 1\n explains the design flowchart of the vehicle.
\nFlowchart of the vehicle design.
The required traction force on the tire of the vehicle is
If the vehicle is moving at an inclined level, it can be expressed by Eq. (2):
\nThe force needed for the linear acceleration of the vehicle is
The effect of force motion
The vehicle contains mechanical rotary parts, such as pedals, front and rear axles, actuators, and gearbox. The equivalent mass (
where
The force which is opposed the vehicle movement is called mechanical resistance such as friction forces which existed in the axles, gears, and tires at starting. It does not depend on the speed of the vehicle and the mass of the vehicle. Wind resistance increases with the vehicle speed. Assume that
If the vehicle goes uphill at an angle
If
r is measured by N/Kg. The positive sign is used when the vehicle is upward to the sloped level, while the negative sign is devoted for the vehicle downward.
\nIf the vehicle is roaming at a constant speed
If the gear efficiency is η, the needed power by electric motor
The movement of the motor spindle, which makes torque in the rotary tires, is transmitted using a gearbox to reduce the speed from
The torque induced from the traction force on the tire
Traction force on the tire
Wheel speed
Gear ratio
Diameter gear motor/diameter gear wheel stirring =
Diameter of tire (tire)
Gearbox efficiency
The relation between the motor torque
\n
The three-phase synchronous motor used (3PSM) is a BLDC-YG1-ZZ- 1200 W type. The choice of this motor is based on the speed and torque necessary for the load. The 3PSM is provided by an AC three-phase line voltage of 380 volt and 50 Hz. The motor maximum speed is 3000 rpm. The torque
where according to the real specification of the 3PSM, the torque of the motor can be calculated using Eqs. (1) and (2):
\nThis anticipated torque is significantly adequate with 3000 rpm for the present load and as an input of mechanical gearbox. The next qualifications of the mechanical gear box will depend firmly upon the two manufactured torques: torque of the 3PSM and traction torque required for the vehicle load. \nFigure 2\n shows the three-phase synchronous motor which is used for vehicle and its nameplate.
\nThree-phase synchronous motor for vehicle traction and its nameplate.
The gearbox used in the vehicle is shown in \nFigure 3\n. It is subjected to many factors: input and output speeds and input and output torques required. The present vehicle has a steady-state linear speed which reaches slightly more than 40 km/hr. The angular velocity of vehicle tires is explained by Eq. (20), where
Motor gearbox.
where according to the real linear speed of the vehicle’ tires, the angular speed of the tire can be calculated using Eq. (3):
\nThen, the rotation speed the gearbox output pulley
The DC to three-phase inverter is designed as a frequency changer [6]. The synchronous speed of the 3PSM is various using the frequency changer and is determined by Eq. (22):
\nwhere from the experimental tests of the 3PSM conditions, the real number of stator slots is designed to give 18 slots. The stator has three phases, and six coils/phases are determined; for the motor shaft speed of 3000 rpm, it means that there are three coils per one pole inside the motor stator. Then, by using Eq. (22) and the obtainable data, the range of input frequency
Then the frequency
The real inverter designed is explained by \nFigure 4\n.
\nThe DC to three-phase voltage inverter used.
Five series batteries are connected; each battery is a 12 VDC and 14 AH lead-acid sealed type. The entire voltage is 60 VDC which is supplied to the terminal inputs of the inverter. \nFigure 5\n highlights the used battery.
\nThe used battery of 12VDC and 14 amp.hr.
The main supports and joints used for the vehicle frame are iron hollow rectangular metal beams with dimensions of 1.5 inch and thickness of 2 mm. The length of the iron beams 1 and 2 is the same; each beam length is 2 m. \nFigure 6\n shows the lengths of the vehicle structure iron beams 1 and 2.
\nDimensions of the vehicle iron beams 1 and 2.
The bending stress is determined at the center of beam 1 and beam 2. The total weight of the driver, five batteries, and solar panel are checked to give a weight of 125 kg. The gravitation force downward by total weight is calculated using Eq. (23):
\nThe bending stress will be determined using Eq. (24):
\nThe bending force is distributed into beams 1 and 2 at the middle of each, so the force
where
The total axial force
Two gear discs are used to transfer the mechanical power created by legs for turning the tires and then the vehicle. It is instituted experimentally; the torque established
The minimum mechanical torque required to move the vehicle which is less than the torque required for moving the bicycle with the driver is equal to 85 kg × 9.8
The solar panel (type SK150D, 150 watts, 18 V, 8.33 Amp) used is considered as additional power source and has the following specifications as shown in \nFigure 7\n through its nameplate. The rated power produced is amplified by using power electronic chopper (low DCV/high DCV) to convert the low-DC volt input to the required volt which is 60 DCV. The solar panel is used for charging the five batteries under the sunlight.
\nSolar panel is supplying power to the batteries.
The investigational tests on the electric motor of the vehicle are shown for the three different speeds, the AC line-to-line voltages are measured, and instantly the current is drawn by the electric lines. The investigational tests are revealed in \nTable 2\n.
\nTest no. | \nVehicle speed (km/hr) | \n3PSM line-to-line voltage (volt) | \n3PSM line current (ampere) | \n
---|---|---|---|
1 | \n20 | \n36 | \n5.13 | \n
2 | \n30 | \n47 | \n5.59 | \n
3 | \n40 | \n55 | \n6 | \n
Experimental tests.
Based on these experimental tests, the power input and output of the 3PSM can be calculated using the following performance equations for the 3PSM [3]:
\nThe results of test 1 are shown in \nTable 2\n. By using Eq. (26), the power factor can be supposed as 0.8 [5, 7]:
\nReferring to test 2,
Then, efficiency of the 3PSM can be supposed as 0.9 [5, 7]. By reusing Eqs. (20), (21), and (27), the torque induced is:
\n\n
The investigational tests and theoretical calculations of the vehicle show that there is a good confirming result which satisfied the required torque and speed. There is some enhancement that needs to be applied in the future to reduce the iron size of the two beams by using a smaller size. Furthermore to that, it is possible to use four tires instead of three tires. Also electronic control devices can be advanced by using Arduino controller applications.
\nThe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological condition, which starts in childhood and youth phase, derived of genetics and external factors, that features an attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity deficit excess [1]. It hits worldwide an average of 6–10% of children and 2.5–4% of adults [1, 2]. It also causes emotional self-regulation problems, executive impairment, and space and motor disorganization and may cause language problems in 30–40% of the cases [3].
The language problem in ADHD could be expressed in any age, in different intensity levels, that could bring negative effects in all daily activities and learning process, which depends on the right language acquisition during the child’s development. Among the most common comorbidities in ADHD, the abnormalities in language result in greater unsatisfactory evolution and many problems in verbal and nonverbal abilities, and even more in academic life, as a result of losses in reading and writing appropriation [4].
Thus, it is essential to understand the facts that interrelate ADHD with the cognitive and language development process, or particularly where and how ADHD neurobiological dysfunctions affect the dynamic of the neural network responsible for the receptive, integrative, and expressive language structure in different child neurodevelopment levels.
ADHD leads to emotional and cognitive self-regulation problems, which affect the executive attention and operational memory in the performance of discretionary, routine, and habitual activities. Tasks with no immediate reward which are, at the same time, necessary, priority, and essential for the development of basic abilities and general learning, adding the capacity of self-engage for whole process conclusions [5].
The cause of this disorder is still unknown but is generated by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors (Table 1) and by similar epigenetics mechanisms in neuropsychiatry diseases, and they are caused by polygenic inheritances of irregular transmission and are influenced by the environmental and gender predispositions. In the case of ADHD, the predominance is male, in the ratio of 4:1 [6]. So even without a specific cause, these abovementioned data in conjunction with epidemiological evidence provide to the specialists and international consensus a safe outline to the genetic and environmental risk factors for ADHD development (Table 1) [7]. The knowledge about these factors contributes for the clinical surveillance during early childhood in order to observe the possibility of the appearance of the first symptoms, adolescence, and adulthood.
Genetic factors | Environment factors |
---|---|
High heritability (76%) | Prematurity |
Association between twins (80%) | Low birth weight |
Carrier parents (85%) | Perinatal complications |
Average prevalence in countries (5.2%) | Maternal smoking |
Associated with genetic syndromes | Unstable and needy environments |
Associated with 20 genetic mutation | Drug use during pregnancy |
Genetics and environments risk factors for ADHD clinical features.
The symptoms and cognitive-behavioral changes of ADHD are the results of abnormalities in several neuronal connections, both cortical and subcortical, which can lead to functional impairments in one or more brain regions at the same time. The most affected and described connections mainly involve the anterior cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, striatum, and ventral integumentary area, that is, both voluntary and involuntary regions of attention that regulate the intensity and support of the attentional focus [8]. These regions are interconnected by the action of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitters, and their deficits also contribute to lowering the attentional functional of ADHD. Added to them are the maturational delays that can gradually occur in these connections during the first years of life and which are observed in many research-based evidences in the functional neuroimaging of the brains of children with ADHD when compared to typical children. The pace of neuronal and connective maturation is slower, erratic, diffuse, or delimited and can emerge clinically at different times in the life cycle, from early childhood to late adolescence [8, 9].
Neuroimaging exams, much more developed today because of the technological advances associated with neuroscientific research, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are able to analyze the maturational dissonance present in groups with ADHD from a comparative perspective with case controls. There are also brain morphometry, cortical thickness index, diffusion images (tractography), surface measurements of brain areas, gyration index, and geodetic mapping. These methods have shown that ADHD leads to microstructural changes and modifies the proportions between the functional regions of the brain [10, 11].
Thus, the various changes present in ADHD can be summarized as dismaturationals, connectives and productive, and abnormal bioavailability of neurotransmitters in the cortical (top-bottom) and subcortical (bottom-up) networks.
If we have a different and inefficient brain to process information, the next question would be: In what and how would it be different? In what functional aspects? What neuropsychological deficits are predominantly present in ADHD?
As there are still no specific biological markers, the description and clinical definition of ADHD is based on the
ADHD DSM-5 criteria. Source: Refs. [
ADHD can lead to three major functional deficits: (1) executive attention deficit, (2) operational memory problems, and (3) self-engagement in sequential tasks without reward [13].
The ADHD patient has a deficit in these three abilities and, therefore, the presentation of its clinical condition and functional difficulties are predominantly concentrated in executive functions, problems in working memory (verbal and nonverbal), difficulties in executive attention, and insufficient surveillance to fulfill correctly activities without immediate attractiveness or pleasure. Even though these characteristics are well defined, there is still no single endophenotypic pattern for ADHD or a neuropsychological profile. However, this evidence is sufficient to better understand the diagnostic approach in clinical suspicion, which evaluation methods to request, and in interdisciplinary evaluations, how to understand the deficits and discrepancies present in each of them and to associate with the main complaints of the child and the child’s school.
Thus, in the neuropsychological evaluation, we have to use the instruments that can measure selective and sustained attention, executive functions, verbal and nonverbal working memory, reaction time, and cognitive flexibility. Furthermore, correlate these assessed skills with the behavior of the assessed person during the exam, their reactions, avoidances, profile of behavioral responses to failure and test prolongation, etc. The description of these behaviors should be part of the feedback for the specialized team and will be useful for the conclusions.
After it all, and the language? The child’s learning, from a young age, in the early years, depends on several factors and, neurobiologically, in his first contact with the world, he needs his sensory and perceptual functions. Vision, hearing, touch, etc. and its perceptual centers in the brain added to the qualitative perceptual functions as well, such as attention and memory, to correctly absorb and fix the selected stimuli in the brain. Language, in this context, results from its innate abilities (presence of a network and integral structure for the language) and the internalization of the “languages” perceived around it. Little is known yet whether ADHD affects more innate or acquired language, but in several comparative studies associating both conditions, it appears that ADHD influences the appearance of language disorders (LDs) much more than the opposite [14, 15]. There are sufficient data demonstrating that, in groups of children with LD, there are proportionally fewer children with ADHD than when evaluating groups of ADHD seeking to verify the presence of LD [16].
The adequate construction and the full development of language structuring processes in childhood depend heavily on attentional, executive, and working memory processes. The union of all these factors in the construction of language can be understood by several psychological theories and theoretical constructs, but it is well summarized in the
The skills that make up the buffer are executive attention, working memory, and phonological awareness (Figure 2). Among the three, the first two are functions specifically associated with ADHD. In ADHD, both are deficient, unstable, and functionally oscillating and end up negatively influencing the development of speech and language in the early years of life, which are skills that depend on phonological awareness and therefore affect the cognitive processes of language.
Interrelation among executive attention, working memory, and phonological awareness to building reading and writing.
In this context, it seems that the selective and sustained attentional deficit would be the main center of disfunction. Attention selectively focuses on one aspect of information and excludes the other. The child who is learning the language from an early age must be able to selectively focus on relevant linguistic information and naturally ignore irrelevant information. He/she must sustain this focus to form an association between an object and a label in the word learning process. When the input source of the language or object changes, the child must also be able to draw attention away to avoid losing relevant information. As language develops, he/she must be able to attend linguistic sequences and social routines for the development of grammatical and pragmatic skills. If he/she cannot do this, whether due to attention deficits or early language problems, the process of language acquisition and consolidation will be fragmented and deficient.
There are also other factors that associate ADHD with language from a genetic and developmental point of view. Children with ADHD may have, in up to 40% of cases, speech development delays because it can affect the perception of sounds during the speech of his peers and caregivers, generate joint problems, and increase chance of stuttering; and by forming phonemes and syllable junction, it is possible to observe a greater slowness in syllabic awareness in these patients [19]. This means the disorder affects attention, motor control (inhibitory and rhythm), and working memory, eventually leading the referred gaps in the evolution of the articulatory and phonological organization.
Another factor described would be the presence of mutations and other genetic abnormalities between both conditions, which would lead to the transmission of their deficits present in the parent(s) to their children. And, finally, the separated association of both conditions that were generated in the same child without one being incidental to the other, but both sharing dysfunctions in specific areas in their interaction, participating in reading and writing language-related functions and language structure [20].
Several publications and researches show language alterations in ADHD patients [21]. There is still a need for greater research about the genetic or environmental factors involved. Some evidence describing genes that appear to be at the interface of both conditions already exists, such as FOX2 and CNTNAP2 [22]. But they still lack models that really demonstrate the solid link between them, what kind of comorbidity is included, and what genetic relationships exist (and, specifically, with which genes or mutations). For now, the most common studies are based on relative risk measures (RRs) and odds ratio (OR), and in these, they observe risks of two to six times greater language problems in ADHD groups when compared to controls [19].
ADHD can affect four axes of language in childhood and adolescence: (1) delays in speech acquisition and language structuring (mainly articulatory, phonological, lexical, and morphosyntactical but also, in a second plane, pragmatical); (2) hearing processing disorders; (3) abnormalities in speech (speech, voice, and fluency); and (4) deficits in the linguistic processes involved in the appropriation of reading and writing and math learning (Table 2).
Axes affected in speech therapy | ADHD effects |
---|---|
Delays in acquiring speech and language during development | Delay in speech acquisition, articulatory errors, memory deficit, and phonological manipulation, problems with rhythm and self-control to speak |
Disorders in auditory processing | Deficits in integration, temporality, and association of sounds |
Abnormalities in speech | A deficit in pragmatic language and in the perception of prosody during the speech, disrespect to the shifts of conversation, loss of significant moments to understand the intention of the speech, disorganization in the sequence of who will speak, frequent forgetfulness, and long-winded speech |
Deficits in the language of reading and writing | Slowness in literacy, delayed processing and spelling engine, poverty in the interpretation and production of texts, spatial trouble remembering quotes and locations in terms of text, and little memorization of facts, concepts, rules that make up the reading and writing |
Four axes of language in childhood and adolescence affected for ADHD.
In research conducted with 76 children with ADHD and an average age of 11 years old, Bruce e cols. (2006) observed that more than half of them were accompanied by a speech therapist and the rest did not receive any intervention. The results showed that most children had problems in pragmatic language, language comprehension with greater receptive communication deficits and delays, and learning gaps in reading and writing. In this same work, cognitive tests were carried out and the evidence showed that the pragmatic losses were due to the inattention and impulsive behavior of ADHD [23]. There are at least seven ADHD symptoms present in the
Besides, the existence of speech delay, articulatory problems, and stutter are relatively frequent in ADHD. Researches show that 25–40% of the cases suffer from such alterations and that indicates possible harm in complex acquisition with aging until it becomes predisposed comorbidity with dyslexia [24]. Many children with ADHD need speech therapy in their early ages of life, and a great part of them keep the therapy until the beginning of school and literacy years, but demonstrations show that with early intervention, the prognostic can get much better [25]. Pieces of evidence show larger deficits in the phonological and articulatory abilities, semantic structure, vocabulary repertoire, reading comprehension, and pragmatic process during dialogs and discursive abilities [26, 27].
The hearing processing is a set of specific and nonspecific skills associated with the set of skills necessary for an adequate perception, integration, and interpretation of what is heard in the most diverse environments. ADHD, due to its characteristics, especially affects the nonspecific skills necessary for auditory processing: the integrative, temporal, and organizational aspects of auditory discrimination. Almost 50% of cases of auditory processing disorders have comorbid symptoms of ADHD and their treatment requires intervention in both for good results to occur [28, 29].
Regarding discursive skills, several changes are observed in people with ADHD. Problems in sustained attention, impulsiveness to conclude and accelerate the discursive times and attentional lack of control, and seeming not to hear the interlocutor make these patients have greater difficulty in applying the right words and expressions at the right time and with plausible intentionality. Through it away occurs both to listening and delivering speeches and, especially, in the consistent persistence of the records heard, they show sudden and erratic self-distractions, little perception for moments of exclamations and tangential comments, hum and make strange noises during the process, enters with new topics decontextualized, and have little sensitivity to perceive commotions during the speech [2]. These difficulties can lead to great losses in the classroom, in lectures, in the coordination of speeches during a comment, and in the correct and strict understanding of a dialog or a recommendation or even “scolding” or warnings from your parents or caregivers. Perhaps, this explains why these patients tend to repeat the same mistakes or do not understand small insinuations or messages contained in the speeches that they hear and receive severe and repeated criticisms in social relations for this.
The significant problems and deficits observed in the processes of learning to read and write and, even later, in the literacy phase and in the already consolidated phase of the acquisition of these skills in these patients are varied and numerous—and today well described—in the scientific literature. People with ADHD have delays and gaps in the process of acquiring and appropriating basic skills for learning to read and write in up to 30–40% of cases. We see little memorization of graphic and phonemic symbols, difficulty in joining letters, and graphophonemic decoding. They usually forget much of what they saw or heard in class and can evolve greater irregularity so that they will acquire the proper fluency and automatic word recognition, sentences negatively affecting the ability to interpret, assimilate statements, and produce texts coherently. They may have more difficulty in organizing the words and phrases sequentially and “lose themselves” in the cohesion of the set of information they write in addition to often not being able to remember all the significant details to clarify an argument in writing.
Not being able to remember orthographic rules or perceive prosodic circumstances in the text to properly apply punctuation or paragraphs are constant in ADHD and can damage the semantic-pragmatic nexus. The longer and subliminal the writings, the greater the difficulties in textual praxis and the subsequent errors. Not to mention the problems of graphomotor coordination generated by the problems of rhythm, persistence, and inhibiting self-control of manual writing mobility, which in addition to deteriorating handwriting, leads to early tiredness, pain in the limb, and aversion/displeasure toward writing. They do not even take care of their writing tools because they lose, break, and play more with them in their hands. By making use of them at the time of class, they confusingly drop, destroy, and barely manage to stay at your desk during the class period. Furthermore, as they usually strain to perform in a less productive/in-depth manner than their colleagues, their text ends elementary, without details, abbreviated, saving words and, even so, they think what they have done is great and “enough”; but, actually, it had resulted in an insufficient work that is poorly done and that had to be corrected. Persistent, recurring delays lead to a progressive inadequate acquisition of skills and many of these young people progress to learning disorders [19].
All of this evidence can help to understand why ADHD patients act socially more with their hands (by actions) than with their eyes and mouth (by structuring words and arguments) and then being less assertive, wordy, and emotionally loosely organized in social interaction. Not to mention the significant losses in school performance, poor interpretation of statements, and low self-esteem for academic processes. The risk of school failures and dropouts is four times higher in these patients and reduces the chance of completing and receiving a university degree by up to eight times [30, 31].
Finally, the knowledge about these changes by health and education professionals is very important because the effects on the global development of the child’s language will lead to a negative, progressive impact in all related areas. The severe appearance of gaps in school learning, in the understanding of verbal and nonverbal processes of social communication, and the emotional and affective relationships that depend on language skills can lead to subjective problems in the patient and in family dynamics with different impacts throughout his life.
In the face of all the observations and the aforementioned evidence, the hearing care professional should be prepared to evaluate these children. Delays in speech and language acquisition should always suggest the possibility of ADHD as well as the presence of quantitative and qualitative deficits in BP, speech skills, and reading and writing, depending on the chronological age. However, studies and publications on ADHD and aspects related to language around the world still lack, except on the area of reading, which is the only one with more robust studies [32].
There is still no protocol or consensual or systematic recommendations on how the speech therapist can act in this area. However, there are articles and publications that can help this professional to create a basic protocol to better direct their work and to assist in a complementary, more refined, and objective way for the interdisciplinary team in order to better conclude the diagnosis and more broadly direct future strategies’ therapeutic [32, 33].
Even so, some recommendations can help, right now, to improve the procedures of speech therapy assessment in ADHD:
Knowing deeply the signs and symptoms of ADHD.
Knowing how to correlate the neurobiology and neuropsychology of ADHD with speech therapy assessment.
Track in the child’s neurodevelopment early signs of ADHD and possible effects of ADHD on the child’s speech and language.
Knowing more clinically the signs of impaired reading and writing that may be associated with language problems or ADHD.
Interpreting the BP test while considering the nonspecific factors that may be negatively influencing the results.
Seeking consensus, new publications, and speech therapy forums or congresses that will systematize instruments to be used in the assessment of these children (instruments in speech therapy, even a foreign language, can help a lot) (Table 3) [21].
Test name | Age | Domains evaluated |
---|---|---|
Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals—4 | 5–21 years | Formulation of sentences, the definition of words, and their classes and semantics |
Test of language development primary | 4–9 years | Semantics and grammar, reception and expression, and general language skills |
Communication abilities diagnostic test | 3–9 years | Varied tests for syntax, semantics, and pragmatics during stories, games, and conversations |
Language processing test 3: Elementary | 5–11 years | Association tasks, categorization, similarities/differences, and multiple meanings and attributes |
Children’s communication checklist-2 | 4–16 years | Evaluates verbal and nonverbal social communication |
Assessment of comprehension and expression | 6–11 years | Understanding sentences, inferences, nonliteral language, and use of narratives |
Test of language competence | 5–18 years | Ambiguous sentences, comprehension, inferences, and figurative language |
Test of pragmatic language | 8–18 years | Pragmatic language |
Test of attention, executive, and language functions | Under 5 years | Translated available tests, validated in neuropsychology and speech therapy |
Instruments in speech therapy for language assessment in ADHD.
Knowing the aspects of ADHD related to the development, structuring and school management of language is essential for undertaking an adequate assessment of these patients during and after the diagnostic process. During, in order to decisively contribute to speech therapy data in the confirmation of a further condition without definitive biomarkers. After, in order to delineate with the results the treatment needs that may involve the speech therapist, who has the role of intensively intervening in deficits that are not within the competence of the school or family but should be corrected by the specialist in order to provide a more favorable and persevering school performance.
License
\n\nBook Chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen maintains a very flexible Copyright Policy that ensures that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher. Therefore, Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
\n\n',metaTitle:"Open Access Statement",metaDescription:"Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0)",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-statement/",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Formats
\\n\\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\\n\\nPeer Review Policies
\\n\\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCosts
\\n\\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\\n\\n\\n\\nDigital Archiving Policy
\\n\\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Formats
\n\nBased on your preferences and the stage of your scientific projects, you have multiple options for publishing your scientific research with IntechOpen:
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific Works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing.
\n\n\n\nCosts
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model followed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, thus enabling readers to access research at no cost to themselves. In order to sustain these operations, and keep our publications freely accessible, we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee on all manuscripts accepted for publication to help cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books.
\n\n\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation and availability of the scholarly research it publishes.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5817},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5282},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1755},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15915}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119159},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9667",title:"Neuroimmunology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cf0e8203ce088c0b84add014fd8d382",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10213",title:"Secretomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8f787d92ba862a2c43867b2e62d15c31",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luiza Rusu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10213.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"210679",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiza",surname:"Rusu",slug:"luiza-rusu",fullName:"Luiza Rusu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10223",title:"Obesity and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c202a2b74cd9a2c44b1c385f103ac65d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:217},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"220",title:"Toxicology",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-toxicology",parent:{title:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science"},numberOfBooks:17,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:383,numberOfWosCitations:655,numberOfCrossrefCitations:376,numberOfDimensionsCitations:911,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-toxicology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9407",title:"Biochemical Toxicology",subtitle:"Heavy Metals and Nanomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"892372c885d7a41fc85666f573c7a32b",slug:"biochemical-toxicology-heavy-metals-and-nanomaterials",bookSignature:"Muharrem Ince, Olcay Kaplan Ince and Gabrijel Ondrasek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9407.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258431",title:"Prof.",name:"Muharrem",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9013",title:"Zebrafish in Biomedical Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b81f6e1a8fc1196718fa50b77a5c77bf",slug:"zebrafish-in-biomedical-research",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8068",title:"Cytotoxicity",subtitle:"Definition, Identification, and Cytotoxic Compounds",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20a09223d92829b5478b5f241f6a03ce",slug:"cytotoxicity-definition-identification-and-cytotoxic-compounds",bookSignature:"Erman Salih Istifli and Hasan Basri Ila",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8068.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",middleName:null,surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6733",title:"Mycotoxins",subtitle:"Impact and Management Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e4e18e9fbe30a389b07568cc28c02c",slug:"mycotoxins-impact-and-management-strategies",bookSignature:"Patrick Berka Njobeh and Francois Stepman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6733.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"60387",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick Berka",middleName:null,surname:"Njobeh",slug:"patrick-berka-njobeh",fullName:"Patrick Berka Njobeh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7111",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",subtitle:"New Tricks for an Old Dog?",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08164f9300bc6bf4900c9166d960278b",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",bookSignature:"Ozgur Karcioglu and Banu Arslan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7111.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221195",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Karcioglu",slug:"ozgur-karcioglu",fullName:"Ozgur Karcioglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7047",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2a6791462a0bbc32c6da3218dcf5ac28",slug:"botulinum-toxin",bookSignature:"Nikolay Serdev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7047.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6380",title:"Cytotoxicity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60d61573c9a66207b8bc54613cac5716",slug:"cytotoxicity",bookSignature:"Tülay Aşkin Çelik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6380.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74041",title:"Dr.",name:"Tulay",middleName:null,surname:"Askin Celik",slug:"tulay-askin-celik",fullName:"Tulay Askin Celik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6310",title:"Genotoxicity",subtitle:"A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14a0966cec5283fdbc781a6bb47ed4e3",slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6310.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5362",title:"Toxicology",subtitle:"New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2061f273c8b3134dffbcb5256969ecab",slug:"toxicology-new-aspects-to-this-scientific-conundrum",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4557",title:"Toxicology Studies",subtitle:"Cells, Drugs and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e547709cb19f12af25b2eb23aecc726d",slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Andreazza and Gustavo Scola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"172081",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Andreazza",slug:"ana-cristina-andreazza",fullName:"Ana Cristina Andreazza"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:17,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"64762",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82511",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:6589,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:77,book:{slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"42016",doi:"10.5772/55187",title:"Why are Early Life Stages of Aquatic Organisms more Sensitive to Toxicants than Adults?",slug:"why-are-early-life-stages-of-aquatic-organisms-more-sensitive-to-toxicants-than-adults-",totalDownloads:3077,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:66,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Azad Mohammed",authors:[{id:"147061",title:"Dr.",name:"Azad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"azad-mohammed",fullName:"Azad Mohammed"}]},{id:"57717",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71923",title:"In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays: Principles, Advantages, and Disadvantages",slug:"in-vitro-cytotoxicity-and-cell-viability-assays-principles-advantages-and-disadvantages",totalDownloads:12861,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:66,book:{slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",title:"Genotoxicity",fullTitle:"Genotoxicity - A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World"},signatures:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk",authors:[{id:"211212",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Aslantürk",slug:"ozlem-sultan-aslanturk",fullName:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57717",title:"In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Assays: Principles, Advantages, and Disadvantages",slug:"in-vitro-cytotoxicity-and-cell-viability-assays-principles-advantages-and-disadvantages",totalDownloads:12866,totalCrossrefCites:35,totalDimensionsCites:66,book:{slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",title:"Genotoxicity",fullTitle:"Genotoxicity - A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World"},signatures:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk",authors:[{id:"211212",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Aslantürk",slug:"ozlem-sultan-aslanturk",fullName:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:6601,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:77,book:{slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"44083",title:"Regulation and Enforcement of Legislation on Food Safety in Nigeria",slug:"regulation-and-enforcement-of-legislation-on-food-safety-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:15475,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"mycotoxin-and-food-safety-in-developing-countries",title:"Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Jane Omojokun",authors:[{id:"152076",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Omojokun",slug:"jane-omojokun",fullName:"Jane Omojokun"}]},{id:"44101",title:"Nigerian Indigenous Fermented Foods: Processes and Prospects",slug:"nigerian-indigenous-fermented-foods-processes-and-prospects",totalDownloads:14622,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"mycotoxin-and-food-safety-in-developing-countries",title:"Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries",fullTitle:"Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries"},signatures:"Egwim Evans, Amanabo Musa, Yahaya Abubakar and Bello Mainuna",authors:[{id:"156271",title:"Dr.",name:"Evans",middleName:null,surname:"Egwim",slug:"evans-egwim",fullName:"Evans Egwim"}]},{id:"52207",title:"A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants",slug:"a-review-of-cyanogenic-glycosides-in-edible-plants",totalDownloads:6468,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:23,book:{slug:"toxicology-new-aspects-to-this-scientific-conundrum",title:"Toxicology",fullTitle:"Toxicology - New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum"},signatures:"Islamiyat Folashade Bolarinwa, Moruf Olanrewaju Oke, Sulaiman\nAdebisi Olaniyan and Adeladun Stephen Ajala",authors:[{id:"190129",title:"Dr.",name:"Islamiyat Folashade",middleName:null,surname:"Bolarinwa",slug:"islamiyat-folashade-bolarinwa",fullName:"Islamiyat Folashade Bolarinwa"},{id:"194068",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Adebisi",middleName:null,surname:"Olaniyan",slug:"sulaiman-adebisi-olaniyan",fullName:"Sulaiman Adebisi Olaniyan"},{id:"194071",title:"Dr.",name:"Adeladun Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Ajala",slug:"adeladun-steven-ajala",fullName:"Adeladun Steven Ajala"},{id:"194073",title:"Dr.",name:"Moruf Olanrewaju",middleName:null,surname:"Oke",slug:"moruf-olanrewaju-oke",fullName:"Moruf Olanrewaju Oke"}]},{id:"48406",title:"Impact of Pesticides on Environmental and Human Health",slug:"impact-of-pesticides-on-environmental-and-human-health",totalDownloads:6286,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:38,book:{slug:"toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment",title:"Toxicology Studies",fullTitle:"Toxicology Studies - Cells, Drugs and Environment"},signatures:"Mariana Furio Franco Bernardes, Murilo Pazin, Lilian Cristina Pereira\nand Daniel Junqueira Dorta",authors:[{id:"172524",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Dorta",slug:"daniel-dorta",fullName:"Daniel Dorta"}]},{id:"71771",title:"The Clinical Importance of Herb-Drug Interactions and Toxicological Risks of Plants and Herbal Products",slug:"the-clinical-importance-of-herb-drug-interactions-and-toxicological-risks-of-plants-and-herbal-produ",totalDownloads:560,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"medical-toxicology",title:"Medical Toxicology",fullTitle:"Medical Toxicology"},signatures:"Cigdem Kahraman, Zekiye Ceren Arituluk and Iffet Irem Tatli Cankaya",authors:[{id:"319337",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem Tatli",middleName:null,surname:"Cankaya",slug:"irem-tatli-cankaya",fullName:"Irem Tatli Cankaya"},{id:"319339",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekiye Ceren",middleName:null,surname:"Arituluk",slug:"zekiye-ceren-arituluk",fullName:"Zekiye Ceren Arituluk"},{id:"319340",title:"Dr.",name:"Cigdem",middleName:null,surname:"Kahraman",slug:"cigdem-kahraman",fullName:"Cigdem Kahraman"}]},{id:"62483",title:"The Socio-Economic Impact of Mycotoxin Contamination in Africa",slug:"the-socio-economic-impact-of-mycotoxin-contamination-in-africa",totalDownloads:1340,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:16,book:{slug:"mycotoxins-impact-and-management-strategies",title:"Mycotoxins",fullTitle:"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies"},signatures:"Sefater Gbashi, Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala, Sarah De Saeger, Marthe De Boevre, Ifeoluwa Adekoya, Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo and Patrick Berka Njobeh",authors:null},{id:"68822",title:"Heavy Metal Removal Techniques Using Response Surface Methodology: Water/Wastewater Treatment",slug:"heavy-metal-removal-techniques-using-response-surface-methodology-water-wastewater-treatment",totalDownloads:1263,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"biochemical-toxicology-heavy-metals-and-nanomaterials",title:"Biochemical Toxicology",fullTitle:"Biochemical Toxicology - Heavy Metals and Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Muharrem Ince and Olcay Kaplan Ince",authors:[{id:"258431",title:"Prof.",name:"Muharrem",middleName:null,surname:"Ince",slug:"muharrem-ince",fullName:"Muharrem Ince"},{id:"266549",title:"Dr.",name:"Olcay",middleName:null,surname:"Kaplan Ince",slug:"olcay-kaplan-ince",fullName:"Olcay Kaplan Ince"}]},{id:"42020",title:"Screening of Herbal Medicines for Potential Toxicities",slug:"screening-of-herbal-medicines-for-potential-toxicities",totalDownloads:7133,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:60,book:{slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Obidike Ifeoma and Salawu Oluwakanyinsola",authors:[{id:"142730",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Ezenyi",slug:"ifeoma-ezenyi",fullName:"Ifeoma Ezenyi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-toxicology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions/mechanical-and-electrical-design-calculations-of-hybrid-vehicles",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions",chapter:"mechanical-and-electrical-design-calculations-of-hybrid-vehicles"},fullPath:"/books/applied-electromechanical-devices-and-machines-for-electric-mobility-solutions/mechanical-and-electrical-design-calculations-of-hybrid-vehicles",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()