Phytoplankton indicative species of trophic status in temperate lakes in mid-summer, modified from Bellinger and Sigee [10].
\r\n\tThe study of populations and plant communities in their different aspects; ecological, structural, functional and dynamic, it is essential to establish a posteriori models of forest and agricultural management.
\r\n\r\n\tFor this, the methodological approaches on the type of sampling are considered essential, since there are differences between the purely ecological and the phytosociological methods, despite the fact that both pursue the same objective.
\r\n\tAlthough the ecological method for the knowledge of the vegetation is widely extended, the phytosociological one is no less so, since in the European Union it has been developed as a consequence of policies on sustainability, through which regulations have been issued, such as the habitats directive.
\r\n\tOn the other hand, research on plant dynamics and knowledge of the landscape in an integral way, have multiplied in the last 30 years, which has favored a deep knowledge of the floristic and phytocenotic wealth, which is fundamental for agricultural management, livestock and forestry.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-386-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-385-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-387-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0abf2a59ee63fc1ba4fb64d77c9b1be7",bookSignature:"Dr. Eusebio Cano Carmona, Dr. Ricardo Quinto Canas, Dr. Ana Cano Ortiz and Dr. Carmelo Maria Musarella",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9662.jpg",keywords:"Climatic Factors, Bioclimate, Thermotype, Flora, Conservation, Phytocenosis, Plant Dynamics, Landscape, Cartography, Vegetation Series, Crops, Reforestation",numberOfDownloads:54,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 23rd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 25th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 26th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 14th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 13th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Cano Carmona and colleagues have directed 12 doctoral theses and more than 200 publications among articles, books, and book chapters. He has participated in national and international congresses with about 250 papers. He has held a number of different academic positions, including Dean of the Faculty of Experimental Sciences at the University of Jaen, Spain, and founder and director of the International Seminar on Management and Conservation of Biodiversity.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Ricardo Jorge Quinto Canas is currently an Invited Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Sciences and Technology at the University of Algarve – Portugal, and a member of the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve. His current research projects focus on Botany, Vegetation Science (Geobotany), Biogeography, Plant Ecology, and Biology Conservation, aiming to support Nature Conservation.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Ana Cano Ortiz's fundamental line of research is related to botanical bioindicators. She has worked in Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Central America. It presents more than one hundred works published in various national and international journals, as well as books and book chapters; and has presented a hundred papers to national and international congresses.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"Carmelo Maria Musarella is a biologist, specialized in Plant Biology. He is a member of the permanent scientific committee of the International Seminar on “Biodiversity Conservation and Management” guested by several European universities. He has participated in several international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops and presented oral communications and posters.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",middleName:null,surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/87846/images/system/87846.png",biography:"Eusebio Cano Carmona obtained a PhD in Sciences from the\nUniversity of Granada, Spain. He is Professor of Botany at the\nUniversity of Jaén, Spain. His focus is flora and vegetation and he\nhas conducted research in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Palestine, the\nCaribbean islands and Mexico. As a result of these investigations,\nDr. Cano Carmona and colleagues have directed 12 doctoral theses\nand more than 200 publications among articles, books and book\nchapters. He has participated in national and international congresses with about\n250 papers/communications. He has held a number of different academic positions,\nincluding Dean of the Faculty of Experimental Sciences at the University of Jaen,\nSpain and founder and director of the International Seminar on Management and\nConservation of Biodiversity, a position he has held for 13 years. He is also a member of the Spanish, Portuguese and Italian societies of Geobotany.",institutionString:"University of Jaén",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"216982",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo Quinto",middleName:null,surname:"Canas",slug:"ricardo-quinto-canas",fullName:"Ricardo Quinto Canas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/216982/images/system/216982.JPG",biography:"Ricardo Quinto Canas, Phd in Analysis and Management of Ecosystems, is currently an Invited Assistant Professor in the Faculty\nof Sciences and Technology at the University of Algarve, Portugal, and member of the Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR),\nUniversity of Algarve. He is also the Head of Division of Environmental Impact Assessment - Algarve Regional Coordination\nand Development Commission (CCDR - Algarve). His current\nresearch projects focus on Botany, Vegetation Science (Geobotany), Biogeography,\nPlant Ecology and Biology Conservation, aiming to support Nature Conservation.\nDr. Quinto Canas has co-authored many cited journal publication, conference articles and book chapters in above-mentioned topics.",institutionString:"University of Algarve",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/203697/images/system/203697.png",biography:"Ana Cano Ortiz holds a PhD in Botany from the University of\nJaén, Spain. She has worked in private enterprise, in university\nand in secondary education. She is co-director of four doctoral\ntheses. Her research focus is related to botanical bioindicators.\nDr. Ortiz has worked in Spain, Italy, Portugal and Central America. She has published more than 100 works in various national\nand international journals, as well as books and book chapters.\nShe has also presented a great number of papers/communications to national and\ninternational congresses.",institutionString:"University of Jaén",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"276295",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Musarella",slug:"carmelo-maria-musarella",fullName:"Carmelo Maria Musarella",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276295/images/system/276295.jpg",biography:"Carmelo Maria Musarella, PhD (Reggio Calabria, Italy –\n23/01/1975) is a biologist, specializing in plant biology. He\nstudied and worked in several European Universities: Messina,\nCatania, Reggio Calabria, Rome (Italy), Valencia, Jaén, Almeria\n(Spain), and Evora (Portugal). He was the Adjunct Professor\nof Plant Biology at the “Mediterranea” University of Reggio\nCalabria (Italy). His research topics are: floristic, vegetation,\nhabitat, biogeography, taxonomy, ethnobotany, endemisms, alien species, and\nbiodiversity conservation. He has authored many research articles published in\nindexed journals and books. He has been the guest editor for Plant Biosystems and a\nreferee for this same journal and others. He is a member of the permanent scientific\ncommittee of International Seminar on “Biodiversity Conservation and Management”, which includes several European universities. He has participated in several\ninternational and national congresses, seminars, workshops, and presentations of\noral communications and posters.",institutionString:'"Mediterranea" University of Reggio Calabria',position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:[{id:"75595",title:"Assessment of the State of Forest Plant Communities of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Conditions of Urban Ecosystems",slug:"assessment-of-the-state-of-forest-plant-communities-of-scots-pine-pinus-sylvestris-l-in-the-conditio",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"76010",title:"Predictive Models for Reforestation and Agricultural Reclamation: A Clearfield County, Pennsylvania Case Study",slug:"predictive-models-for-reforestation-and-agricultural-reclamation-a-clearfield-county-pennsylvania-ca",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247865",firstName:"Jasna",lastName:"Bozic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247865/images/7225_n.jpg",email:"jasna.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6893",title:"Endemic Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3290be83fff5bc015f5bd3d78ae9c6c7",slug:"endemic-species",bookSignature:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Carmelo Maria Musarella and Ana Cano Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6893.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"13111",title:"Thermodynamics of Supramolecular Structure Formation in Water",doi:"10.5772/13357",slug:"thermodynamics-of-supramolecular-structure-formation-in-water",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/13111.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/13111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/13111",totalDownloads:3932,totalViews:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 28th 2010",dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/13111",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/13111",book:{slug:"application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science"},signatures:"Mizutani Tadashi",authors:[{id:"14519",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizutani",middleName:null,surname:"Tadashi",fullName:"Mizutani Tadashi",slug:"mizutani-tadashi",email:"tmizutan@mail.doshisha.ac.jp",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1293",title:"Application of Thermodynamics to Biological and Materials Science",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Application of Thermodynamics to Biological and Materials Science",slug:"application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science",publishedDate:"January 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Mizutani Tadashi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1293.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14519",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizutani",middleName:null,surname:"Tadashi",slug:"mizutani-tadashi",fullName:"Mizutani Tadashi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13108",title:"Thermodynamics of Protein Structure Formation and Function",slug:"thermodynamics-of-protein-structure-formation-and-function",totalDownloads:4023,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dan W. Urry",authors:[{id:"16578",title:"Prof.",name:"Dan W.",middleName:null,surname:"Urry",fullName:"Dan W. Urry",slug:"dan-w.-urry"}]},{id:"13109",title:"Thermodynamics of Natural and Synthetic Inhibitor Binding to Human Hsp90",slug:"thermodynamics-of-natural-and-synthetic-inhibitor-binding-to-human-hsp90",totalDownloads:3335,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vilma Petrikaite and Daumantas Matulis",authors:[null]},{id:"13110",title:"Enthalpy, Entropy, and Volume Changes of Electron Transfer Reactions in Photosynthetic Proteins",slug:"enthalpy-entropy-and-volume-changes-of-electron-transfer-reactions-in-photosynthetic-proteins",totalDownloads:3148,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Harvey J.M. Hou",authors:[{id:"13937",title:"Dr.",name:"Harvey J.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Harvey J.M. Hou",slug:"harvey-j.m.-hou"}]},{id:"13111",title:"Thermodynamics of Supramolecular Structure Formation in Water",slug:"thermodynamics-of-supramolecular-structure-formation-in-water",totalDownloads:3932,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mizutani Tadashi",authors:[{id:"14519",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizutani",middleName:null,surname:"Tadashi",fullName:"Mizutani Tadashi",slug:"mizutani-tadashi"}]},{id:"13112",title:"Role and Applications of Electrostatic Effects on Nucleic Acid Conformational Transitions and Binding Processes",slug:"role-and-applications-of-electrostatic-effects-on-nucleic-acid-conformational-transitions-and-bindin",totalDownloads:2165,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jeff D. Ballin and Gerald M. Wilson",authors:[{id:"14182",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald M.",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",fullName:"Gerald M. Wilson",slug:"gerald-m.-wilson"},{id:"15535",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeff D.",middleName:null,surname:"Ballin",fullName:"Jeff D. Ballin",slug:"jeff-d.-ballin"}]},{id:"13113",title:"Tandem DNA Repeats: Generation and Propagation in the Microgene Polymerization Reaction and in Vivo.",slug:"tandem-dna-repeats-generation-and-propagation-in-the-microgene-polymerization-reaction-and-in-vivo-",totalDownloads:1876,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mark Itsko, Eitan Ben-Dov, Avinoam Rabinovitch and Arieh Zaritsky",authors:[{id:"14924",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Itsko",fullName:"Mark Itsko",slug:"mark-itsko"},{id:"15678",title:"Prof.",name:"Arieh",middleName:null,surname:"Zaritsky",fullName:"Arieh Zaritsky",slug:"arieh-zaritsky"},{id:"15679",title:"Prof.",name:"Avinoam",middleName:null,surname:"Rabinovitch",fullName:"Avinoam Rabinovitch",slug:"avinoam-rabinovitch"},{id:"15680",title:"Dr.",name:"Eitan",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Dov",fullName:"Eitan Ben-Dov",slug:"eitan-ben-dov"}]},{id:"13114",title:"The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Host-Tumor Relationships: Concepts and Opportunities",slug:"the-second-law-of-thermodynamics-and-host-tumor-relationships-concepts-and-opportunities",totalDownloads:4492,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Joseph Molnar, Zoltan G. Varga, Elysia Thornton-Benko and Barry S. Thornton",authors:[{id:"13601",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Molnar",fullName:"Joseph Molnar",slug:"joseph-molnar"}]},{id:"13115",title:"Thermodynamics of the Heart",slug:"thermodynamics-of-the-heart",totalDownloads:6333,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Uehara, Mituo and Sakane, Kumiko Koibuchi",authors:[{id:"15917",title:"Dr.",name:"Mituo",middleName:null,surname:"Uehara",fullName:"Mituo Uehara",slug:"mituo-uehara"},{id:"16126",title:"Dr.",name:"Kumiko Koibuchi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakane",fullName:"Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane",slug:"kumiko-koibuchi-sakane"}]},{id:"13116",title:"The Protein Surface as a Thermodynamic Frontier: A Fractal Approach",slug:"the-protein-surface-as-a-thermodynamic-frontier-a-fractal-approach",totalDownloads:2523,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mariana Pereyra and Eduardo Méndez",authors:[{id:"14043",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Mendez",fullName:"Eduardo Mendez",slug:"eduardo-mendez"},{id:"15750",title:"MSc.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Pereyra",fullName:"Mariana Pereyra",slug:"mariana-pereyra"}]},{id:"13117",title:"Biomimetics - Thermodynamics to Study Wetting of Self-Cleaning Surfaces",slug:"biomimetics-thermodynamics-to-study-wetting-of-self-cleaning-surfaces",totalDownloads:2420,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Erwin Hueger, Juergen Rost, Marion Frant, Gerhard Hildebrand and Klaus Liefeith",authors:[{id:"15162",title:"Dr.",name:"Erwin",middleName:null,surname:"Hueger",fullName:"Erwin Hueger",slug:"erwin-hueger"},{id:"15792",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerhard",middleName:null,surname:"Hildebrand",fullName:"Gerhard Hildebrand",slug:"gerhard-hildebrand"},{id:"15793",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaus",middleName:null,surname:"Liefeith",fullName:"Klaus Liefeith",slug:"klaus-liefeith"},{id:"36965",title:"Prof.",name:"Juergen",middleName:null,surname:"Rost",fullName:"Juergen Rost",slug:"juergen-rost"},{id:"36967",title:"Dr.",name:"Marion",middleName:null,surname:"Frant",fullName:"Marion Frant",slug:"marion-frant"}]},{id:"13118",title:"Thermodynamics of Self-Assembly",slug:"thermodynamics-of-self-assembly",totalDownloads:6740,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"L. Magnus Bergström",authors:[{id:"15694",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Bergström",fullName:"Magnus Bergström",slug:"magnus-bergstrom"}]},{id:"13119",title:"Thermodynamics and Mesomechanics of Nanostructural Transitions in Biological Membranes as Liquid Crystals",slug:"thermodynamics-and-mesomechanics-of-nanostructural-transitions-in-biological-membranes-as-liquid-cry",totalDownloads:2174,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lev Panin",authors:[{id:"14623",title:"Dr.",name:"Lev",middleName:null,surname:"Panin",fullName:"Lev Panin",slug:"lev-panin"}]},{id:"13120",title:"Adsorption Profiles and Solvation of Ions at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces and Membranes",slug:"adsorption-profiles-and-solvation-of-ions-at-liquid-liquid-interfaces-and-membranes",totalDownloads:1907,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"William Kung, Francisco J. Solis and Monica Olvera de la Cruz",authors:[{id:"14676",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Kung",fullName:"William Kung",slug:"william-kung"},{id:"15665",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Solis",fullName:"Francisco J. Solis",slug:"francisco-j.-solis"},{id:"15666",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Olvera de la Cruz",fullName:"Monica Olvera de la Cruz",slug:"monica-olvera-de-la-cruz"}]},{id:"13121",title:"Calorimetric: A Tecnique Useful in Characterization of Porous Solid",slug:"calorimetric-a-tecnique-useful-in-characterization-of-porous-solid",totalDownloads:2769,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juan Carlos Moreno and Liliana Giraldo",authors:[{id:"14015",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno Piraján",fullName:"Juan Carlos Moreno Piraján",slug:"juan-carlos-moreno-pirajan"},{id:"14017",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Giraldo",fullName:"Liliana Giraldo",slug:"liliana-giraldo"}]},{id:"13122",title:"Dissociation Energies of O−H Bonds of Phenols and Hydroperoxides",slug:"dissociation-energies-of-o-h-bonds-of-phenols-and-hydroperoxides",totalDownloads:3135,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Denisov Evgeny and Denisova Taisa",authors:[{id:"14250",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgeny",middleName:null,surname:"Denisov",fullName:"Evgeny Denisov",slug:"evgeny-denisov"},{id:"14251",title:"Dr.",name:"Taisa",middleName:null,surname:"Denisova",fullName:"Taisa Denisova",slug:"taisa-denisova"}]},{id:"13123",title:"Determination of the Constants of Formation of Complexes of Iron(III) and Acetohydroxamic Acid",slug:"determination-of-the-constants-of-formation-of-complexes-of-iron-iii-and-acetohydroxamic-acid",totalDownloads:3856,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fabrice PL Andrieux, Colin Boxall and Robin J Taylor",authors:[{id:"15727",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Andrieux",fullName:"Fabrice Andrieux",slug:"fabrice-andrieux"},{id:"15966",title:"Prof.",name:"Colin",middleName:null,surname:"Boxall",fullName:"Colin Boxall",slug:"colin-boxall"},{id:"15967",title:"Dr.",name:"Robin",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",fullName:"Robin Taylor",slug:"robin-taylor"}]},{id:"13124",title:"Obtaining Thermodynamic Properties and Fluid Phase Equilibria without Experimental Measurements",slug:"obtaining-thermodynamic-properties-and-fluid-phase-equilibria-without-experimental-measurements",totalDownloads:5288,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lin, Shiang-Tai and Hsieh, Chieh-Ming",authors:[{id:"14646",title:"Prof.",name:"Shiang-Tai",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",fullName:"Shiang-Tai Lin",slug:"shiang-tai-lin"},{id:"15725",title:"Prof.",name:"Chieh-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Chieh-Ming Hsieh",slug:"chieh-ming-hsieh"}]},{id:"13125",title:"Complex Fluid Phase Equilibrium Modeling and Calculations",slug:"complex-fluid-phase-equilibrium-modeling-and-calculations",totalDownloads:3066,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gholamreza Vakili-Nezhaad",authors:[{id:"13825",title:"Prof.",name:"Gholamreza",middleName:null,surname:"Vakili-Nezhaad",fullName:"Gholamreza Vakili-Nezhaad",slug:"gholamreza-vakili-nezhaad"}]},{id:"13126",title:"Thermodynamics of Viscodielectric Materials",slug:"thermodynamics-of-viscodielectric-materials",totalDownloads:1378,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"R. Díaz-Calleja and E. Riande",authors:[{id:"14278",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz-Calleja",fullName:"Ricardo Diaz-Calleja",slug:"ricardo-diaz-calleja"},{id:"14580",title:"Prof.",name:"Evaristo",middleName:null,surname:"Riande",fullName:"Evaristo Riande",slug:"evaristo-riande"}]},{id:"13127",title:"Volatile Precursors for Films Deposition: Vapor Pressure, Structure and Thermodynamics",slug:"volatile-precursors-for-films-deposition-vapor-pressure-structure-and-thermodynamics",totalDownloads:3833,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Igor K. Igumenov, Tamara V. Basova and Vladimir R. Belosludov",authors:[{id:"14517",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara V.",middleName:null,surname:"Basova",fullName:"Tamara V. Basova",slug:"tamara-v.-basova"},{id:"15402",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Igumenov",fullName:"Igor Igumenov",slug:"igor-igumenov"},{id:"15403",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir R.",middleName:null,surname:"Belosludov",fullName:"Vladimir R. Belosludov",slug:"vladimir-r.-belosludov"}]},{id:"13128",title:"Thermochemistry and Kinetics of the Reactions of Apatite Phosphates with Acid Solutions",slug:"thermochemistry-and-kinetics-of-the-reactions-of-apatite-phosphates-with-acid-solutions",totalDownloads:9976,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mohamed Jemal",authors:[{id:"15449",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Jemal",fullName:"Mohamed Jemal",slug:"mohamed-jemal"}]},{id:"13129",title:"The Sintering Behaviour of Fe-Mn-C Powder System, Correlation between Thermodynamics and Sintering Process, Manganese Distribution and Microstructure Composition, Effect of Alloying Mode",slug:"the-sintering-behaviour-of-fe-mn-c-powder-system-correlation-between-thermodynamics-and-sintering-pr",totalDownloads:3735,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eduard Hryha and Eva Dudrova",authors:[{id:"15737",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Dudrova",fullName:"Eva Dudrova",slug:"eva-dudrova"},{id:"15741",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Hryha",fullName:"Eduard Hryha",slug:"eduard-hryha"}]},{id:"13130",title:"Molecular-Dynamics Calculation of Nanostructures Thermodynamics. Research of Impurities Influence on Results.",slug:"molecular-dynamics-calculation-of-nanostructures-thermodynamics-research-of-impurities-influence-on-",totalDownloads:2285,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Igor Golovnev, Elena Golovneva and Vasily Fomin",authors:[{id:"14694",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Golovneva",fullName:"Elena Golovneva",slug:"elena-golovneva"},{id:"15397",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Golovnev",fullName:"Igor Golovnev",slug:"igor-golovnev"},{id:"15398",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasily",middleName:null,surname:"Fomin",fullName:"Vasily Fomin",slug:"vasily-fomin"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"25",title:"Thermodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10b9127b8341680e2a20cd5609c4951c",slug:"thermodynamics",bookSignature:"Mizutani Tadashi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/25.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14519",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizutani",surname:"Tadashi",slug:"mizutani-tadashi",fullName:"Mizutani Tadashi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"13239",title:"New Microscopic Connections of Thermodynamics",slug:"new-microscopic-connections-of-thermodynamics",signatures:"A. Plastino and M. Casas",authors:[{id:"13585",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Plastino",fullName:"Angelo Plastino",slug:"angelo-plastino"},{id:"13586",title:"Prof.",name:"Montserrat",middleName:null,surname:"Casas",fullName:"Montserrat Casas",slug:"montserrat-casas"}]},{id:"13240",title:"Rigorous and General Definition of Thermodynamic Entropy",slug:"rigorous-and-general-definition-of-thermodynamic-entropy",signatures:"Gian Paolo Beretta and Enzo Zanchini",authors:[{id:"14543",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Beretta",fullName:"Gian Paolo Beretta",slug:"gian-paolo-beretta"},{id:"14549",title:"Prof.",name:"Enzo",middleName:null,surname:"Zanchini",fullName:"Enzo Zanchini",slug:"enzo-zanchini"}]},{id:"13241",title:"Heat Flow, Work Energy, Chemical Reactions, and Thermodynamics: a Dynamical Systems Perspective",slug:"heat-flow-work-energy-chemical-reactions-and-thermodynamics-a-dynamical-systems-perspective",signatures:"Wassim M. Haddad, Sergey G. Nersesov and VijaySekhar Chellaboina",authors:[{id:"15784",title:"Dr.",name:"Wassim",middleName:"M.",surname:"Haddad",fullName:"Wassim Haddad",slug:"wassim-haddad"},{id:"15788",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:"G.",surname:"Nersesov",fullName:"Sergey Nersesov",slug:"sergey-nersesov"},{id:"15789",title:"Prof.",name:"Vijay Sekhar",middleName:null,surname:"Chellaboina",fullName:"Vijay Sekhar Chellaboina",slug:"vijay-sekhar-chellaboina"}]},{id:"13242",title:"Modern Stochastic Thermodynamics",slug:"modern-stochastic-thermodynamics",signatures:"A. D. Sukhanov and O. N. Golubjeva",authors:[{id:"16085",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksandr",middleName:"Dmitrievich",surname:"Sukhanov",fullName:"Aleksandr Sukhanov",slug:"aleksandr-sukhanov"},{id:"16093",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Golubjeva",fullName:"Olga Golubjeva",slug:"olga-golubjeva"}]},{id:"13243",title:"On the Two Main Laws of Thermodynamics",slug:"on-the-two-main-laws-of-thermodynamics",signatures:"Martina Costa Reis and Adalberto Bono Maurizio Sacchi Bassi",authors:[{id:"13959",title:"Dr.",name:"Adalberto Bono Maurizio Sacchi",middleName:null,surname:"Bassi",fullName:"Adalberto Bono Maurizio Sacchi Bassi",slug:"adalberto-bono-maurizio-sacchi-bassi"},{id:"14217",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina Costa",middleName:null,surname:"Reis",fullName:"Martina Costa Reis",slug:"martina-costa-reis"}]},{id:"13244",title:"Non-Extensive Thermodynamics of Algorithmic Processing - the Case of Insertion Sort Algorithm",slug:"non-extensive-thermodynamics-of-algorithmic-processing-the-case-of-insertion-sort-algorithm",signatures:"Dominik Strzałka and Franciszek Grabowski",authors:[{id:"14019",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominik",middleName:null,surname:"Strzalka",fullName:"Dominik Strzalka",slug:"dominik-strzalka"},{id:"14022",title:"Prof.",name:"Franciszek",middleName:null,surname:"Grabowski",fullName:"Franciszek Grabowski",slug:"franciszek-grabowski"}]},{id:"13245",title:"Lorentzian Wormholes Thermodynamics",slug:"lorentzian-wormholes-thermodynamics",signatures:"Prado Martín-Moruno and Pedro F. González-Díaz",authors:[{id:"14392",title:"Prof.",name:"Prado",middleName:null,surname:"Martín-Moruno",fullName:"Prado Martín-Moruno",slug:"prado-martin-moruno"},{id:"15699",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro F.",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Diaz",fullName:"Pedro F. Gonzalez-Diaz",slug:"pedro-f.-gonzalez-diaz"}]},{id:"13246",title:"Four Exactly Solvable Examples in Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Small Systems",slug:"four-exactly-solvable-examples-in-non-equilibrium-thermodynamics-of-small-systems",signatures:"Viktor Holubec, Artem Ryabov and Petr Chvosta",authors:[{id:"14038",title:"Dr.",name:"Viktor",middleName:null,surname:"Holubec",fullName:"Viktor Holubec",slug:"viktor-holubec"},{id:"14557",title:"BSc.",name:"Artem",middleName:null,surname:"Ryabov",fullName:"Artem Ryabov",slug:"artem-ryabov"},{id:"23950",title:"Prof",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Chvosta",fullName:"Petr Chvosta",slug:"petr-chvosta"}]},{id:"13247",title:"Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics for Living Systems: Brownian Particle Description",slug:"nonequilibrium-thermodynamics-for-living-systems-brownian-particle-description",signatures:"Ulrich Zurcher",authors:[{id:"13957",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrich",middleName:null,surname:"Zurcher",fullName:"Ulrich Zurcher",slug:"ulrich-zurcher"}]},{id:"13248",title:"Mesoscopic Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Application to Radiative Heat Exchange in Nanostructures",slug:"mesoscopic-non-equilibrium-thermodynamics-application-to-radiative-heat-exchange-in-nanostructures-1",signatures:"Agustín Pérez-Madrid, J. Miguel Rubi, and Luciano C. Lapas",authors:[{id:"13915",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Rubi",fullName:"J. Miguel Rubi",slug:"j.-miguel-rubi"},{id:"19407",title:"Dr.",name:"Agustin",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Madrid",fullName:"Agustin Perez-Madrid",slug:"agustin-perez-madrid"}]},{id:"13249",title:"Extension of Classical Thermodynamics to Nonequilibrium Polarization",slug:"extension-of-classical-thermodynamics-to-nonequilibrium-polarization",signatures:"Li Xiang-Yuan, Zhu Quan, He Fu-Cheng and Fu Ke-Xiang",authors:[{id:"15655",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiang-Yuan",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Xiang-Yuan Li",slug:"xiang-yuan-li"},{id:"15668",title:"Prof",name:"Fu-Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"He",fullName:"Fu-Cheng He",slug:"fu-cheng-he"},{id:"23828",title:"Dr.",name:"Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",fullName:"Quan Zhu",slug:"quan-zhu"},{id:"23830",title:"Prof.",name:"Ke-Xiang",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Ke-Xiang Fu",slug:"ke-xiang-fu"}]},{id:"13250",title:"Hydrodynamical Models of Superfluid Turbulence",slug:"hydrodynamical-models-of-superfluid-turbulence",signatures:"D. Jou, M.S. Mongiovì, M. Sciacca, L. Ardizzone and G. Gaeta",authors:[{id:"14642",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Mongiovì",fullName:"Maria Stella Mongiovì",slug:"maria-stella-mongiovi"},{id:"15785",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Jou",fullName:"David Jou",slug:"david-jou"},{id:"15786",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Ardizzone",fullName:"Lucia Ardizzone",slug:"lucia-ardizzone"},{id:"15787",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppa",middleName:null,surname:"Gaeta",fullName:"Giuseppa Gaeta",slug:"giuseppa-gaeta"},{id:"23474",title:"Dr.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Sciacca",fullName:"Michele Sciacca",slug:"michele-sciacca"}]},{id:"13251",title:"Thermodynamics of Thermoelectricity",slug:"thermodynamics-of-thermoelectricity",signatures:"Christophe Goupil",authors:[{id:"13630",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Goupil",fullName:"Christophe Goupil",slug:"christophe-goupil"}]},{id:"13252",title:"Application of the Continuum-Lattice Thermodynamics",slug:"application-of-the-continuum-lattice-thermodynamics",signatures:"Eun-Suok Oh",authors:[{id:"15470",title:"Dr.",name:"Eun-Suok",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Eun-Suok Oh",slug:"eun-suok-oh"}]},{id:"13253",title:"Phonon Participation in Thermodynamics and Superconductive Properties of Thin Ceramic Films",slug:"phonon-participation-in-thermodynamics-and-superconductive-properties-of-thin-ceramic-films",signatures:"Jovan P. Šetrajčić, Vojkan M. Zorić, Nenad V. Delić, Dragoljub Lj. Mirjanić and Stevo K. Jaćimovski",authors:[{id:"15695",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojkan",middleName:"Milutin",surname:"Zoric",fullName:"Vojkan Zoric",slug:"vojkan-zoric"},{id:"15706",title:"Academician professor",name:"Jovan",middleName:null,surname:"Setrajcic",fullName:"Jovan Setrajcic",slug:"jovan-setrajcic"},{id:"15707",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragoljub",middleName:null,surname:"Mirjanic",fullName:"Dragoljub Mirjanic",slug:"dragoljub-mirjanic"},{id:"15711",title:"Dr.",name:"Stevo",middleName:null,surname:"Jacimovski",fullName:"Stevo Jacimovski",slug:"stevo-jacimovski"},{id:"15714",title:"MSc.",name:"Nenad",middleName:null,surname:"Delic",fullName:"Nenad Delic",slug:"nenad-delic"}]},{id:"13254",title:"Insight Into Adsorption Thermodynamics",slug:"insight-into-adsorption-thermodynamics",signatures:"Papita Saha and Shamik Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"13943",title:"Dr.",name:"Papita",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",fullName:"Papita Saha",slug:"papita-saha"},{id:"24184",title:"Mr.",name:"Shamik",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",fullName:"Shamik Chowdhury",slug:"shamik-chowdhury"}]},{id:"13255",title:"Ion Exchanger as Gibbs Canonical Assembly",slug:"ion-exchanger-as-gibbs-canonical-assembly",signatures:"Heinrich Al'Tshuler and Olga Al'Tshuler",authors:[{id:"14144",title:"Prof.",name:"Heinrich",middleName:null,surname:"Al'tshuler",fullName:"Heinrich Al'tshuler",slug:"heinrich-al'tshuler"},{id:"17093",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Al'tshuler",fullName:"Olga Al'tshuler",slug:"olga-al'tshuler"}]},{id:"13256",title:"Microemulsions: Thermodynamic and Dynamic Properties",slug:"microemulsions-thermodynamic-and-dynamic-properties",signatures:"S.K. Mehta and Gurpreet Kaur",authors:[{id:"13553",title:"Dr.",name:"S.K.",middleName:null,surname:"Mehta",fullName:"S.K. Mehta",slug:"s.k.-mehta"},{id:"15406",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurpreet",middleName:null,surname:"Kaur",fullName:"Gurpreet Kaur",slug:"gurpreet-kaur"}]},{id:"13257",title:"The Atmosphere and Internal Structure of Saturns's Moon Titan, a Thermodynamic Study",slug:"the-atmosphere-and-internal-structure-of-saturns-s-moon-titan-a-thermodynamic-study",signatures:"Andreas Heintz and Eckard Bich",authors:[{id:"13836",title:"Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Heintz",fullName:"Andreas Heintz",slug:"andreas-heintz"},{id:"57701",title:"Dr.",name:"Eckard",middleName:null,surname:"Bich",fullName:"Eckard Bich",slug:"eckard-bich"}]},{id:"13258",title:"Interoperability between Modelling Tools (MoT) with Thermodynamic Property Prediction Packages (Simulis® Thermodynamics) and Process Simulators (ProSimPlus) via CAPE-OPEN Standards",slug:"interoperability-between-modelling-tools-mot-with-thermodynamic-property-prediction-packages-simulis",signatures:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez, Rafiqul Gani, Stéphane Déchelotte, Alain Vacher and Olivier Baudouin",authors:[{id:"17181",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Rodriguez",fullName:"Ricardo Morales-Rodriguez",slug:"ricardo-morales-rodriguez"},{id:"18932",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafiqul",middleName:null,surname:"Gani",fullName:"Rafiqul Gani",slug:"rafiqul-gani"},{id:"23611",title:"Eng'r.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Déchelotte",fullName:"Stéphane Déchelotte",slug:"stephane-dechelotte"},{id:"23612",title:"Prof.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Vacher",fullName:"Alain Vacher",slug:"alain-vacher"},{id:"23613",title:"Prof.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Baudouin",fullName:"Olivier Baudouin",slug:"olivier-baudouin"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"69438",title:"Eutrophication and Phytoplankton: Some Generalities from Lakes and Reservoirs of the Americas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89010",slug:"eutrophication-and-phytoplankton-some-generalities-from-lakes-and-reservoirs-of-the-americas",body:'Eutrophication, defined as the nutrient enrichment process (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) of any water body which results in an excessive growth of phytoplankton and macrophytes [1, 2, 3], has become a major cause of concern in developing as well as developed countries [1]. Also, it was recognized as a pollution problem in the European and North American lakes and reservoirs in the mid-twentieth century. Since then, it has become more widespread in the whole world.
Eutrophication is due to several impacts resulting from the inefficient or nonexistent wastewater treatment; the agricultural expansion with inadequate soil uses and application of chemical fertilizers; the urbanization of watersheds; the increase of intensive husbandry of cattle, pigs, and chicken; the increase of aquaculture; the construction of reservoirs; and the destruction of natural ecosystems [4]. The eutrophication event describes formation of a set of symptoms in a lake system exposed to excessive nutrient increase [2]. Common symptoms due to eutrophication include excessive algal blooms, tremendous organic and inorganic material accumulation, and lower biodiversity, high turbidity, excessive sedimentation, and high anoxia conditions, particularly in the deeper parts of lakes. The increase in anoxia condition can cause fish deaths in midsummer. One of the first and worst symptoms of eutrophication has been formation of planktonic algal blooms. In freshwaters, former of these algal blooms are mostly nitrogen (N)-fixing cyanobacteria [5].
Eutrophic water bodies are richly supplied with plant nutrients (N, P, as well other nutrients of less acute demand), and consequences include the increase of biological productivity and turbidity of water because of dense growths of phytoplankton [6, 7]. Thus, phytoplankton community structures and their relevant participants could be used as a biological indicator of negative environmental impacts formed in lakes and reservoirs, as was eutrophication event [8].
In the Americas, as was reported in previous studies, the increase in nutrient concentrations leads to greater biomass of phytoplankton in freshwater systems. In this new region of the world, there are numerous experiences relating the effect of eutrophication on the phytoplankton community.
In this book chapter, we aimed to provide a short overview based on the sparse and scattered literature sources and fixed practices in the American continent related to the proliferation of certain groups of phytoplankton in lakes and reservoirs in terms of eutrophication. We try to depict some generalizations that have arisen from this review, in relation to dominant phytoplankton in the eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in the Americas.
Excessive nutrient accumulation in aquatic ecosystems by carrying of anthropogenic sources, mainly rich in phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), creates a series of changes in their structure and function in the direction of deterioration of water quality, known as eutrophication [9]. Among the structural changes caused by the eutrophication, there is the dominance of the “r” selective species in the community structure of phytoplankton known as tiny primary pelagic producers, particularly in the predominance of cyanobacteria in the freshwater ecosystems such as lakes and reservoirs.
As were reported by Bellinger and Sigee [10], the detection of excessive harmful blooms of some algae that are biological indicators of environmental pollution, particularly of nutrient pollution, reveals anthropogenic activities in freshwater systems and a rapid change in their trophic status. It is known that in the mid-twentieth century, some researchers such as Thunmark [11], Nygaard [12], and Stockner [13] developed trophic status indexes by using typical algal groups of oligotrophic (particularly desmids, a group of green algae) or typical algal groups of eutrophic conditions (chlorococcal, cyanobacterial, and euglenoid species). Although these indices provide useful information about trophic status of the lakes, generally they are not enough to indicate a lot of environmental problems since a lot of algal species have been living in both eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwater systems. In the other word, there are a lot of similarities in view of species homogeneity and seasonal succession of species for both systems. The rehabilitation of previous methods on sampling and taxonomic analysis, and development of new methods in this framework have provided the development in indices based on more specific indicator algal species from different taxonomic groups. Thus, Bellinger and Sigee [10] revealed in their books what the indicator species of the trophic status would be in mid-summer in temperate lakes (Table 1).
Lake types | Algal indicators |
---|---|
Oligotrophic | Diatoms: Green algae: |
Mesotrophic | Diatoms: Chrysophytes: Green algae: Dinoflagellates: Cyanobacteria: |
Eutrophic | Diatoms: Green algae: Cyanobacteria: |
Hypereutrophic | Diatoms: Green algae: Cyanobacteria: |
Phytoplankton indicative species of trophic status in temperate lakes in mid-summer, modified from Bellinger and Sigee [10].
In the Americas, there are some examples about how phytoplankton groups and species have been used for the determination of the trophic status and quality of surface waters. Some of these experiences will be presented in the following sections.
The dominant indicator species list for trophic status of various lake types in the western region of Canada is revealed in Table 2. This list bases on 25 years of observations by Rawson [14].
Lake types | Algal indicators |
---|---|
Oligotrophic | Diatoms: Chrysophytes: |
Mesotrophic | Diatoms: Green algae: Dinoflagellates: Cyanobacteria: |
Eutrophic | Cyanobacteria: |
The list of dominant algal indicator species for trophic status of various lake types in the western region of Canada, modified from Rawson [14].
In the Experimental Lake Area (ELA), located in Ontario, Schindler [15] and Schindler et al. [5] showed that water fertilization (N and P) causes quantitative increase of all phytoplankton groups, especially the cyanobacteria species
In 1978, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published a study about eutrophication relating aquatic plant response to nutrient loading to lakes and reservoirs [16]. There was good correlation between phosphorus loading and the average chlorophyll
In several lakes suffering the eutrophication process, green algae and diatoms have been replaced by cyanobacteria, particularly
Cyanobacteria dominance in the eutrophic Lake Chapala is described by de Anda and Shear [23]. The high TN and TP concentrations contained in the large quantities of domestic, agricultural, and industrial sewage that enter to the lake through its main tributary, the Lerma river, increased the phytoplankton biomass and resulted in the dominance of
Tomasini-Ortiz et al. [24] reported the dominance of
Valle de Bravo reservoir (State of Mexico) provides drinking water to about 2,500,000 inhabitants in Mexico City [25]. This water body also shows frequent cyanobacterial blooms as consequence of the high nutrient load in its waters, posing health risks for human population. The common genera found during blooms are
Unregulated land use and lack of wastewater treatment have led to eutrophication in many lakes of Guatemala [26]. Some examples of this situation are the following studies.
Basterrechea [27] found the prevalence of cyanobacteria in the Lake Amatitlán due to eutrophic conditions. Similarly, Rejmánková et al. [28] recorded blooms of the
The Lake Yojoa is the largest natural lake in the country and represents an important natural resource for Hondurans [29]. The lake is used extensively for commercial production of tilapia fish; fishes are raised to full maturity in floating cages in the lake, and subsequently, high nutrient load is directly supplied to the water body. Other sources of nutrients are: (a) significant amount of wastewater from the ineffective product of water treatment plant, (b) wastewater from restaurants around the lake, and (c) agricultural practices in the neighboring lands, where fertilizers are commonly used, thus contributing with nutrients to the system, having an impact on water quality [29].
Because of the high input of nutrients, cyanobacteria are the dominant phytoplankton group that accounted for 59.0% of total phytoplankton in the lake [30]. Dominant species in the lake are
Wastewater effluents and similar runoffs with high nutrient concentrations derived from agricultural fertilizers, which are increased by the susceptibility to erosion, deforestation, and sediment trawling, have induced the eutrophication process and, consequently, produced the proliferation of
The Cerrón Grande reservoir also suffered the eutrophication process, and its waters are classified as hypereutrophic. The dominant cyanobacteria species is
In the eutrophic Lake Xolotlán (Lake Managua), Hooker and Hernández [33] and Erikson [34] found high phosphorus concentrations (≈150 μg/L), turbid waters (0.40 m of transparency), and high algal biomass of mainly “blue-greens” (cyanobacteria). Phytoplankton community was dominated by cyanobacteria throughout the entire year [35], and
Vammen et al. [36] pointed out that increased eutrophication in Lake Cocibolca (Lake Nicaragua) had resulted in the increase of phytoplankton density and a marked dominance of two cyanobacterial species (
Hernández González et al. [37] also found that the most representative phytoplankton genera detected during most of the period sampled in the eutrophic lakes Cocibolca, Tiscapa, and Masaya, were cyanobacteria, among which are distinguished
Umaña et al. [38] stated that there are few long-term works in lakes in Costa Rica, which have shown a wide annual variation of their characteristics. In the Talamanca region of the province of Limón, Jones et al. [39] found a gradient of trophic states, varying from high-altitude lakes with a tendency to be oligotrophic, to lower-altitude lakes with a tendency to be eutrophic, despite being located in woodland regions where it is away from any human disturbances. These researchers express that, because they do not have a high burden of anthropic phosphorus, their planktonic communities do not show the classic dominance of cyanobacteria against other planktonic groups, but rather a higher prevalence of green algae, a few dinoflagellates and a few cryptomonadales, all of which suggest a more balanced availability between nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand, the Arenal reservoir, the largest water body in Costa Rica, located between the provinces of Guanacaste and Alajuela, has been classified as mesotrophic by Jones et al. [39], representing varied phytoplanktonic community that is dominated by green algae, some diatoms, and cyanobacteria (
Reservoirs of the Panama channel show a mesotrophic status, with a predominance of diatom populations that are represented by 40.0% of total phytoplankton in Gatún reservoir, 55.1% in Alajuela reservoir, and 58.0% in Miraflores reservoir [40].
Gómez Luna et al. [41] identified the phytoplankton communities in three reservoirs which are used for drinking water supply to 80.0% of the inhabitants in the City of Santiago de Cuba. High concentrations of nutrients were detected in Chalóns, Charco Mono, and Paradas reservoirs, where the phytoplankton communities were dominated by the cyanobacterial species
Pantoja Agreda [42] conducted a limnological characterization of Guajataca reservoir, which was classified as mesotrophic. The dominant phytoplankton group were Euglenophyta (43.8% of total phytoplankton), followed by Pyrrhophyta (34.9%) and Chlorophyta (10.7%); cyanobacteria accounted for less than 5.00% of total algal density. This fact is common in water bodies with high content of organic matter.
According to Roldán [43] and Roldán and Ramírez [44], water bodies with more signs of eutrophication (Porce II, El Peñol, Prado, and Tominé) have a predominance of cyanobacteria, especially of the genera
Composition of phytoplankton in the Lake Yahuarcocha is dominated by the following species:
In the Lake Titicaca, in the corresponding Bolivian basin, Fonturbel and Castaño-Villa [46] considered nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton groups as a whole to determine that the families Oscillatoriaceae and Nostocaceae (cyanobacteria) respond positively to the increase in pH (alkalinization) and negatively to the increasing nutrients, while the families Naviculaceae (diatoms), Closteriaceae, and partly Zygnemataceae (green algae) showed an inverse tendency with proliferating in acidic water enriched with nutrients. The diatoms seem to respond negatively, both to the acidification of the water and to the excessive nutrient enrichments. Studies revealed that they are the most sensitive groups to the eutrophication of waters.
Between the 1970s and 1990s, both sections of the Lake Titicaca, deep Lago Mayor and large part of shallow Lago Menor, were oligotrophic with high water transparency and strong nitrogen limitation. Chlorophyta and cyanobacteria (particularly
Numerous studies on eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems have been conducted along the Brazilian territory. Prevalence of cyanobacteria under this eutrophic condition has also been reported.
Tundisi [48] reported blooms of the cyanobacteria
Huszar et al. [49] and Dantas et al. [50] also found the dominance of
Lake Vaca Brava, in the State of Goiás (Central Western Brazil), is an urban water body that suffers the eutrophication process as a consequence of the human settlement in its neighboring areas [51]. Increased cyanobacterial density accompanies the eutrophication process, where
Likewise, Chellappa et al. [52] studied the dynamics of phytoplankton in the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves reservoir, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (Northern Brazil), which is used for drinking water supply; this reservoir was classified as eutrophic due to its high nutrient concentrations, and the toxic cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplankton composition, particularly
Due to inadequate treatment, sewage with high levels of P and N reaches to Pampulha and Ibirité reservoirs in South-Eastern Brazil [53, 54], causing changes in the composition and diversity of the plankton community.
Despite resulting in known impacts, such as loss of aquatic biodiversity, the emergence of potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms, overgrowth of aquatic macrophytes, anoxia and fish mortality, increased eutrophication of Brazilian reservoirs has also, as an additional consequence, the increase of greenhouse gas emission that aggravates the global warming process [55, 56].
In this country, it has also been reported that the increase in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus leads to an increase in phytoplankton biomass and to the dominance of cyanobacteria [57]. In lakes which have heavy eutrophication process, the dominant cyanobacteria which occur blooms are usually of
Quirós [62], analyzing the empirical relationships between nutrient concentrations and biological communities in more than 100 Argentine lakes and reservoirs, found that total phosphorus concentration is the main factor in the control of the phytoplankton biomass. Likewise, he also found that the applied empirical order grouped lakes in two groups which are the lakes located in the lower latitudes which are shallow, warm, and eutrophic where phytoplankton are limited by nitrogen, and the lakes located in higher latitude, temperate-cold, and oligotrophic where phytoplankton are limited by phosphorus [63]. Also, Quirós et al. [64] found that nutrient enrichment of the Pampa’s surface water and its multiple negative effects on its lagoons have increased the internal phosphorus load allowing the increase in the frequency of cyanobacterial blooms, especially during relatively dry years.
The largest reservoirs (Salto Grande, Bonete, Baygorria, and Palmar) have suffered the process of eutrophication, which has led to an intense growth of phytoplankton [65]. De León and Chalar [66], Chalar et al. [67], and Chalar [68, 69] studied the phytoplankton dynamics of the Salto Grande reservoir and recorded the dominance of typical diatoms in eutrophic environments and high densities of cyanobacteria which are predominant with
Vidal et al. [70] had detected cyanobacterial blooms, mainly supported by
RAP-AL [71] also detected that in the eutrophic system of Laguna del Sauce which has a predominance of cyanobacteria throughout the year, there was a marked increase in the frequency and duration of microalgae blooms, particularly of
The rapid growth of anthropogenic or human sourced activities has led to the environmental degradation of the Lake Ypacaraí, the most renowned water body in Paraguay [72]. Increasing nutrient concentrations over the last decades have recently resulted in intense cyanobacterial blooms; dominant species in the lake are
González and Quirós [73], when they considered trends in 16 reservoirs that have different trophic status, found both linear relationship, between total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) with the phytoplankton biomass, and empirical relationship, between total phosphorus concentration and the nitrate/ammonia quotient which determine the dominance of cyanobacteria. According to the authors’ empirical ordination, Venezuelan reservoirs were separated in three groups: group 1 includes reservoirs with low TP (<20 μg/L), while groups 2 and 3 include those reservoirs with moderate to high TP concentrations (>20 μg/L) (Figure 1). In group 1, green algae (chlorophyta) are dominant. Group 2 is composed by those reservoirs where nitrate is the dominant inorganic nitrogen compound over ammonia (high nitrate/ammonia quotient), with short water residence time, and the dominant phytoplankton taxa are different from cyanobacteria, while group 3 is composed by those reservoirs with low nitrate/ammonia quotient, high residence time of their waters, and the dominant phytoplankton is cyanobacteria.
Relationships between TP and the NO3:NH4 ratio in Venezuelan reservoirs: group 1—TP < 20 μg/L—black circles; group 2—TP > 20 μg/L and non-cyanobacteria dominance—black diamonds; and group 3—TP > 20 μg/L and cyanobacteria dominance—black triangles. The Loma de Níquel reservoir is represented by a white circle, because it represented an intermediate situation between groups. Abbreviation of reservoir names: AFR: Agua Fría, TAG: Taguaza, LAG: Lagartijo, CLA: Clavellinos, TBL: Tierra Blanca, LNI: Loma de Níquel, ECI: El Cigarrón, EPU: El Pueblito, ECU: El Cují, EAN: El Andino, LMA: La Mariposa, LPE: La Pereza, CAM: Camatagua, QSE: Quebrada Seca, PC1: Pao-Cachinche—western wing with uptake point and outlet, and PC2: Pao-Cachinche—eastern wing without outlet, modified from González and Quirós [
Surveys have shown that more than 40.0% of lakes and reservoirs in the Americas are in eutrophic trophic level [1, 74], and this is a major cause of concern in the developing as well as developed countries.
According to Pratts et al. [75], one of the main problems that affect lakes and reservoirs is the eutrophication. It induces undesirable ecological consequences for the water bodies [1, 3], such as excessive phytoplankton and macrophyte growth. This reduces light penetration and restricts the reoxygenation of water, therefore generating anoxic conditions in the hypolimnetic layers of lakes and reservoirs, as well as high decomposition rates of organic matter that produces a foul smell and makes the water more turbid. Other negative consequences are the proliferation of algal blooms and toxic phytoplankton, fish mortality by suffocation due to drastic oxygen concentration drop during the overturning of waters, proliferation of adequate habitats for vectors of tropical diseases, and loss of biodiversity. These problems are especially important if the water bodies are used for drinking water supply: if these problems are inadequately treated, they may involve serious health risks for human populations.
Regarding the main primary producers in lakes and reservoirs, phytoplankton communities respond quickly to environmental change (as the fertilization of waters with nitrogen and phosphorus) and are indicators of eutrophication [76]. They also show different community dynamics in ecosystems with contrasting trophic states, where high nutrient levels generally favor species belonging to cyanobacteria group.
In most of the studies on lakes and reservoirs in the Americas discussed in the present work, and despite their regional, latitudinal, altitudinal, and climatic differences, eutrophic conditions have led to be dominated by specific species of cyanobacteria. Then, species from the genera
According to Reynolds et al. [83] and Bellinger and Sigee [10], cyanobacteria adapts to all types of freshwater environment, including extreme conditions and frequently have the ability to compete with other phytoplankton groups under eutrophic conditions in surface waters. Shapiro [84] and Dokulil and Teubner [81] stated that the ability of “blue-greens” to outcompete other freshwater algae has been attributed to a range of characteristics, including:
increasing trend in temperature due to climate change;
optimum growth at high temperatures not preferred by other phytoplankton groups, as in diatoms;
high survival ability in the water column compared to other species under low light tolerance caused by extensive algal bloom;
tolerance to low N/P ratios, which is the characteristic for eutrophic lakes—allowing continued growth when N becomes limited;
depth regulation by buoyancy—avoiding photoinhibition during the early phase of population increase, and allowing algae to obtain inorganic nutrients from the hypolimnion layer when the nutrients decrease in the epilimnion layer from mid- to late-summer;
resistance to zooplankton grazing by both mechanical and chemical interference;
tolerance to high pH and low CO2 concentrations, allowing continued growth of “blue-greens” (but not other algae) at the lake surface during the extensive bloom formation; and
symbiotic association with aerobic bacteria—bacterial symbionts at the heterocyst surface provide the local reducing atmosphere required for nitrogen fixation that causes inorganic nutrients accumulation in surface waters, poor in nutrients.
The dominance of cyanobacteria in eutrophic water bodies can also be explained according to the main meaningful functional groups proposed by Reynolds [85, 86] and Reynolds et al. [87], based on nutrient availability and stability of the water column. Thus, cyanobacteria can dominate in the phytoplanktonic community in an array of warm, mixed, and fertilized (mainly phosphorus) water bodies, with low transparency values and limitation in C and N [87, 88].
In most of the eutrophic lakes and reservoirs in the Americas, as were in various researches on freshwater systems in the temperate regions, there are important increases in level of nutrients, mainly in level of phosphorus, which leads to excessive phytoplankton biomass firstly in a predominance of cyanobacteria. Likewise, in most cases, the dominant cyanobacterial species belong to the genera
Authors would like to thank the Inter American Network of Academic of Sciences (IANAS) for all its help in gathering the information.
We also thank Dr. Diego Rodríguez and an anonymous reviewer for improving the language translation.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links.
",metaTitle:"List of Institutions by Country",metaDescription:"If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. However, if your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"open-access-funding-institutions-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Book Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\n\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\\n\\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\n\\n\\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Book Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCSIC affiliated authors can also take advantage of a central Open Access fund (amounting to 10,000 EUR) to cover up to 50% of the rest of the OAPF until it expires. Effective for chapters accepted from January 1, 2020.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\n\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 25% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters. A 20% discount for publishing a long-form monographs, 25% for compacts and 23% for short-form monographs.
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nThe Claremont Colleges are pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 15% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
\n\nCorresponding authors will receive a 10% discount on their Open Access Publication Fees (OAPF) for Open Access book chapters or monograph publications. To use the discount you will need to verify your institutional email address. These discounts are valid from 2020 to 2022.
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nImportant: You must be a member or grantee of the above listed institutions in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119061},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9667",title:"Neuroimmunology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cf0e8203ce088c0b84add014fd8d382",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10218",title:"Flagellar Motility in Cells",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcc15570365a82d9f2c4816f4e0ee2e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Yusuf Bozkurt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10218.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10223",title:"Obesity and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c202a2b74cd9a2c44b1c385f103ac65d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10370",title:"Advances in Fundamental and Applied Research on Spatial Audio",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f16232a481c08a05cc191ac64cf2c69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brian FG Katz and Dr. Piotr Majdak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10370.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278731",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian FG",surname:"Katz",slug:"brian-fg-katz",fullName:"Brian FG Katz"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10519",title:"Middleware Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c326d436ae0f4c508849d2336dbdfb48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:45},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:214},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"198",title:"Physical Therapy",slug:"physical-therapy",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:58,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"physical-therapy",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7543",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"96855ef0bdc30d253f8fd74aa6cfd363",slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",bookSignature:"Mario Bernardo-Filho, Danúbiada Cunha de Sá-Caputo and Redha Taiar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7543.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157376",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardo-Filho",slug:"mario-bernardo-filho",fullName:"Mario Bernardo-Filho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6772",title:"Occupational Therapy",subtitle:"Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0f6de90c02282919494d6254e473defe",slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",bookSignature:"Meral Huri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6772.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5711",title:"Occupational Therapy",subtitle:"Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38180e287b6cb09b8002b7ab485de2c2",slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",bookSignature:"Meral Huri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5711.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171525",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Huri",slug:"meral-huri",fullName:"Meral Huri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55163",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68799",title:"Virtual Reality and Occupational Therapy",slug:"virtual-reality-and-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:2104,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Orkun Tahir Aran, Sedef Şahin, Berkan Torpil, Tarık Demirok and\nHülya Kayıhan",authors:[{id:"172938",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Kayihan",slug:"hulya-kayihan",fullName:"Hulya Kayihan"},{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"196848",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Orkun Tahir",middleName:null,surname:"Aran",slug:"orkun-tahir-aran",fullName:"Orkun Tahir Aran"},{id:"197159",title:"Mr.",name:"Tarık",middleName:null,surname:"Demirok",slug:"tarik-demirok",fullName:"Tarık Demirok"},{id:"197312",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Berkan",middleName:null,surname:"Torpil",slug:"berkan-torpil",fullName:"Berkan Torpil"}]},{id:"70260",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90277",title:"Effectiveness of Motor Imagery on Physical Therapy: Neurophysiological Aspects of Motor Imagery",slug:"effectiveness-of-motor-imagery-on-physical-therapy-neurophysiological-aspects-of-motor-imagery",totalDownloads:268,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness"},signatures:"Yoshibumi Bunno",authors:[{id:"196577",title:"Mr.",name:"Yoshibumi",middleName:null,surname:"Bunno",slug:"yoshibumi-bunno",fullName:"Yoshibumi Bunno"}]},{id:"56049",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69101",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2002,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Perron"},{id:"208803",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruff",slug:"emily-g.-ruff",fullName:"Emily G. Ruff"},{id:"208804",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Smiley",slug:"jessica-l.-smiley",fullName:"Jessica L. Smiley"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70122",title:"Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation: Effectiveness Approaches and New Perspectives",slug:"parkinson-s-disease-rehabilitation-effectiveness-approaches-and-new-perspectives",totalDownloads:1024,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness"},signatures:"Luciana Auxiliadora de Paula Vasconcelos",authors:[{id:"98546",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana Auxiliadora",middleName:null,surname:"De Paula Vasconcelos",slug:"luciana-auxiliadora-de-paula-vasconcelos",fullName:"Luciana Auxiliadora De Paula Vasconcelos"}]},{id:"55080",title:"Life Skills in Occupational Therapy",slug:"life-skills-in-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:4801,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Hatice Abaoğlu, Özge Buket Cesim, Sinem Kars and Zeynep Çelik",authors:[{id:"197551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hatice",middleName:null,surname:"Abaoğlu",slug:"hatice-abaoglu",fullName:"Hatice Abaoğlu"},{id:"205199",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Kars",slug:"sinem-kars",fullName:"Sinem Kars"},{id:"205200",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Celik",slug:"zeynep-celik",fullName:"Zeynep Celik"},{id:"205203",title:"Ms.",name:"Özge Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Cesim",slug:"ozge-buket-cesim",fullName:"Özge Buket Cesim"}]},{id:"62210",title:"Occupational Therapy’s Role in the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders",slug:"occupational-therapy-s-role-in-the-treatment-of-children-with-autism-spectrum-disorders",totalDownloads:1846,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Bryan M. Gee, Amy Nwora and Theodore W. Peterson",authors:null},{id:"62493",title:"Occupational Therapy in Forensic Settings",slug:"occupational-therapy-in-forensic-settings",totalDownloads:1665,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Esma Ozkan, Sümeyye Belhan, Mahmut Yaran and Meral Zarif",authors:null},{id:"55018",title:"Psychomotor Therapy for Patients with Severe Mental Health Disorders",slug:"psychomotor-therapy-for-patients-with-severe-mental-health-disorders",totalDownloads:1660,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Michel Probst",authors:[{id:"196227",title:"Prof.",name:"Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Probst",slug:"michel-probst",fullName:"Michel Probst"}]},{id:"60928",title:"Animal-Assisted Therapy in Occupational Therapy",slug:"animal-assisted-therapy-in-occupational-therapy",totalDownloads:1242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Sedef Şahin, Barkın Kose and Meral Zarif",authors:[{id:"183079",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sedef",middleName:null,surname:"Şahin",slug:"sedef-sahin",fullName:"Sedef Şahin"},{id:"198859",title:"Dr.",name:"Meral",middleName:null,surname:"Zarif",slug:"meral-zarif",fullName:"Meral Zarif"},{id:"199029",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Barkın",middleName:null,surname:"Kose",slug:"barkin-kose",fullName:"Barkın Kose"}]},{id:"56049",title:"Measurement of Participation: The Role Checklist Version 3: Satisfaction and Performance",slug:"measurement-of-participation-the-role-checklist-version-3-satisfaction-and-performance",totalDownloads:2003,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Patricia J. Scott, Kelsey McKinney, Jeff Perron, Emily Ruff and Jessica\nSmiley",authors:[{id:"195495",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia J",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",slug:"patricia-j-scott",fullName:"Patricia J Scott"},{id:"208801",title:"Dr.",name:"Kelsey G.",middleName:null,surname:"McKinney",slug:"kelsey-g.-mckinney",fullName:"Kelsey G. McKinney"},{id:"208802",title:"Mr.",name:"Jeffrey M.",middleName:null,surname:"Perron",slug:"jeffrey-m.-perron",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Perron"},{id:"208803",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily G.",middleName:null,surname:"Ruff",slug:"emily-g.-ruff",fullName:"Emily G. Ruff"},{id:"208804",title:"Dr.",name:"Jessica L.",middleName:null,surname:"Smiley",slug:"jessica-l.-smiley",fullName:"Jessica L. Smiley"}]},{id:"69967",title:"Early Mobilization on Patients with Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU",slug:"early-mobilization-on-patients-with-mechanical-ventilation-in-the-icu",totalDownloads:534,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"physical-therapy-effectiveness",title:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness",fullTitle:"Physical Therapy Effectiveness"},signatures:"Tsung-Hsien Wang",authors:[{id:"299551",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsung-Hsien",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"tsung-hsien-wang",fullName:"Tsung-Hsien Wang"}]},{id:"61806",title:"Executive Functions and Neurology in Children and Adolescents",slug:"executive-functions-and-neurology-in-children-and-adolescents",totalDownloads:1046,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-therapeutic-and-creative-use-of-activity",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Therapeutic and Creative Use of Activity"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek",authors:[{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"}]},{id:"55049",title:"Community Participation in People with Disabilities",slug:"community-participation-in-people-with-disabilities",totalDownloads:1652,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"occupational-therapy-occupation-focused-holistic-practice-in-rehabilitation",title:"Occupational Therapy",fullTitle:"Occupational Therapy - Occupation Focused Holistic Practice in Rehabilitation"},signatures:"Gokcen Akyurek and Gonca Bumin",authors:[{id:"197265",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokcen",middleName:null,surname:"Akyurek",slug:"gokcen-akyurek",fullName:"Gokcen Akyurek"},{id:"32431",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonca",middleName:null,surname:"Bumin",slug:"gonca-bumin",fullName:"Gonca Bumin"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"physical-therapy",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science/thermodynamics-of-supramolecular-structure-formation-in-water",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science",chapter:"thermodynamics-of-supramolecular-structure-formation-in-water"},fullPath:"/books/application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science/thermodynamics-of-supramolecular-structure-formation-in-water",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()