Measurement data (relative capacity) for the battery degradation example.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tWhile two-dimensional (2D) thin crystals limit the physical phenomena into a plane, in a one-dimensional (1D) quantum structure (nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoribbons (NRs)), charge carriers and excitations have only one degree of freedom. These crystal structures have been the focus of interest due to their unique properties such as the very high electronic density of states, enhanced exciton binding energy, diameter-dependent bandgap, increased surface scattering for electrons and phonons, and chirality-dependent electronic band structure.
\r\n\tNanoribbons (NRs), made of single- or few-atom-thick lamellar crystals, are novel forms of 1D nanoscale materials and are ideal systems for investigation of the size and dimensionality dependence of the fundamental properties. After the successful synthesis of many 2D monolayer materials, their 1D NR form came into prominence due to their necessity in nanoscale applications. In this context, this book will cover the synthesis techniques, characterization methods, fundamental properties, and state-of-the-art applications on NRs of recent 1D/2D materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) (MoS2, WS2, ReS2, and TiSe2), mono-chalcogenides (GaS, GaSe, ZnSe, and SnSe), tri-chalcogenides (TiS3 and ZrS3), black phosphorus, group-IV, III–V binary compounds, superstructures and so on. The proposed book is intended for academia, professionals, scientists and Graduate & Undergraduate students without any geographical limitations.
\r\n\t
Structural health monitoring (SHM) [1, 2] is the process of identifying damage and evaluating the safety of a system based on online and/or off-line data. It uses an array of sensors to obtain measurement data that are directly or indirectly related to damage. The statistical analysis of these measurements can help predict the future state of the system and thus improve the safety of the system. SHM can be found in a wide variety of applications such as bridges and dams, buildings, stadiums, platforms, airframes, turbines, etc. Prognostics is an extension of SHM, which is the process of estimating the time beyond which a system can no longer function to meet desired performances [3]. The time, in terms of cycles/hours, remaining to run the system before it fails is called the remaining useful life (RUL).
\nThere are two types of prognostics methods: data-driven and physics-based approaches. The data-driven approaches are advantageous when many training data are available for a complex system, while the physics-based approaches are good when a physical model of damage degradation is available. The physics-based approach is used for prognostics in this paper with a well-defined physics model. Measured data is used to estimate model parameters, which are then used to predict the RUL.
\nRecently, many prognostics algorithms have been published in the literature [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. However, many of the proposed algorithms are complex and not easily applicable. This complexity can present a serious hurdle for the beginner. In addition, using commercial programs may not be the best choice in teaching algorithms to students. As a continuation of our educational paper on prognostics algorithm [9], the objective of this paper is to explain the fundamentals of a Bayesian-based prognostics method and demonstrate how to use it using a simple MATLAB code.
\nThe MATLAB code consists of 76 lines, which is further divided into three parts: (1) problem definition; (2) prognostics using the Bayesian method (BM); and (3) post-processing. The program is structured in such a way that the users only need to modify the problem definition part for their own application. This paper shows an example of battery degradation and crack growth models, and attempts to explain prognostics using BM with MATLAB code.
\nThe remaining sections are organized as follows: In Section 2, the overall process of BM is explained; in Section 3, implementation of the code is explained with details using battery degradation example; and in Section 4, modification of the code for crack growth example is described, followed by conclusions in Section 5.
\nIn this section, a physics-based approach is explained using the procedure shown in \nFigure 1\n. The theoretical discussions in this section are mainly to help understand the MATLAB implementation in Section 3. The physics-based approach comprises of the following steps: (1) developing or identifying a physical model that describes the degradation of system health, (2) collecting data by operating the system under usage conditions and measuring degradation at a sequence of times/cycles, (3) estimating the model parameters by fitting the measured data, (4) progressing the physical model to the future times/cycles, and (5) predicting the RUL. A statistical inference technique called the Bayesian method (BM) is used in this paper to estimate the model parameters based on measured data. Many other methods, such as particle filter and Kalman filter, also use Bayesian inference to estimate the model parameters. In BM, all model parameters are estimated in the form of a joint probability density function (PDF), whose distribution can be represented using samples. Among various sampling methods, Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is employed to draw samples from the distribution. These samples of model parameters are then substituted in the physical model to calculate the samples of RUL, from which the statistical distribution is evaluated.
\nFlowchart of physics-based prognostics.
In this section, a degradation model of a battery is used to explain the physics-based prognostics algorithm using the Bayesian method. The degradation model of crack growth will also be explained in Section 4. It is expected that the users develop a degradation model for their own application. This section explains the basic requirements of a degradation model.
\nIn a lithium-ion battery, it is well known that the capacity of a secondary cell degrades over cycles in use. Therefore, the capacity can be used as a degradation feature. The degradation feature is an output of the degradation model that shows a monotonic trend as a function of time. The system is considered failed when the degradation feature goes beyond a threshold. In the case of a lithium-ion battery, the failure threshold is defined when the charging capacity fades by 30% of that of a pristine battery. In this paper, the C/1 capacity (capacity at a nominally rated current of 1A) of the battery is used as a degradation feature. Since the C/1 capacity is inversely proportional to the sum of the transfer resistance and the electrolyte resistance, it represents the overall performance of a battery.
\nAlthough the degradation process of a battery is complicated, a simple empirical model is available when the usage of the battery is the repetition of fully charging-discharging cycles. In such a case, the degradation model can be written as a function of time only. Since the capacity of a battery degrades over time, the ratio of the capacity compared to that of the pristine battery is expressed by an exponential decaying model as [10]
\nwhere
The main goal of the physics-based prognostics is to predict the degradation behavior using the degradation model. If the model is perfect, then it can be used to find the time \n
where \n
In practice, however, the degradation model is not perfect in the sense that the model form, as well as the model parameters, may not be accurate. The error in the model form can be handled by introducing a model form error and identifying the error using measured data, which would be considered as the out of the scope of this paper. Interested readers can refer to Guan et al. [11].
\nOnce the model form is accepted, the next task is to identify the accurate model parameters. In the case of the battery degradation model in Eq. (1), the parameter
The model parameter
If the measured data are accurate, then a small number of measured data should be good enough to estimate the model parameters. In reality, however, most measured data include noise and bias, which make the estimation process difficult. Noise is a random fluctuation of signals due to uncontrollable factors in the measurement environment, while bias is a systematic departure from the average data. If the measurement is repeated, noise can be changed, while the bias may remain the same. The bias can occur because of calibration error of the sensors, but it may also occur due to the model form error. The effect of the model form error can partially be addressed by introducing the bias in the estimation process. Bias can be added in the model as an extra term and estimated in the same way as other parameters. The distribution of estimated bias is a good indicator if the model can represent degradation data well enough. If estimated bias is widely distributed, it means model form error is large. If it is narrowly distributed and the mean is close to 0, it means the model is accurate. Since noise is random, it is important to compensate for its effect in the parameter estimation process. It is obvious that a large level of noise makes the process difficult. Therefore, it is important to keep the signal-to-noise ratio as high as possible. It is also important to understand the statistical characteristics of the noise. In this paper, it is assumed that the noise follows a Gaussian distribution with a zero mean and unknown standard deviation. On the other hand, the effect of bias will not be considered. Therefore, in addition to the unknown model parameters, it is necessary to estimate the unknown standard deviation of noise in data.
\nBecause of noise and bias, it is often expected that a large number of data be required to estimate the model parameters accurately. In prognostics, it is often assumed that \n
It is important to note that the data should show a significant change in the damage feature over time. In the case of crack growth in Section 4, for example, when the crack size is small, it grows very slowly. Therefore, the measurement data in an early stage do not show a significant change in the crack size. In such a case, the signal-to-noise ratio is too low and it is difficult to estimate the model parameters.
\nIn this paper, instead of measuring the degradation of a real battery, the degradation data are generated based on an assumed true model. This has a couple of advantages. First, since the true model and its model parameters are known, it is possible to evaluate the accuracy of the estimation process and that of the RUL. It also allows us to investigate the effect of noise on the performance of prognostics algorithms. In this paper, the relative capacity data are generated based on Eq. (1) with the true model parameter
\n
\n
\n
\n
Once the measurement data are generated, the true model parameters and the information of noise are not used. \nTable 1\n and \nFigure 2\n show the true degradation data and simulated measurement data up to the current time \n
Time (weeks) | \n0 | \n1 | \n2 | \n3 | \n4 | \n5 | \n6 | \n7 | \n8 | \n9 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
True degradation | \n1.000 | \n0.988 | \n0.976 | \n0.965 | \n0.953 | \n0.942 | \n0.931 | \n0.919 | \n0.909 | \n0.898 | \n
Measured degradation | \n0.995 | \n0.983 | \n0.975 | \n0.974 | \n0.942 | \n0.938 | \n0.930 | \n0.920 | \n0.911 | \n0.895 | \n
Measurement data (relative capacity) for the battery degradation example.
True degradation curve and measured data for the relative capacity.
Once the measurement data are available, the next step would be to estimate the model parameters. Among many parameter estimation methods, the Bayesian inference is explained in this section. In the following explanation, \n
where \n
where \n
If the Bayes’ theorem in Eq. (5) is going to be used for identifying unknown model parameters, it would be better to express the theorem in the form of a probability density function (PDF) [13], which is used in the present paper. Let \n
It is obvious that the joint PDF can be written as \n
Since the denominator \n
The Bayesian inference can be extended to the case when many data are available. In general, it is possible that the posterior PDF can be obtained by applying all data simultaneously or by iteratively applying each data at a time. Although two approaches are theoretically equivalent, they end up numerically different methods. For example, the particle filter method uses a single measurement to update the posterior distribution, and the previous posterior distribution is used as a prior distribution for the following measurement. On the other hand, Bayesian method uses all measurement data together to build a single posterior distribution, which is used in this paper. Let us consider that \n
where
In contrast to the traditional least-squares method, the Bayes’ theorem can estimate not only the best values of parameters but also the uncertainty structure of the identified parameters. Since these uncertainty structures are derived from that of the prior distribution and likelihood function, the uncertainty of the posterior distribution is directly related to that of the likelihood and the prior distribution.
\nIn the Bayesian method, it is assumed that the users know the prior distribution of model parameters and the distribution type of measurement noise. In this paper, it is assumed that the prior distribution is given as a uniform distribution with a lower- and upper-bound. It is also assumed that the measurement noise is a Gaussian distribution; that is \n
Once the prior distribution is determined, it is necessary to build the likelihood function using the measurement data and to yield the posterior distribution shown in Eq. (8). The meaning of the likelihood function is the PDF value of obtaining the measured data \n
As shown in Eq. (8), the likelihoods of multiple data can be multiplied to obtain the posterior distribution. With
where
Bayesian parameter estimation in Eq. (11) shows the functional expression of the posterior joint PDF of unknown model parameters. When the prior and posterior are conjugate, the posterior distribution can be expressed in the form of a standard probability distribution. In general cases, however, the posterior distribution can be expressed as a product of complex functions, such as the posterior PDF shown in Eq. (11).
\nThe posterior PDF is then used to calculate the degradation trend and predict the RUL. For complex nonlinear models, it is difficult to propagate uncertainty in the parameters to the degradation model. Instead, samples of model parameters are generated from the posterior distribution, and the degradation model with the threshold in Eq. (2) is used to propagate these samples to calculate the samples of the end of life, and thus, the samples of the RUL in Eq. (3). Therefore, it is important to generate samples that follow the posterior distribution of parameters.
\nIn general, the inverse cumulative distribution function (CDF) method is the easiest way of generating samples from a non-standard probability distribution, but it requires the functional expression of CDF, not PDF. For practical engineering applications, it is likely that the posterior PDF may be different from a standard probability distribution, or the posterior PDF is complicated due to the complex correlation structures between parameters. In such a case, sampling-based methods can be used to generate samples of parameters. There are many sampling methods, such as the grid approximation [15], rejection sampling [16], importance sampling [17], and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method [18]. In this paper, the MCMC method using the Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm is employed. MCMC is a simulation technique used to estimate quantities of interest by sampling consecutive random variables wherein the future state depends only on the current state [19].
\nThe MCMC sampling method uses a Markov chain model in a random walk, where the distribution of the next sample depends only on the current sample (see \nFigure 3\n). As the algorithm generates more and more samples, the samples more closely approximate the posterior PDF. Specifically, Starting with an arbitrary initial sample (current sample), a new candidate sample is drawn from a proposal distribution centered at the current sample. In this paper, a uniformly distributed proposal distribution is used. Therefore, it is expected that the users provide the initial sample of parameters and the width of the proposal distribution. At
where \n
Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling using random walk.
Once the candidate sample is generated, it is either accepted as a new sample or rejected based on an acceptance criterion. When accepted, the candidate sample is added to a new sample and used in the next iteration. When rejected, the candidate sample is discarded, and the current sample is reused in the next iteration. In the original MH algorithm, it is suggested to use a function that is proportional to the posterior distribution for the acceptance/rejection test. In this paper, however, the posterior distribution is directly used as its evaluation is not computationally expensive. Since the proposal distribution is symmetric, the following acceptance ratio can be defined:
\nThe acceptance ratio compares the posterior probability of the new candidate sample against that of the current sample. If the candidate sample has a higher probability than that of the current sample; i.e., \n
Metropolis-Hastings algorithm for generating samples from a posterior distribution.
The performance of MCMC sampling depends on the initial sample and the selection of the proposal distribution. A too-narrow proposal distribution can yield destabilization by not fully covering the posterior distribution, while a too-wide distribution can yield many duplications in sampling result by not accepting new samples. In addition, if the initial sample is located far away from the posterior distribution, many iterations (samples) will be required to converge to the posterior distribution. To prevent the effect of inaccurate initial samples, an initial portion of the samples can be discarded in estimating the posterior distribution, which is called the burn-in. In this paper, the first 20 percent of the samples are discarded as a burn-in.
\nOnce the samples of parameters are obtained based on the posterior distribution, the future damage state and the RUL can be predicted by substituting the samples of parameters in the degradation model and estimating the RUL using Eqs. (2) and (3). In general, since the degradation model is a nonlinear implicit function of time, solving for \n
Then, the measurement data are available between \n
then \n
Once the samples of RUL are available, the confidence interval and/or the prediction interval is used to evaluate the accuracy or precision of the RUL. The confidence interval represents how good the RUL is. Therefore, the confidence interval of 95% means that the true RUL will be within this interval with the probability of 95%. That is, the confidence interval tells us about the likely location of the true RUL. In the case of RUL samples, the 95% confidence interval can be calculated by taking the lower 2.5 percentile and the upper 2.5 percentile from the samples. On the other hand, the prediction interval shows the possible location of the next sample. Knowing that the next sample will have additional randomness from the predicted RUL, the prediction interval is calculated by adding additional randomness to the data. In practice, the RUL estimation is important for scheduling maintenance. Therefore, only the lower confidence/prediction bound is of interest in the practical application. \nFigure 5\n shows a representative result of prognostics, which shows the statistical distribution and the confidence interval of the RUL.
\nStatistical distribution and the confidence interval of the remaining useful life.
In this section, MATLAB implementation of prognostics using the Bayesian method is discussed. In the following explanation, ‘line’ or ‘lines’ in a parenthesis indicated the number of the line of the code in Appendix. The code is divided into three parts: (1) Problem Definition (lines 2–15, 65–67) (2) Bayesian parameter estimation and MCMC sampling (lines 16–29, 60–76) (3) Post-processing for displaying results (lines 40–57). Only the Problem Definition part needs to be changed for different applications. Detailed explanations are given in the subsequent sections with an example of battery degradation.
\nIt is expected that the MATLAB script is saved as a file with the name of ‘
In the above MATLAB command,
The problem definition means defining the degradation equation using model parameters and time/cycle. All known parameters, as well as the initial estimate of unknown parameters, parameter names, and model data, need to be defined. The problem definition consists of two parts: parameter definition and model definition. For parameter definition (lines 2–15), ‘
In line 8, the degradation threshold \n
During MCMC sampling, the number of samples
Since the RUL is represented by
\n
\n
For the model definition, the degradation model \n
In the Bayesian parameter estimation process, the posterior distribution is expressed in terms of the product of the prior distribution and the likelihoods of all measured data. In the MATLAB code
\n
\n
\n
In the case of the battery example, this command is equivalent to.
\n\n
\n
This is why the
If measurement data (
MCMC sampling using the MH algorithm starts with the initial sample that is provided by the users (line 19) and the value of the posterior PDF (line 20). In the loop of MCMC sampling (lines 21–29), a candidate sample is randomly generated from a uniform distribution, centered at the current sample and the width of \n
Once the samples of model parameters are obtained based on the posterior distribution, they can be used to find the RUL, which is the time when the degradation prediction reaches the threshold. First, for all samples in
\n
\n
Once the degradations in the future times are calculated, MATLAB function
\n
\n
The option ‘pchip’ in
In the postprocessing stage, the results given in samples are interpreted in terms of statistical quantities or in the form of graphs. First, in the
The MATLAB code plots two figures. The first figure plots the trace of MCMC samples (lines 45–50) as shown in \nFigure 6(a)\n. This trace shows the quality of MCMC samples. If samples are distributed randomly and symmetrically around the mean with a constant bound, then it means that the samples are stabilized and well represent the posterior distribution. If the trace of samples shows an irregular behavior as shown in \nFigure 6(b)\n, the samples may not represent the posterior PDF properly. This can happen when the initial sample was far away from the mean and when the width of the proposal distribution is too narrow or too wide.
\nTrace of samples from MCMC sampling (a) proper samples and (b) improper samples.
The second plot is the histogram of RUL (lines 51–53) as shown in \nFigure 7\n. At the end of the code, the confidence intervals of [5%, median, 95%] are printed on the command window (lines 54–56). All variables are saved in the computer file so that they can be loaded to the memory for further analysis (line 57). The name of the saved database is “WorkName at \n
Histogram of the remaining useful life.
Although the MATLAB code plots two figures, it is possible that the users can plot different figures using the saved database. After calling the
\n
In addition to the trace of samples shown in \nFigure 6\n, it is possible to plot the histogram of model parameters using the same samples. The following commands plot the histograms of all model parameters.
\n\n
\n
\n
When the true degradation model is known, it is possible to compare the predicted degradation with the true one. The following MATLAB script plots the median and confidence intervals of the predicted degradation along with the true degradation and the threshold.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
The degradation curves up to 50 weeks are shown in \nFigure 8\n for the battery example. The true degradation with \n
Comparison of the predicted degradation with the true degradation.
The code can be modified easily by the users for various applications. In this section, an example of crack growth is used to explain how the MATLAB code
In fatigue crack growth, the failure criterion is given in terms of the crack size. Therefore, it would be appropriate to use the size of crack as a degradation feature. In this case, the degradation feature monotonically increases, while it was monotonically decreased for the battery example. Assuming that a through-the-thickness center crack exists in an infinite plate under mode-I loading condition, the rate of fatigue crack growth can be expressed using the Paris-Erdogan model as
\nwhere \n
The system is under fatigue loading with the range of stress being \n
For the Bayesian method, it is necessary to define the prior distribution and the likelihood function. In the battery example, it was assumed that noise in data follows a normal distribution. However, when the distribution type of measurement noise is unknown, it is possible that the likelihood function might be different from the true noise distribution. The same is true for the prior/initial distribution. Therefore, it would be a good exercise to study the effect of different distribution types by changing the MATLAB codes. In this example, the lognormal distribution is employed for the likelihood function as:
\nwhere \n
Also, the prior distribution of each parameter is assumed as a normal distribution as \n
The posterior distribution can be obtained by multiplying the prior distribution in Eq. (19) with the likelihood function in Eq. (18).
\nFor the crack growth example, the code in Appendix needs to be changed as follows. First, the problem definition part in lines 2–15 is replaced with the following code:
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
A total of \n
Next, the model definition part in lines 65–67 is replaced with the following code:
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Initially, a fatigue crack grows slowly and then grows rapidly just before becoming unstable. The crack growth model in Eq. (17) is only valid when the crack growth is stable. Normally the threshold \n
In addition to the problem definition part, the posterior distribution part also needs to be modified because instead of a uniform distribution, a normal distribution is used for the prior distribution. Also, lognormal distributions are used instead of normal distributions for the likelihood function. The posterior distribution part in lines 71–74 needs to be modified as follows:
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
Similar to the battery example, the MATLAB code can be used to plot the trace of MCMC sampling and the histogram of model parameters and RUL. Using a similar code provided in Section 3.4, the degradation trend could also be plotted. For example, \nFigure 5\n shows the predicted degradation with the true degradation. Even if the median (1553 cycles) has a relatively large error with the true RUL (1709 cycles), the 95% confidence interval covers the true RUL.
\nAn important information that was not discussed before is the correlation between model parameters. It is well known that the Paris-Erdogan model parameters,
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\nFigure 9\n shows the MCMC samples in the parameter space along with the exact value of the parameters (star marker). The figure also shows the contour of the joint posterior PDF based on the grid method. It can be observed that the MCMC samples represent the joint posterior PDF well, and the joint PDF covers the true parameter values. However, due to a strong correlation between the two Paris-Erdogan model parameters, the joint PDF shows a narrow but long tail. Any combination of model parameters along the correlation line may yield a similar damage growth trend.
\nCorrelation between the two Paris-Erdogan model parameters.
This paper presents a Bayesian-based prognostics algorithm with a MATLAB code. This code is constructed with simply 76 lines in the case of a battery degradation example. Users can easily modify this code as per their own application. As an example of code modification, the case of crack growth model is also presented. The paper also provided several MATLAB scripts to help plot the degradation curve and correlation between multiple parameters.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
You have been successfully unsubscribed.
",metaTitle:"Unsubscribe Successful",metaDescription:"You have been successfully unsubscribed.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/unsubscribe-successful",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":""}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:""}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"1175"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics",parent:{title:"Material Science",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science"},numberOfBooks:59,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1673,numberOfWosCitations:3242,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1223,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2846,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8773",title:"Magnetic Materials and Magnetic Levitation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2342b6038c029039a1a852caa1fecb9f",slug:"magnetic-materials-and-magnetic-levitation",bookSignature:"Dipti Ranjan Sahu and Vasilios N. Stavrou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8773.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251855",title:"Prof.",name:"Dipti Ranjan",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",slug:"dipti-ranjan-sahu",fullName:"Dipti Ranjan Sahu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8447",title:"Density Functional Theory Calculations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"430664e87463d090a0f03b1f096a7d9d",slug:"density-functional-theory-calculations",bookSignature:"Sergio Ricardo De Lazaro, Luis Henrique Da Silveira Lacerda and Renan Augusto Pontes Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8447.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio Ricardo De",middleName:null,surname:"Lazaro",slug:"sergio-ricardo-de-lazaro",fullName:"Sergio Ricardo De Lazaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9881",title:"Perovskite and Piezoelectric Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fa0e0f48567bbc50fbb3bfdde6f9a0b",slug:"perovskite-and-piezoelectric-materials",bookSignature:"Someshwar Pola, Neeraj Panwar and Indrani Coondoo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9881.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177037",title:"Dr.",name:"Someshwar",middleName:null,surname:"Pola",slug:"someshwar-pola",fullName:"Someshwar Pola"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7430",title:"Magnetometers",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications of Magnetism",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d7c0464c36927782cee8c9ef40efca6",slug:"magnetometers-fundamentals-and-applications-of-magnetism",bookSignature:"Sergio Curilef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7430.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"125424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Curilef",slug:"sergio-curilef",fullName:"Sergio Curilef"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9257",title:"Electromagnetic Field Radiation in Matter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dda82e17d67826552d58b2e610f32435",slug:"electromagnetic-field-radiation-in-matter",bookSignature:"Walter Gustavo Fano, Adrian Razzitte and Patricia Larocca",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9257.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"215741",title:"Prof.",name:"Walter Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Fano",slug:"walter-gustavo-fano",fullName:"Walter Gustavo Fano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7630",title:"Inelastic X-Ray Scattering and X-Ray Powder Diffraction Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80896f929598a48f6b4c306a6be47ea6",slug:"inelastic-x-ray-scattering-and-x-ray-powder-diffraction-applications",bookSignature:"Alessandro Cunsolo, Margareth K. K. D. Franco and Fabiano Yokaichiya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Cunsolo",slug:"alessandro-cunsolo",fullName:"Alessandro Cunsolo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9215",title:"Progress in Fine Particle Plasmas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"42c9a3b34a54b24180ac3b1fe5c544b3",slug:"progress-in-fine-particle-plasmas",bookSignature:"Tetsu Mieno, Yasuaki Hayashi and Kun Xue",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9215.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"209593",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsu",middleName:null,surname:"Mieno",slug:"tetsu-mieno",fullName:"Tetsu Mieno"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8823",title:"On the Properties of Novel Superconductors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ac9708760da3a91f84d9183feb90be2",slug:"on-the-properties-of-novel-superconductors",bookSignature:"Heshmatollah Yavari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8823.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24773",title:"Dr.",name:"Heshmatollah",middleName:null,surname:"Yavari",slug:"heshmatollah-yavari",fullName:"Heshmatollah Yavari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9414",title:"Advances in Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics",subtitle:"Rudimentary Research to Topical Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3aebac680de7d3af200eadd0a0b2f737",slug:"advances-in-condensed-matter-and-materials-physics-rudimentary-research-to-topical-technology",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai and Sergey Ivanovich Pokutnyi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7683",title:"Nanoplasmonics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4dcd2cf2584da7b5b75aae513216df1",slug:"nanoplasmonics",bookSignature:"Carlos J. Bueno-Alejo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206130",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos J.",middleName:null,surname:"Bueno-Alejo",slug:"carlos-j.-bueno-alejo",fullName:"Carlos J. Bueno-Alejo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7612",title:"Electrospinning and Electrospraying",subtitle:"Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e9708250507395a4bea2c17d012982",slug:"electrospinning-and-electrospraying-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider and Adnan Haider",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8398",title:"2D Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"974977d9d7e76f2f4c93470c844f4cd5",slug:"2d-materials",bookSignature:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk and Yotsarayuth Seekaew",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8398.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",middleName:null,surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:59,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"9725",doi:"10.5772/8508",title:"Biosynthesis and Application of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles",slug:"biosynthesis-and-application-of-silver-and-gold-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:27640,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:47,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles"},signatures:"Zygmunt Sadowski",authors:null},{id:"17184",doi:"10.5772/17039",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites-from-synthesis-to-applications",totalDownloads:16805,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:47,book:{slug:"nanocomposites-and-polymers-with-analytical-methods",title:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods",fullTitle:"Nanocomposites and Polymers with Analytical Methods"},signatures:"S. Anandhan and S. Bandyopadhyay",authors:[{id:"27050",title:"Prof.",name:"Sri",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",slug:"sri-bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Sri Bandyopadhyay"},{id:"44992",title:"Prof.",name:"Anandhan",middleName:null,surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"anandhan-srinivasan",fullName:"Anandhan Srinivasan"}]},{id:"17099",doi:"10.5772/18343",title:"Applications of Antimicrobial Polymer Nanocomposites in Food Packaging",slug:"applications-of-antimicrobial-polymer-nanocomposites-in-food-packaging",totalDownloads:9124,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:43,book:{slug:"advances-in-nanocomposite-technology",title:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology",fullTitle:"Advances in Nanocomposite Technology"},signatures:"Aryou Emamifar",authors:[{id:"31204",title:"Dr.",name:"Aryou",middleName:null,surname:"Emamifar",slug:"aryou-emamifar",fullName:"Aryou Emamifar"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"52860",title:"Cerium Oxide Nanostructures and their Applications",slug:"cerium-oxide-nanostructures-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:4467,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:31,book:{slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu and Sean Li",authors:[{id:"191574",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Younis",slug:"adnan-younis",fullName:"Adnan Younis"}]},{id:"49413",title:"Electrodeposition of Nanostructure Materials",slug:"electrodeposition-of-nanostructure-materials",totalDownloads:2851,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"electroplating-of-nanostructures",title:"Electroplating of Nanostructures",fullTitle:"Electroplating of Nanostructures"},signatures:"Souad A. M. Al-Bat’hi",authors:[{id:"174793",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Souad",slug:"mohamad-souad",fullName:"Mohamad Souad"}]},{id:"72638",title:"Magnetic Full-Heusler Compounds for Thermoelectric Applications",slug:"magnetic-full-heusler-compounds-for-thermoelectric-applications",totalDownloads:258,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"magnetic-materials-and-magnetic-levitation",title:"Magnetic Materials and Magnetic Levitation",fullTitle:"Magnetic Materials and Magnetic Levitation"},signatures:"Kei Hayashi, Hezhang Li, Mao Eguchi, Yoshimi Nagashima and Yuzuru Miyazaki",authors:[{id:"109291",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuzuru",middleName:null,surname:"Miyazaki",slug:"yuzuru-miyazaki",fullName:"Yuzuru Miyazaki"},{id:"187244",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",slug:"kei-hayashi",fullName:"Kei Hayashi"},{id:"318309",title:"Mr.",name:"Hezhang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"hezhang-li",fullName:"Hezhang Li"},{id:"318310",title:"Ms.",name:"Yoshimi",middleName:null,surname:"Nagashima",slug:"yoshimi-nagashima",fullName:"Yoshimi Nagashima"},{id:"320040",title:"Mr.",name:"Mao",middleName:null,surname:"Eguchi",slug:"mao-eguchi",fullName:"Mao Eguchi"}]},{id:"55242",title:"Facile Methodology of Sol-Gel Synthesis for Metal Oxide Nanostructures",slug:"facile-methodology-of-sol-gel-synthesis-for-metal-oxide-nanostructures",totalDownloads:3305,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"recent-applications-in-sol-gel-synthesis",title:"Recent Applications in Sol-Gel Synthesis",fullTitle:"Recent Applications in Sol-Gel Synthesis"},signatures:"Shrividhya Thiagarajan, Anandhavelu Sanmugam and\nDhanasekaran Vikraman",authors:[{id:"199404",title:"Prof.",name:"Dhanasekaran",middleName:null,surname:"Vikraman",slug:"dhanasekaran-vikraman",fullName:"Dhanasekaran Vikraman"},{id:"199415",title:"Dr.",name:"Shrividhya",middleName:null,surname:"Thiagarajan",slug:"shrividhya-thiagarajan",fullName:"Shrividhya Thiagarajan"},{id:"199416",title:"Dr.",name:"Anandhavelu",middleName:null,surname:"Sanmugam",slug:"anandhavelu-sanmugam",fullName:"Anandhavelu Sanmugam"}]},{id:"68271",title:"Superconductivity and Microwaves",slug:"superconductivity-and-microwaves",totalDownloads:497,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"on-the-properties-of-novel-superconductors",title:"On the Properties of Novel Superconductors",fullTitle:"On the Properties of Novel Superconductors"},signatures:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa",authors:[{id:"176210",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Zamorano Ulloa",slug:"rafael-zamorano-ulloa",fullName:"Rafael Zamorano Ulloa"}]},{id:"16866",title:"Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes",slug:"strategies-to-successfully-cross-link-carbon-nanotubes",totalDownloads:4861,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"electronic-properties-of-carbon-nanotubes",title:"Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes",fullTitle:"Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes"},signatures:"Steve Acquah, Darryl Ventura and Harold Kroto",authors:[{id:"28886",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold",middleName:"Walter",surname:"Kroto",slug:"harold-kroto",fullName:"Harold Kroto"},{id:"28974",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",middleName:"Francis Albert",surname:"Acquah",slug:"steve-acquah",fullName:"Steve Acquah"},{id:"32949",title:"Mr",name:"Darryl",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"darryl-ventura",fullName:"Darryl Ventura"}]},{id:"52962",title:"Electrospinning for Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Incorporation Techniques",slug:"electrospinning-for-drug-delivery-systems-drug-incorporation-techniques",totalDownloads:2171,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:20,book:{slug:"electrospinning-material-techniques-and-biomedical-applications",title:"Electrospinning",fullTitle:"Electrospinning - Material, Techniques, and Biomedical Applications"},signatures:"Cornejo Bravo José Manuel, Villarreal Gómez Luis Jesús and Serrano\nMedina Aracely",authors:[{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Jesús",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-jesus-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez"},{id:"189962",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Cornejo-Bravo",slug:"jose-cornejo-bravo",fullName:"Jose Cornejo-Bravo"},{id:"194663",title:"Dr.",name:"Aracely",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano-Medina",slug:"aracely-serrano-medina",fullName:"Aracely Serrano-Medina"}]},{id:"54703",title:"Sol-Gel-Derived Doped ZnO Thin Films: Processing, Properties, and Applications",slug:"sol-gel-derived-doped-zno-thin-films-processing-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:2438,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,book:{slug:"recent-applications-in-sol-gel-synthesis",title:"Recent Applications in Sol-Gel Synthesis",fullTitle:"Recent Applications in Sol-Gel Synthesis"},signatures:"Asad Mahmood and Abdul Naeem",authors:[{id:"191569",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul",middleName:null,surname:"Naeem",slug:"abdul-naeem",fullName:"Abdul Naeem"},{id:"196379",title:"Dr.",name:"Asad",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmood",slug:"asad-mahmood",fullName:"Asad Mahmood"}]},{id:"50296",title:"Graphene Materials to Remove Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals from Water: Photocatalysis and Adsorption",slug:"graphene-materials-to-remove-organic-pollutants-and-heavy-metals-from-water-photocatalysis-and-adsor",totalDownloads:2355,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:17,book:{slug:"semiconductor-photocatalysis-materials-mechanisms-and-applications",title:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis",fullTitle:"Semiconductor Photocatalysis - Materials, Mechanisms and Applications"},signatures:"Eduardo E. Pérez-Ramírez, Miguel de la Luz-Asunción, Ana L.\nMartínez-Hernández and Carlos Velasco-Santos",authors:[{id:"178665",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos"},{id:"178667",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martínez-Hernandez"},{id:"178668",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Ramirez",slug:"eduardo-enrique-perez-ramirez",fullName:"Eduardo Enrique Perez-Ramirez"},{id:"178669",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"De La Luz-Asunción",slug:"miguel-de-la-luz-asuncion",fullName:"Miguel De La Luz-Asunción"}]},{id:"52906",title:"Functionalization of Surfaces in Layered Double Hydroxides and Hydroxide Salt Nanoparticles",slug:"functionalization-of-surfaces-in-layered-double-hydroxides-and-hydroxide-salt-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:2215,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"functionalized-nanomaterials",title:"Functionalized Nanomaterials",fullTitle:"Functionalized Nanomaterials"},signatures:"Gregorio Guadalupe Carbajal Arizaga, Cecilia Sánchez Jiménez,\nAlexandra Viruete and Jenny Arratia-Quijada",authors:[{id:"191649",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregorio",middleName:null,surname:"Arizaga",slug:"gregorio-arizaga",fullName:"Gregorio Arizaga"},{id:"192468",title:"BSc.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez Jiménez",slug:"cecilia-sanchez-jimenez",fullName:"Cecilia Sánchez Jiménez"},{id:"192470",title:"BSc.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Viruete",slug:"alexandra-viruete",fullName:"Alexandra Viruete"},{id:"195166",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny",middleName:null,surname:"Arratia-Quijada",slug:"jenny-arratia-quijada",fullName:"Jenny Arratia-Quijada"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/applications-of-digital-signal-processing/in-situ-supply-noise-measurement-in-lsis-with-millivolt-accuracy-and-nanosecond-order-time-resolutio",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"applications-of-digital-signal-processing",chapter:"in-situ-supply-noise-measurement-in-lsis-with-millivolt-accuracy-and-nanosecond-order-time-resolutio"},fullPath:"/books/applications-of-digital-signal-processing/in-situ-supply-noise-measurement-in-lsis-with-millivolt-accuracy-and-nanosecond-order-time-resolutio",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()