\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3360",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology",title:"Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is a compilation of works presenting recent advances and progress in optical fiber technology related to the next generation optical communication, system and network, sensor, laser, measurement, characterization and devices. It contains five sections including optical fiber communication systems and networks, plastic optical fibers technologies, fiber optic sensors, fiber lasers and fiber measurement techniques and fiber optic devices on silicon chip. Each chapter in this book is a contribution from a group of academicians and scientists from a prominent university or research center, involved in cutting edge research in the field of photonics. This compendium is an invaluable reference for researchers and practitioners working in academic institutions as well as industries.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1148-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6348-0",doi:"10.5772/46191",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"current-developments-in-optical-fiber-technology",numberOfPages:600,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"834b9a9593a62b116d2101815fd94dd3",bookSignature:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun and Hamzah Arof",publishedDate:"June 13th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3360.jpg",numberOfDownloads:47338,numberOfWosCitations:72,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:61,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:152,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 25th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 16th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 20th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 18th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 18th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"17617",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulaiman Wadi",middleName:null,surname:"Harun",slug:"sulaiman-wadi-harun",fullName:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/17617/images/system/17617.jpg",biography:"Sulaiman Wadi Harun received his B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics System Engineering from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan in 1996, and M.Sc. and Ph.D degrees in Photonic Technology from University of Malaya in 2001 and 2004, respectively. He is actively working on optical amplifiers, fiber lasers and fiber-optic sensors with more than 350 publications in ISI journals and citations of more than 2000. He is currently working as a full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"754",title:"Optical Engineering",slug:"optical-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"45119",title:"Optimal Design of a Multi-Layer Network an IP/MPLS Over DWDM Application Case",doi:"10.5772/54340",slug:"optimal-design-of-a-multi-layer-network-an-ip-mpls-over-dwdm-application-case",totalDownloads:2174,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Claudio Risso, Franco Robledo and Pablo Sartor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45119",authors:[{id:"74791",title:"Dr.",name:"Franco",surname:"Robledo",slug:"franco-robledo",fullName:"Franco Robledo"},{id:"76209",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Sartor",slug:"pablo-sartor",fullName:"Pablo Sartor"},{id:"159818",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Risso",slug:"claudio-risso",fullName:"Claudio Risso"}],corrections:null},{id:"44295",title:"Scaling the Benefits of Digital Nonlinear Compensation in High Bit-Rate Optical Meshed Networks",doi:"10.5772/52743",slug:"scaling-the-benefits-of-digital-nonlinear-compensation-in-high-bit-rate-optical-meshed-networks",totalDownloads:1604,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Danish Rafique and Andrew D. Ellis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44295",authors:[{id:"99536",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew D.",surname:"Ellis",slug:"andrew-d.-ellis",fullName:"Andrew D. Ellis"},{id:"157201",title:"Dr.",name:"Danish",surname:"Rafique",slug:"danish-rafique",fullName:"Danish Rafique"}],corrections:null},{id:"44985",title:"Faults and Novel Countermeasures for Optical Fiber Connections in Fiber-To-The-Home Networks",doi:"10.5772/54241",slug:"faults-and-novel-countermeasures-for-optical-fiber-connections-in-fiber-to-the-home-networks",totalDownloads:1802,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Mitsuru Kihara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44985",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44985",authors:[{id:"68668",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsuru",surname:"Kihara",slug:"mitsuru-kihara",fullName:"Mitsuru Kihara"}],corrections:null},{id:"45023",title:"Multimode Graded-Index Optical Fibers for Next-Generation Broadband Access",doi:"10.5772/54245",slug:"multimode-graded-index-optical-fibers-for-next-generation-broadband-access",totalDownloads:2873,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"David R. Sánchez Montero and Carmen Vázquez García",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45023",authors:[{id:"159007",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Sánchez Montero",slug:"david-sanchez-montero",fullName:"David Sánchez Montero"},{id:"160248",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Vázquez García",slug:"carmen-vazquez-garcia",fullName:"Carmen Vázquez García"}],corrections:null},{id:"45070",title:"Multicanonical Monte Carlo Method Applied to the Investigation of Polarization Effects in Optical Fiber Communication Systems",doi:"10.5772/53306",slug:"multicanonical-monte-carlo-method-applied-to-the-investigation-of-polarization-effects-in-optical-fi",totalDownloads:1381,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Aurenice M. Oliveira and Ivan T. Lima Jr.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45070",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45070",authors:[{id:"70444",title:"Prof.",name:"Aurenice",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"aurenice-oliveira",fullName:"Aurenice Oliveira"},{id:"83445",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Lima Jr.",slug:"ivan-lima-jr.",fullName:"Ivan Lima Jr."}],corrections:null},{id:"44999",title:"Efficiency Optimization of WDM-POF Network in Shipboard Systems",doi:"10.5772/53545",slug:"efficiency-optimization-of-wdm-pof-network-in-shipboard-systems",totalDownloads:2024,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Hadi Guna, Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman, Malik Sulaiman,\nLatifah Supian, Norhana Arsad and Kasmiran Jumari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44999",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44999",authors:[{id:"68525",title:"Dr.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Guna",slug:"hadi-guna",fullName:"Hadi Guna"},{id:"77356",title:"Dr.",name:"L.S.",surname:"Supian",slug:"l.s.-supian",fullName:"L.S. Supian"},{id:"77396",title:"Prof.",name:"Kasmiran",surname:"Jumari",slug:"kasmiran-jumari",fullName:"Kasmiran Jumari"},{id:"159110",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Mohammad Syuhaimi",surname:"Ab-Rahman",slug:"dr.-mohammad-syuhaimi-ab-rahman",fullName:"Dr. Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman"},{id:"167040",title:"MSc.",name:"Malik",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"malik-sulaiman",fullName:"Malik Sulaiman"},{id:"167041",title:"Dr.",name:"Norhana",surname:"Arsad",slug:"norhana-arsad",fullName:"Norhana Arsad"}],corrections:null},{id:"43808",title:"Step-Index PMMA Fibers and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/52746",slug:"step-index-pmma-fibers-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:2992,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Silvio Abrate, Roberto Gaudino and Guido Perrone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/43808",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/43808",authors:[{id:"29909",title:"Prof.",name:"Guido",surname:"Perrone",slug:"guido-perrone",fullName:"Guido Perrone"},{id:"159261",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Silvio",surname:"Abrate",slug:"silvio-abrate",fullName:"Silvio Abrate"},{id:"166493",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Gaudino",slug:"roberto-gaudino",fullName:"Roberto Gaudino"}],corrections:null},{id:"45044",title:"Optical Fibre Gratings for Chemical and Bio - Sensing",doi:"10.5772/54242",slug:"optical-fibre-gratings-for-chemical-and-bio-sensing",totalDownloads:2082,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Xianfeng Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45044",authors:[{id:"158247",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianfeng",surname:"Chen",slug:"xianfeng-chen",fullName:"Xianfeng Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"45020",title:"Fibre-Optic Chemical Sensor Approaches Based on Nanoassembled Thin Films: A Challenge to Future Sensor Technology",doi:"10.5772/53399",slug:"fibre-optic-chemical-sensor-approaches-based-on-nanoassembled-thin-films-a-challenge-to-future-senso",totalDownloads:2083,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Sergiy Korposh, Stephen James, Ralph Tatam and Seung-Woo Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45020",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45020",authors:[{id:"155096",title:"Dr.",name:"Seung-Woo",surname:"Lee",slug:"seung-woo-lee",fullName:"Seung-Woo Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"45050",title:"Optical Fiber Sensors for Chemical and Biological Measurements",doi:"10.5772/52741",slug:"optical-fiber-sensors-for-chemical-and-biological-measurements",totalDownloads:3152,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,signatures:"Miguel A. Pérez, Olaya González and José R. Arias",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45050",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45050",authors:[{id:"2554",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Perez",slug:"miguel-perez",fullName:"Miguel Perez"},{id:"159794",title:"Dr.",name:"OLaya",surname:"González Pérez",slug:"olaya-gonzalez-perez",fullName:"OLaya González Pérez"},{id:"165575",title:"MSc.",name:"José R.",surname:"Arias",slug:"jose-r.-arias",fullName:"José R. Arias"}],corrections:null},{id:"45074",title:"Investigation of Bioluminescence at an Optical Fiber End for a High-Sensitive ATP Detection System",doi:"10.5772/52747",slug:"investigation-of-bioluminescence-at-an-optical-fiber-end-for-a-high-sensitive-atp-detection-system",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Masataka Iinuma, Ryuta Tanaka, Eriko Takahama, Takeshi Ikeda,\nYutaka Kadoya and Akio Kuroda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45074",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45074",authors:[{id:"71876",title:"Dr.",name:"Masataka",surname:"Iinuma",slug:"masataka-iinuma",fullName:"Masataka Iinuma"}],corrections:null},{id:"45075",title:"Smart Technical Textiles Based on Fiber Optic Sensors",doi:"10.5772/54244",slug:"smart-technical-textiles-based-on-fiber-optic-sensors",totalDownloads:3993,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Katerina Krebber",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45075",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45075",authors:[{id:"158312",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Krebber",slug:"katerina-krebber",fullName:"Katerina Krebber"}],corrections:null},{id:"45029",title:"Refractometric Optical Fiber Platforms for Label Free Sensing",doi:"10.5772/55376",slug:"refractometric-optical-fiber-platforms-for-label-free-sensing",totalDownloads:2850,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,signatures:"Carlos A. J. Gouveia, Jose M. Baptista and Pedro A.S. Jorge",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45029",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45029",authors:[{id:"76290",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Jorge",slug:"pedro-jorge",fullName:"Pedro Jorge"},{id:"159890",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Carlos",surname:"Gouveia",slug:"carlos-gouveia",fullName:"Carlos Gouveia"},{id:"161165",title:"Prof.",name:"José",surname:"Baptista",slug:"jose-baptista",fullName:"José Baptista"}],corrections:null},{id:"44723",title:"Advances in Optical Fiber Laser Micromachining for Sensors Development",doi:"10.5772/52745",slug:"advances-in-optical-fiber-laser-micromachining-for-sensors-development",totalDownloads:2155,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"João M. P. Coelho, Marta Nespereira, Catarina Silva, Dionísio Pereira\nand José Rebordão",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44723",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44723",authors:[{id:"69870",title:"MSc.",name:"Catarina",surname:"Silva",slug:"catarina-silva",fullName:"Catarina Silva"},{id:"76286",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Joao",surname:"Coelho",slug:"joao-coelho",fullName:"Joao Coelho"},{id:"113519",title:"Prof.",name:"José",surname:"Rebordão",slug:"jose-rebordao",fullName:"José Rebordão"},{id:"160196",title:"MSc.",name:"Marta",surname:"Castiñeiras",slug:"marta-castineiras",fullName:"Marta Castiñeiras"},{id:"160199",title:"Dr.",name:"Dionísio",surname:"Pereira",slug:"dionisio-pereira",fullName:"Dionísio Pereira"}],corrections:null},{id:"41896",title:"Mode Locked Fiber Lasers",doi:"10.5772/52214",slug:"mode-locked-fiber-lasers",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Tarek Ennejah and Rabah Attia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/41896",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/41896",authors:[{id:"157078",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarek",surname:"Ennejah",slug:"tarek-ennejah",fullName:"Tarek Ennejah"},{id:"165481",title:"Prof.",name:"Rabah",surname:"Attia",slug:"rabah-attia",fullName:"Rabah Attia"}],corrections:null},{id:"45077",title:"Experimental Study of Fiber Laser Cavity Losses to Generate a Dual-Wavelength Laser Using a Sagnac Loop Mirror Based on High Birefringence Fiber",doi:"10.5772/54330",slug:"experimental-study-of-fiber-laser-cavity-losses-to-generate-a-dual-wavelength-laser-using-a-sagnac-l",totalDownloads:1612,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Manuel Durán-Sánchez, R. Iván Álvarez-Tamayo, Evgeny A. Kuzin,\nBaldemar Ibarra-Escamilla, Andrés González-García and Olivier\nPottiez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45077",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45077",authors:[{id:"157870",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Durán Sánchez",slug:"manuel-duran-sanchez",fullName:"Manuel Durán Sánchez"},{id:"160257",title:"Mr.",name:"Ricardo Ivan",surname:"Alvarez Tamayo",slug:"ricardo-ivan-alvarez-tamayo",fullName:"Ricardo Ivan Alvarez Tamayo"},{id:"160259",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeny",surname:"Kuzin",slug:"evgeny-kuzin",fullName:"Evgeny Kuzin"},{id:"160260",title:"Dr.",name:"Baldemar",surname:"Ibarra Escamilla",slug:"baldemar-ibarra-escamilla",fullName:"Baldemar Ibarra Escamilla"},{id:"160261",title:"Dr.",name:"Andres",surname:"Gonzalez Garcia",slug:"andres-gonzalez-garcia",fullName:"Andres Gonzalez Garcia"},{id:"160262",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier Jean Michel",surname:"Pottiez",slug:"olivier-jean-michel-pottiez",fullName:"Olivier Jean Michel Pottiez"}],corrections:null},{id:"45039",title:"Multi-Wavelength Fiber Lasers",doi:"10.5772/53398",slug:"multi-wavelength-fiber-lasers",totalDownloads:3235,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Rosa Ana Perez-Herrera and Manuel Lopez-Amo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45039",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45039",authors:[{id:"157779",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Ana",surname:"Perez-Herrera",slug:"rosa-ana-perez-herrera",fullName:"Rosa Ana Perez-Herrera"},{id:"166673",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Lopez-Amo",slug:"manuel-lopez-amo",fullName:"Manuel Lopez-Amo"}],corrections:null},{id:"45034",title:"Characterization of Optical Fibers by Multiple-Beam Interferometry",doi:"10.5772/54720",slug:"characterization-of-optical-fibers-by-multiple-beam-interferometry",totalDownloads:1809,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Fouad El-Diasty",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45034",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45034",authors:[{id:"158231",title:"Dr",name:"Fouad",surname:"El-Diasty",slug:"fouad-el-diasty",fullName:"Fouad El-Diasty"}],corrections:null},{id:"45078",title:"Fiber Measurement Technique Based on OTDR",doi:"10.5772/54243",slug:"fiber-measurement-technique-based-on-otdr",totalDownloads:2473,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Masaharu Ohashi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45078",authors:[{id:"159429",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaharu",surname:"Ohashi",slug:"masaharu-ohashi",fullName:"Masaharu Ohashi"}],corrections:null},{id:"45079",title:"Optical Fibre on a Silicon Chip",doi:"10.5772/54246",slug:"optical-fibre-on-a-silicon-chip",totalDownloads:3128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"A. Michael, C.Y. Kwok, Md. Al Hafiz and Y.W. Xu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/45079",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/45079",authors:[{id:"69953",title:"Dr.",name:"Aron",surname:"Michael",slug:"aron-michael",fullName:"Aron Michael"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"55",title:"Advances in Photodiodes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6cdd5e9ee86489b07d6841bf4e4a2eb7",slug:"advances-in-photodiodes",bookSignature:"Gian Franco Dalla Betta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/55.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19896",title:"Dr.",name:"Gian-Franco",surname:"Dalla Betta",slug:"gian-franco-dalla-betta",fullName:"Gian-Franco Dalla Betta"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2019",title:"Selected Topics on Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"673335af161795cf490bbb2abc822f0e",slug:"selected-topics-on-optical-fiber-technology",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2019.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"870",title:"Fiber Optic Sensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b41e258dba019293f00f1b15fcfa1725",slug:"fiber-optic-sensors",bookSignature:"Moh. Yasin, Sulaiman W. Harun and Hamzah Arof",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"101",title:"Laser Scanning",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0783fa6ba010daf9b1a6f056339f3588",slug:"laser-scanning-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Chau-Chang Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/101.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21919",title:"Prof.",name:"Chau-Chang",surname:"Wang",slug:"chau-chang-wang",fullName:"Chau-Chang Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4506",title:"Advances in Optical Fiber Technology",subtitle:"Fundamental Optical Phenomena and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9db9536cfa0ac3a32647a40c763b0b2d",slug:"advances-in-optical-fiber-technology-fundamental-optical-phenomena-and-applications",bookSignature:"Moh Yasin, Hamzah Arof and Sulaiman Wadi Harun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4506.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294347",title:"Dr.",name:"Moh",surname:"Yasin",slug:"moh-yasin",fullName:"Moh Yasin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3335",title:"Optical Fiber",subtitle:"New Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e2f5ac92a561feb6698cd0ee09fcfed",slug:"optical-fiber-new-developments",bookSignature:"Christophe Lethien",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3335.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2995",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Lethien",slug:"christophe-lethien",fullName:"Christophe Lethien"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3636",title:"Advances in Measurement Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-measurement-systems",bookSignature:"Milind Kr Sharma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3636.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252225",title:"Dr.",name:"Milind",surname:"Sharma",slug:"milind-sharma",fullName:"Milind Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2992",title:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ea3b8fc542d07312526928ba5bac062",slug:"current-trends-in-short-and-long-period-fiber-gratings",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29543",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2478",title:"Optical Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8af14196b5429d6bf9fcb7db0a39199",slug:"optical-communication",bookSignature:"Narottam Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15357",title:"Dr.",name:"Narottam",surname:"Das",slug:"narottam-das",fullName:"Narottam Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64890",slug:"erratum-emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",title:"Erratum - Emergency Operations of Sudden Water Pollution Accidents",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64890.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64890",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64890",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64890",chapter:{id:"64626",slug:"emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",signatures:"Jin Quan, Lingzhong Kong, Xiaohui Lei and Mingna Wang",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"October 15th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 1st 2018",datePublished:"December 19th 2018",book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:[{id:"280923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"Lingzhong Kong",slug:"lingzhong-kong",email:"lzkong@126.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64626",slug:"emergency-operations-of-sudden-water-pollution-accidents",signatures:"Jin Quan, Lingzhong Kong, Xiaohui Lei and Mingna Wang",dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:"October 15th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 1st 2018",datePublished:"December 19th 2018",book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},authors:[{id:"280923",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",fullName:"Lingzhong Kong",slug:"lingzhong-kong",email:"lzkong@126.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"8874",title:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Emergency Operation Technologies for Sudden Water Pollution Accidents in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project",slug:"emergency-operation-technologies-for-sudden-water-pollution-accidents-in-the-middle-route-of-south-to-north-water-diversion-project",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",bookSignature:"Xiaohui Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC 4.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"282118",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaohui",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",slug:"xiaohui-lei",fullName:"Xiaohui Lei"}],productType:{id:"4",title:"Compact",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10573",leadTitle:null,title:"Fluid-Structure Interaction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe ever-growing speed of scientific studies is relatively proven by the increasing number of research papers, books, reports, etc. yearly. Without a doubt, this process causes a data detection problem. If the consequences of a part of scientific effort are to deliver constructive information, the interpretative published works have to be commonly recognized and accessible and they have to be able of being perceived and assessed by readers.
\r\n\r\n\tThe present book aims to link these gaps in Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) methods. This is to give a deep understanding of FSI to the readers. FSI is an interplay between structures and their environs' fluid flow. Concerning both computational and modeling methods, FSI is one of the most serious and controversial multiphysics problems. This book provides an intensive understanding of FSI together with theory, simulation techniques, and solutions for several FSI problems in the engineering field. The book delivers the essential theories, approaches, and results advanced for the FSI applications. To this end, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and mathematical approaches are utilized with integrated FSI methods.
\r\n\r\n\tFurthermore, results obtained from FEA and mathematical methods are compared to existing experimental or numerical results to show the correctness of the methods and their importance in applied engineering. Taking benefits of information provided in the book, the readers would become skilled to self-reliantly formularize models to solve FSI problems.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-176-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-175-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-177-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3950d1f9c82160d23bc594d00ec2ffbb",bookSignature:"Dr. Khaled Ghaedi, Dr. Ahmed Niameh Mehdy Alhusseny, Dr. Adel Gharib Nasser and Dr. Nabeel Al-Zurfi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10573.jpg",keywords:"Simulation, Applied Engineering, Multiphysics Coupling, Nonlinear Analysis, Structural Deformation, Fluid Dynamics, Structural Deformation, Hydrodynamics, Finite Element Method, Infinite Element, Fluid Flow, Large Deformation",numberOfDownloads:545,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 22nd 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 1st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 30th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 20th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 19th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A senior researcher in finite element methods and structural dynamics, appointed committee member of ASCE-22, appointed reviewer and editorial board member of several civil and structural engineering journals, senior software consultant, and holder of one registered patent.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"190572",title:"Dr.",name:"Khaled",middleName:null,surname:"Ghaedi",slug:"khaled-ghaedi",fullName:"Khaled Ghaedi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190572/images/system/190572.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Khaled Ghaedi has experience in both the academia and industry fields. Over the course of 16 years career, he has built his core foundation through his involvement in many research and engineering projects, holding different positions such as researcher and lecturer, principle structural engineer and quality control manager. He is currently the technical director of a software engineering services and solutions provider in Malaysia to support the engineering industry in Southeast Asia. Because of his excellent practical experience with multiple engineering software, he has been invited by various national and international firms in Southeast Asia and Middle East regions to train their engineers. He has provided consultation for many projects such as the transportation project of MRT Putrajaya line, underground part, in Malaysia (RM13.11 billion) and Pavilion Damansara Heights (RM7 billion) among others. He is also a member of several world organizations such as the American society of civil engineers (ASCE), American concrete institute (ACI). He is presently taking part as the associate committee Member in revising ASCE7-16 that will be reissued as ASCE7-22 in 2022. He has frequently published his researches in well-known journals in different engineering fields including buildings, bridges, dams, etc. He has also contributed to the process of knowledge sharing through his roles as the editorial board member and reviewer of eminent engineering journals. He has also been invited in several international conferences as a committee member. Khaled has shown his support and guidance to students to become an important part of their community and to Engineers to advance their technical skills.",institutionString:"University of Malaya",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"208783",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"Niameh Mehdy",surname:"Alhusseny",slug:"ahmed-alhusseny",fullName:"Ahmed Alhusseny",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/208783/images/system/208783.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ahmed Alhusseny has obtained his BSc and MSc in air conditioning and refrigeration engineering from the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq in 2001 and 2005, respectively. Afterward, he worked as a member of the academic staff at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq. Dr. Alhusseny has written a Ph.D. research entitled 'Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Rotating Metallic Porous Media' at the University of Manchester. He has obtained a Ph.D. degree (May 2016.) in mechanical engineering from the School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering/ University of Manchester. Dr. Alhusseny is still associated with the University of Manchester as a Visiting Researcher although he has recently returned to Iraq and resumed his former employment there as a member of the academic staff in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the head of the Branch of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering.",institutionString:"University of Manchester",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Manchester",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"208796",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:"Gharib",surname:"Nasser",slug:"adel-nasser",fullName:"Adel Nasser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/208796/images/system/208796.jpg",biography:"Adel Nasser has been awarded his BSc in mechanical engineering from the University of El-Fateh in 1977, while he has got the MSc in aeronautical and mechanical engineering from the University of Salford, Manchester, UK in 1980. Afterward, he worked in the UK as a staff member in the UMIST, and at the University of Salford until 1990. He was awarded the Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the UMIST, UK in 1990. Later, Dr. Nasser worked in the Computer Graphics Unit at the University of Manchester, and then for the Information System Department at the UMIST until 2004. Now, he is a member of the academic staff at the School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, where he has supervised a number of postgraduate students. Besides his publications in a variety of leading scientific journals, he acts as a peer-reviewer for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of Manchester",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Manchester",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"217892",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabeel",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Zurfi",slug:"nabeel-al-zurfi",fullName:"Nabeel Al-Zurfi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217892/images/system/217892.jpg",biography:"Nabeel Al-Zurfi was awarded his BSc and MSc in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Afterward, he worked as a member of the academic staff at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq as an assistant professor. Al-Zurfi was awarded the degree of Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering / Heat transfer and fluid flow from the University of Manchester – England on 12 October 2016. He has published several papers in different international journals in the field of heat and mass transfer. He had also participated in a couple of international conferences as an author. Al-Zurfi is an expert in turbulence numerical methods, especially, Large Eddy Simulation method.",institutionString:"University of Manchester",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Manchester",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"71784",title:"Dynamics of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Plasma Fluids",slug:"dynamics-of-rayleigh-taylor-instability-in-plasma-fluids",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"282807",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhmander",surname:"Singh",slug:"sukhmander-singh",fullName:"Sukhmander Singh"}]},{id:"73862",title:"Evolutions of Growing Waves in Complex Plasma Medium",slug:"evolutions-of-growing-waves-in-complex-plasma-medium",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"72030",title:"Fluid Instabilities and Transition to Turbulence",slug:"fluid-instabilities-and-transition-to-turbulence",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74429",title:"Numerical Investigation of Natural Convection and Entropy Generation of Water near Density Inversion in a Cavity Having Circular and Elliptical Body",slug:"numerical-investigation-of-natural-convection-and-entropy-generation-of-water-near-density-inversion",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74546",title:"A Note on Heat Transport with Aspect of Magnetic Dipole and Higher Order Chemical Process for Steady Micropolar Fluid",slug:"a-note-on-heat-transport-with-aspect-of-magnetic-dipole-and-higher-order-chemical-process-for-steady",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3621",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"silver-nanoparticles",bookSignature:"David Pozo Perez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3621.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6667",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Pozo",slug:"david-pozo",fullName:"David Pozo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68067",title:"Potential Benefit of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Kidney Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87229",slug:"potential-benefit-of-mineralocorticoid-receptor-antagonists-in-kidney-diseases",body:'Besides the well-known expression of MR in the so-called aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN) encompassing DCT1-2, CNT, and CDD, MR is also expressed in a variety of other cell types within the kidney [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In basal condition, MR is expressed in the vasculature in both endothelium [6] and smooth muscle cells [1]. MR expression has also been reported in the mesangium [7], podocytes [8], fibroblasts [9], and immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes) [10, 11, 12, 13]. In Figure 1, we summarize the effects reported for MR antagonists in different target cells within the kidney that represent potential beneficial mechanisms acting against kidney disease progression, and that will be detailed below. It is important to mention that MR expression might be upregulated in some pathological conditions such as diabetes [14], heavy proteinuria [15], vascular aging [16], and hypertension [17], leading to potential increased MR signaling. The specific physiological role of MR in the cells where its expression has been reported remains to be elucidated; however, it was recently proposed that MR in endothelial, smooth muscle, and inflammatory cells may be an evolutionary mechanism to prevent hemorrhage by promoting vasoconstriction and thrombosis and to promote wound healing by the activation of inflammation and vascular remodeling [18].
MR antagonists display beneficial effects against kidney diseases by acting in several cell types and by different mechanisms.
The classical ligand of the MR is aldosterone, but glucocorticoids can bind with similar affinity with that of MR. Of note ligand-receptor dissociation is faster for glucocorticoid than aldosterone, resulting in higher transactivation potency for aldosterone as compared to glucocorticoids, especially at low concentration. However, a selectivity mechanism allows aldosterone to preferentially activate the MR in the presence of glucocorticoids, despite much higher local concentration of glucocorticoids than aldosterone. The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) converts corticosterone/cortisol to compounds with low affinity for the MR [19]. The cellular aldosterone/glucocorticoid selectivity therefore depends on the expression level/activity of the HSD2. In the kidney, cells from the ASDN and endothelium express HSD2, while this is debated for the smooth muscle cells [20]. In podocytes, mesangial cells, and immune cells, for example, HSD2 is not expressed, therefore supporting the fact that glucocorticoids may be the main ligands of MR in these cells. It should be stressed, however, that there may be species differences as well as induction of HSD2 expression in some pathological conditions, allowing aldosterone to activate MR. This has not been carefully analyzed yet [1].
Experimental evidence in rodent models of acute kidney injury (AKI) supports the concept that MR contributes to vascular tone regulation [1]. The benefit of MRA in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with improved renal hemodynamics and decreased renal vascular resistance [21, 22]. We recently showed that MR expressed in mouse smooth muscle cells contributes to renal injury induced by ischemia (through a mechanism involving oxidative stress and Rac1 activation) [23], as well as in acute CsA nephrotoxicity (due to increased vascular L-type calcium channel activity thereby resulting in decreased renal artery vasoconstriction and overall improvement in renal hemodynamics) [24]. Of note, the endothelial MR was not directly involved since endothelial MR gene inactivation had no effect in ischemia-reperfusion or CsA-induced renal injuries [23, 24]. Whether MR expressed in the renal vasculature contributes to renal injury in other settings like diabetes or chronic kidney diseases remains to be explored.
Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the significance of oxidative stress induced by aldosterone/MR and its detrimental consequences on kidney injury. In vivo, the DOCA-salt causes oxidative DNA damage [25], and aldosterone infusion produces an MR-dependent increase in NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation in the kidney [26, 27]. MR expressed in the smooth muscle cell may have a major role as we recently demonstrated in ischemia-reperfusion injury using smooth muscle MR KO mice [23]. In vascular cells, aldosterone increased ROS which in turn modifies the cysteinyl thiols in the eNOS-activating region of endothelin-1 B receptor to decrease endothelin-1-stimulated eNOS activity, impairing the vasodilatory pathway. These effects have repercussions on renal hemodynamics and function in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury in both rat and mouse [21, 22, 23]. In rat mesangial cells, aldosterone directly stimulates superoxide anion generation, which is accompanied by an increase in NADPH oxidase activity and translocation of p47phox and p67phox to the cell membrane [28]. Moreover, recent studies have shown that aldosterone induces mesangial cell apoptosis and that the administration of an antioxidant or MR antagonist attenuates the proapoptotic effects of aldosterone [29]. The increase in NADPH oxidase Nox2 plasma levels and urinary isoprostanes is also observed in patients with primary aldosteronism as compared to essential hypertensive patients [30]. Interestingly, adrenalectomy is associated with a reduction in both parameters [30]. Moreover, therapeutic MR antagonism reduced oxidative stress in diabetic [31] or kidney transplant patients [32].
A role for MR signaling in inflammation has been suggested since early studies showing that the treatment of rats with aldosterone and salt causes perivascular leukocyte infiltration and increased expression of inflammatory markers [1]. More recently, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes have been identified as MR-expressing cells [1, 11, 33]. The use of genetically modified mouse model deficient of MR in myeloid cells revealed that myeloid MR contributes to renal injury in a glomerulonephritis mouse model [8]. Moreover, our recent work showed that myeloid MR participates to CKD progression induced by AKI [34]. The deletion of MR in myeloid cells favored M2 polarization of renal macrophages leading to improved tissue repair and prevention of renal scaring, decreased function, and interstitial fibrosis. Interestingly MRA administration using the nonsteroidal MRA finerenone has similar effects, blunting CKD development after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rodents [22, 34] and in the large white pig [34]. The role of myeloid MR in the progression of CKD in other models of kidney disease has to be further studied. The role of MR expressed in T cell has not been explored in kidney disease. However, T-cell MR knockout mice prevented cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction compared with littermate control mice after abdominal aortic constriction suggesting that MR in T cells may also play a pro-inflammatory role [13]. In dendritic cells, MR stimulation with aldosterone induces the secretion of IL-6 and TGF-β, two pro-inflammatory cytokines able to polarize the adaptive immune response toward a Th17 phenotype [35]. MR antagonism with spironolactone reduced heart and kidney damage in a hypertension rat model due to blockade of Th17 polarization and the induction of regulatory T cells [36]. Pharmacological MR blockade improves the chronic inflammatory state associated with CV disease [1, 33]. Altogether, these data suggest that aldosterone/MR modulates innate and adaptive immunity, which may have a critical role in end-organ damage.
Fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodeling is a well-documented effect of MR activation in various tissues, including the kidney [1]. Aldosterone induces pro-fibrotic cytokine production and accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix components [9, 37, 38]. Aldosterone administration is associated with an increase in renal TGF-β, collagen, and connective tissue growth factor expression and medullary and cortical fibrosis [39]. Aldosterone also influences the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 leading to glomerulosclerosis [40]. MR activation in renal fibroblasts results in rapid activation of growth factor receptors and induction of PI3K/MAPK signaling, which stimulates proliferation and therefore contributes to fibrosis expansion [41]. Several molecular MR targets may be involved in the pro-fibrotic response of Aldo/MR signaling. We recently deeply explored the role of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) that we identified as a novel aldosterone/MR target [42]. NGAL induction by the MR might be a mechanism for MR-induced fibrosis since mice deficient in NGAL are protected from aldosterone-induced kidney fibrosis (Jaisser, unpublished data). Galectin-3 also mediates the pro-fibrotic effects of aldosterone-MR, and galectin-3 KO mice are protected against aldosterone-induced kidney fibrosis [43]. Taken together increased MR activation which may promote kidney fibrosis by inducing fibroblast proliferation and the production of several pro-fibrotic molecules.
A reduction of renal blood flow is occurring in several clinical settings, and this is a major cause of AKI. A number of studies in rodents and in the Large White Pig preclinical model have shown that MR antagonism with steroidal and nonsteroidal MRAs prevents and treats AKI induced by IR. In an early study, it was shown that spironolactone is a useful strategy to prevent the acute kidney dysfunction and tubular injury induced by bilateral renal IR injury in the rat [44]. The sustained reduction in renal blood flow observed after 24 hours in the IR-untreated rats was prevented in the spironolactone-treated groups. This was reproduced using nonsteroidal MRAs in both rats and mice [21, 22, 23] leading to the discovery of a novel underlying mechanism related to the limitation of oxidative stress and impaired endothelin-B receptor signaling [21, 22]. Importantly MRA also have curative effects when administered within the first 3 hours post ischemia-reperfusion [21, 45, 46]. The benefit of MR antagonists in ischemic AKI was translated into the Large White Pig preclinical model in which MR antagonism with soludactone (potassium canrenoate, a soluble MRA used in clinics) prevented the effects of AKI including kidney dysfunction and structural injuries [23].
In recent years, special focus has been given to the chronic consequences of an AKI episode. Several clinical and experimental studies have shown that AKI is linked with increased risk for CKD development.
In the rat, CKD progression induced by a single event of ischemic AKI (characterized by proteinuria, kidney dysfunction, and severe structural injury including interstitial fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, tubule dilation, and podocyte injury) is prevented by spironolactone [45] and finerenone [22, 47]. MR antagonism also prevents CKD induced by a mild ischemic period even when administered 3 hours after the ischemia episode [48]. The underlying mechanisms rely on the limitation of inflammatory events and the promotion of repair mechanisms held by M2-type macrophages and interleukin-4 receptor signaling [34]. Importantly, these benefits are also observed in the Large White Pig model: short-term soludactone administration before/after the ischemic event indeed prevents CKD progression at 3 months, with a reduction in fibrosis and proteinuria and improved renal function [34]. The data indicate that MRA treatment is an encouraging therapeutic option to prevent the AKI to CKD transition which identifies the MR expressed in inflammatory cells as a specific target in this setting.
Kidney fibrosis is a common endpoint of CKD from different origins. Accumulating evidences indicate that aldosterone and/or MR signaling plays a key role in CKD development in a number of animal models including nephron reduction [49, 50], hypertensive models [51, 52], unilateral ureteral obstruction [53, 54], and mineralocorticoid/salt models [55]. MR antagonism not only prevents glomerulosclerosis in the remnant kidney model but also induces regression of glomerulosclerosis as evidenced by Aldigier et al. on kidney biopsy 4 weeks after spironolactone treatment initiation in rats already presenting CKD [56]. Eplerenone also limited proteinuria in this model [50]. Renal injury observed in the Dahl-sensitive rat upon salt loading is greatly limited by eplerenone [57, 58] and the nonsteroidal MRA CS-3150 [59]. This may be related to a direct effect on podocyte, as underlined by Shibata et al., involving activation of Rac1 and possible increased Rac1-mediated transactivation of the podocyte MR [60].
The beneficial effects of MRA in different models of type I and type II diabetic nephropathy or kidney injury related to metabolic disorders have been reported. Spironolactone administration for 3 weeks reduced renal collagen deposition in STZ-induced diabetic rats [61]. This was thereafter reported for other MRAs such as eplerenone [62]. MRAs are also efficient in limiting progression of diabetic nephropathy in models of type 2 diabetes. Eplerenone reduced albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial expansion in the db/db mouse model [62]. The novel nonsteroidal MRA AZ9977 has similar effects [63]. In the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats or Zucker obese rats, similar benefits have been reported after MRA treatment [64, 65].
Some studies showed a benefit of MR blockade in acute and chronic CsA nephrotoxicity, including effects on preventing structural and functional alterations [66, 67, 68]. The underlying mechanisms leading to this protection rely on hemodynamic effects (blunting the sustained vasoconstriction induced by CNI) [24, 68] or renal extracellular matrix remodeling [67]. The effect of MRA in experimental kidney transplantation has been tested in a model of chronic allograft dysfunction in the Dark-Agouti to Wistar-Furth rat with a reduced vasculopathy and glomerular macrophage influx and a trend to reduced proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis [69].
Although few studies have addressed this issue, it has been reported that spironolactone and the nonsteroidal MRA BR-4628 are beneficial in mouse models of glomerulonephritis [70, 71, 72]. The myeloid MR seems to play a key role in the kidney since genetic deletion of MR in myeloid cells, but not in podocyte, blunted glomerulonephritis development [8].
Preclinical evidences clearly support the concept of a benefit of MR antagonism to treat or delay kidney diseases from different origins including ischemic kidney disease, diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, and calcineurin inhibitor toxicity in the context of kidney transplant. The underlying mechanisms rely on improving local hemodynamics and reducing extracellular matrix remodeling and local inflammation (Figure 1). Whether this translates in clinics is already largely supported by several clinical trials, but definitive answers should be provided by well-designed, large clinical trials based on hard renal outcomes like limitation of CKD progression and/or cardiovascular outcomes. A recent study showed that in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, spironolactone treatment decreased the relative risk for cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, or aborted cardiac arrest, despite an increase in the hyperkalemia risk [73]. Novel therapeutics limiting the risk of hyperkalemia upon MRA use is also warranted in these at-risk populations.
This publication is based upon the work from the EU COST Action ADMIRE BM1301 in Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Physiology and Pathophysiology (
The rapid growth of global population as well as industrialization has led to a concomitant increase in environmental pollution. This has very negative effects on natural elements that are vital for life on earth such as air and water. It becomes very crucial therefore to find sustainable ways to mitigate pollution in order to provide a clean and safe environment for humans. Photocatalysis has attracted worldwide interest due to its potential to use solar energy not only to solve environmental problems but also provide a renewable and sustainable energy source. An efficient photocatalyst converts solar energy into chemical energy which can be used for environmental and energy applications such as water treatment, air purification, self-cleaning surfaces, hydrogen production by water cleavage and CO2 conversion to hydrocarbon fuels.
\nResearch in the development of efficient photocatalytic materials has seen significant progress in the last 2 decades with a large number of research papers published every year. Improvements in the performance of photocatalytic materials have been largely correlated with advances in nanotechnology. Of many materials that have been studied for photocatalysis, titanium dioxide (TiO2; titania) has been extensively researched because it possesses may merits such as high photocatalytic activity, excellent physical and chemical stability, low cost, non-corrosive, nontoxicity and high availability [1, 2, 3, 4]. The photocatalytic activity of titania depends on its phase. It exists in three crystalline phases; the anatase, rutile and brookite. The anatase phase is metastable and has a higher photocatalytic activity, while the rutile phase is more chemically stable but less active. Some titania with a mixture of both anatase and rutile phases exhibit higher activities compared to pure anatase and rutile phases [5, 6, 7]. When titania is irradiated with light of sufficient energy, electrons from the valence band are promoted to the conduction band, leaving an electron deficiency or hole, h+, in the valence band and an excess of negative charge in the conduction band. The free electrons in the conduction band are good reducing agents while the resultant holes in the valence band are strong oxidizing agents and can both participate in redox reactions.
\nTitania however suffers from a number of drawbacks that limit its practical applications in photocatalysis. Firstly, the photogenerated electrons and holes coexist in the titania particle and the probability of their recombination is high. This leads to low rates of the desired chemical transformations with respect to the absorbed light energy [8, 9]. The relatively large band gap energy (~ 3.2 eV) requires ultraviolet light for photoactivation, resulting in a very low efficiency in utilizing solar light. UV light accounts for only about 5% of the solar spectrum compared to visible light (45%) [1, 10]. In addition to these, because titania is non-porous and has a polar surface, it exhibits low absorption ability for non-polar organic pollutants [10, 11, 12, 13]. There is also the challenge to recover nano-sized titania particles from treated water in regards to both economic and safety concern [14]. The TiO2 nanoparticles also suffer from aggregation and agglomeration which affect the photoactivity as well as light absorption [15, 16, 17, 18]. Several strategies have been employed in the open literature to overcome these drawbacks. These strategies aim at extending the wavelength of photoactivation of TiO2 into the visible region of the spectrum thereby increasing the utilization of solar energy; preventing the electron/hole pair recombination and thus allowing more charge carriers to successfully diffuse to the surface; increasing the absorption affinity of TiO2 towards organic pollutants as well as preventing the aggregation and agglomeration of the nano-titania particles while easing their recovery from treated water. Several reviews have been published in recent years on the development of strategies to eliminate the limitations of titania photocatalysis [1, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Most of these however focus on pollutant removal from wastewater, water splitting for hydrogen production, CO2 conversion and reaction mechanisms [1, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. In this chapter, we review some of the latest publications mainly covering the last 5 years, on strategies that have been researched to overcome the limitations of TiO2 for general photocatalytic applications and the level of success that these strategies have been able to achieve. Based on the current level of research in this field, we also present some perspectives on the future of modified TiO2 photocatalysis.
\nA large number of research works have been published on TiO2 modification to enhance its photocatalytic properties. These modifications have been done in many different ways which include metal and non-metal doping, dye sensitization, surface modification, fabrication of composites with other materials and immobilization and stabilization on support structures. The properties of modified TiO2 are always intrinsically different from the pure TiO2 with regards to light absorption, charge separation, adsorption of organic pollutants, stabilization of the TiO2 particles and ease of separation of TiO2 particles.
\nMetal doping has been extensively used to advance efforts at developing modified TiO2 photocatalysts to operate efficiently under visible light. The photoactivity of metal-doped TiO2 photocatalysts depends to a large extent on the nature of the dopant ion and its nature, its level, the method used in the doping, the type of TiO2 used as well as the reaction for which the catalyst is used and the reaction conditions [32]. The mechanism of the lowering of the band gap energy of TiO2 with metal doping is shown in Figure 1. It is believed that doping TiO2 with metals results in an overlap of the Ti 3d orbitals with the d levels of the metals causing a shift in the absorption spectrum to longer wavelengths which in turn favours the use of visible light to photoactivate the TiO2.
\nBand-gap lowering mechanism of metal-doped TiO2.
Doping of TiO2 nanoparticles with Li, Na, Mg, Fe and Co by high energy ball milling with the metal nitrates was found to widen the TiO2 visible light response range. In the Na-doped sample, Ti existed as both Ti4+ and Ti3+ and the conversion between Ti4+ and Ti3+ was found to prevent the recombination of electrons and (e−) and holes (h+). The metal ion doping promoted crystal phase transformations that generated electrons (e−) and holes (h+) [33]. Mesoporous TiO2 prepared by sol gel technique and doped with different levels of Pt (1–5 wt% nominal loading) resulted in a high surface area TiO2 with an enhanced catalytic performance in photocatalytic water splitting for the Pt-doped samples. The 2.5 wt%Pt-TiO2 had showed the optimum catalytic performance and a reduction in the TiO2 band gap energy from 3.00 to 2.34 eV with an enhanced electron storage capacity, leading to a minimization of the electron-hole recombination rate [34]. Noble metal nanoparticles such as Ag [35], Pt [34], Pd [36], Rh [37] and Au [38] have also been used to modify TiO2 for photocatalysis and have been reported to efficiently hinder electron-hole recombination due to the resulting Schottky barrier at the metal-TiO2 interface. The noble metal nanoparticles act as a mediator in storing and transporting photogenerated electrons from the surface of TiO2 to an acceptor. The photocatalytic activity increases as the charge carriers recombination rate is decreased.
\nIn a recent review by Low et al. [21] the deposition of Au onto TiO2 surface is reported to result in electron transfer from photo-excited Au particles (> 420 nm) to the conduction band of TiO2, which showed a decrease in their absorption band (∼550 nm) and the band was recovered by the addition of electron donors such as Fe2+ and alcohols. Zhang et al. [39] reported that the visible light activity of coupled Au/TiO2 can be ascribed to the electric field enhancement near the metal nanoparticles. Moreover, numerous researchers coupled Au and Ag nanoparticles onto TiO2 surface to use their properties of localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) in photocatalysis [40]. Wang et al. [41] and Hu et al. [42] reported an improved photocatalytic performance due to the Pt nanoparticle which increased the electron transfer rate to the oxidant. It was observed that photocatalytic sacrificial hydrogen generation was influenced by several parameters such as platinum loading (wt%) on TiO2, solution pH, and light (UV, visible and solar) intensities [43]. Moreover, complete discoloration and dye mineralization were achieved using Pt/TiO2 as catalyst; the results were attributed to the higher Pt content of the photocatalyst prepared with the highest deposition time. For Pt-TiO2 catalysts the best discoloration and dye mineralization were obtained over the catalyst prepared by photochemical deposition method and using 120 min of deposition time in the synthesis. These results may be due to the higher Pt content of the photocatalyst prepared with the highest deposition time.
\nHaung et al. [44] prepared Pt/TiO2 nanoparticles from TiO2 prepared at various hydrolysis pH values and found that the phase of TiO2 obtained depended largely on the hydrolysis pH. The anatase/rutile intersection of a Pt/TiO2 sample had a lower recombination rate compared to the anatase phase of Pt/TiO2 due to the longer recombination pathway. Though, the Pt/TiO2 anatase phase showed better degradation efficiency than the Pt/TiO2 anatase/rutile intersection. The decrease in the anatase composition of TiO2, and the decrease in the composition of TiO2 resulted in the degradation rate decrease, suggesting that anatase composition in the Pt/TiO2 system played a crucial role of increasing the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 1 dye.
\nLiu et al. [45] prepared the palladium doped TiO2 (Pd-TiO2) photocatalyst using chemical reduction method and tested it the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant. It was found that the TiO2 grain size was reduced while the specific surface area increased and the absorption of ultraviolet light also enhanced after using chemical reduction method, however, all these changes had no effect on degradation of organic pollutant. But the degradation was significantly improved due to the deposition of Pd nanoparticles; the Pd/TiO2 organic pollutant degradation was 7.3 times higher compared to TiO2 (P25).
\nRepouse et al. [46] prepared a series of noble metal promoted TiO2 (P25) by wet impregnation and found that the dispersion of the small metal crystallites on TiO2 did not affect the optical band gap of TiO2. The Pt-promoted catalyst exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency in the degradation of bisphenol A under solar irradiation. They also found the presence of humic acid to considerably improve the reaction rate of Rh/TiO2 but had a clearly adverse effect with P25 TiO2 photocatalyst. Fluorescence data revealed that humic acid is capable of photosensitizing the Rh/TiO2 catalyst.
\nIndium-doped TiO2 have recently been used for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 [47]. Indium doping resulted in an increase in surface area because of suppression of TiO2 particle growth during the TiO2 synthesis. The light absorption ability of the In-TiO2 was enhanced due to the introduction of the impurity level below the conduction band level of the TiO2. The photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity of the In-TiO2 was about 8 time that of pure TiO2 as a consequence of the high surface area and extended light absorption range.
\nThe doping of TiO2 with transition metals such as Cr [48], Co [48], Fe [48, 49, 50], Ni [48, 51], Mn [48, 52], V [53], Cu [54], Ni [51] and Zn [55], has been studied by different research groups. Numerous studies reported that doping of TiO2 with transition metals improve the photocatalytic activity, attributable to a change in the electronic structure resulting in the absorption region being shifted from UV to visible light. The shift results from charge-transfer transition between the d electrons of the transition metals and the conduct or valence band of TiO2 nanoparticles. Inturi et al. [48] compared the doping of TiO2 nanoparticles with Cr, Fe, V, Mn, Mo, Ce, Co, Cu, Ni, Y and Zr and it was found that Cr, Fe and V showed improved conversions in the visible region while, the incorporation of the other transition metals (Mn, Mo, Ce, Co, Cu, Ni, Y and Zr) exhibited an inhibition effect on the photocatalytic activity. The Cr-doped TiO2 demonstrated a superior catalytic performance and the rate constant was found to be approximately 8–19 times higher than the rest of the metal doped catalysts. It was reported that the reduction peaks in Cr-doped TiO2 shifted to much lower temperatures, due to the increase in the reduction potential of titania and chromium. Therefore, the higher photocatalytic efficiency of Cr/TiO2 in the visible light can be attributed to strong interaction (formation of Cr-O-Ti bonds). Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were used in the visible light degradation of para-nitrophenol and it was found that the Fe-dopant concentration was crucially important in determining the activity of the catalyst. The maximum degradation rate of para-nitrophenol observed was 92% in 5 h when the Fe(3+) molar concentration was 0.05 mol%, without addition of any oxidizing reagents. The excellent photocatalytic activity was as a result of an increase in the threshold wavelength response as well as maximum separation of photogenerated charge carriers [49]. On the other hand, Fe-doped TiO2 evaluated for solar photocatalytic activity for the degradation of humic acid showed a retardation effect for the doped catalysts compared to the bare TiO2 specimens, which could be attributed to surface complexation reactions rather than the reactions taking place in aqueous medium. The faster removal rates attained by using bare TiO2 could be regarded as substrate specific rather than being related to the inefficient visible light activated catalytic performance [50]. Ola et al. [56] reported that the properties of V doped TiO2 were tuned towards visible light because of the substitution of the Ti4+ by V4+ or V5+ ions since the V4+ is centred at 770 nm while the absorption band of V5+ is lower than 570 nm. Moradi et al. [57] obtained high photocatalytic activity of Fe doped TiO2 and studied the effects of Fe3+ doping content on the band gap and size of the nanoparticles. It was found that the increase in the doping content decreased the band gap energy and particle size from 3.3 eV and 13 nm for bare TiO2 to 2.9 eV and 5 nm for Fe10-TiO2, respectively.
\nThe rare earth metals doped TiO2 catalyst also have good electron trapping properties which can result in a stronger absorption edge shift towards longer wavelength, obtaining narrow band gap. Bethanabotla et al. [58] carried out a comprehensive study on the rare earth doping into a TiO2 and found that the rare earth dopants improved the aqueous-phase photodegradation of phenol at low loadings under simulated solar irradiation, with improvements varying by catalyst composition. Differences in defect chemistry on key kinetic steps were given as the explanation for the enhanced performance of the rare earth doped samples compared to pure titania. Reszczyńska et al. [59] prepared a series of Y3+, Pr3+, Er3+ and Eu3+ modified TiO2 nanoparticles photocatalysts and results demonstrate that the incorporation of RE3+ ions into TiO2 nanoparticles resulted in blue shift of absorption edges of TiO2 nanoparticles and could be ascribed to movement of conduction band edge above the first excited state of RE3+. Moreover, incorporated RE3+ ions at the first excited state interact with the electrons of the conduction band of TiO2, resulting in a higher energy transfer from the TiO2 to RE3+ ions. But observed blue shift could be also attributed to decrease in crystallite size of RE3+–TiO2 in comparison to TiO2. The Y3+, Pr3+, Er3+ and Eu3+ modified TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited higher activity under visible light irradiation compared to pure P25 TiO2 and can be excited under visible light in the range from 420 to 450 nm. In a similar work on rare earths (Er, Yb, Ho, Tb, Gd and Pr) titania nanotubes (RE-NTs), [60] the RE3+ species were found to be located at the crystal boundaries rather than inside the TiO2 unit cell and an observed excitation into the TiO2 absorption band with resulting RE3+ emission confirmed energy migration between the TiO2 matrix and RE3+. The presence of the rare earth component was found to reduce recombination of the electrons and holes successfully by catching them and also by promoting their rapid development along the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. Lanthanide ions doping did not impact the energy gap of TiO2 nanoparticles, however this enhanced the light absorption of catalyst. The surface range of TiO2 nanoparticles generally increases by La3+ particle doping by diminishing the crystallite size and accordingly, the doped TiO2 nanoparticle displayed higher adsorption capacity. Based on theoretical calculations, it was proposed that during the electrochemical process, new Ho-f states and surface vacancies were formed and may reduce the photon excitation energy from the valence to the conduction band under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation was attributed not to ·OH but to other forms of reactive oxygen species (O2·−, HO2, H2O2).
\nTiO2 nanoparticles have been comprehensively doped at the O sites with non-metals such as C [61], B [62], I [63], F [64], S [65], and N [66]. Non-metal dopants are reported to be more appropriate for the extension of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 into visible region compared to metal dopant [67, 68]. This can be ascribed to the impurity states which are near the valence band edge, however, they do not act as charge carriers, and their role as recombination centres might be minimized [53]. As shown in Figure 2, the mixing of the p states of the doped non-metal with the O2p states shifts the valence band edge upward and narrows the band-gap energy of the doped TiO2 photocatalyst. The nitrogen and carbon doped TiO2 nanoparticles has been reported to exhibit greater photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation compared to other non-metal dopants.
\nBand-gap energy narrowing mechanism for non-metal-doped TiO2.
N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2) appears to be the most efficient and extensively investigated photocatalyst for non-metal doping. Zeng et al. [69] reported the preparation of a highly active modified N-TiO2 nanoparticle via a novel modular calcination method. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst was ascribed to excellent crystallinity, strong light harvesting and fast separation of photogenerated carriers. Moreover, the enhancement of charge separation was attributed to the formation of paramagnetic [O-Ti4+-N2−-Ti4+-VO] cluster. The surface oxygen vacancy induced by vacuum treatment trapped electron and promoted to generate super oxygen anion radical which was a necessary active species in photocatalytic process. Phongamwong et al. [70] investigated the photocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction under visible light over modified N-TiO2 photocatalyst and they have found that the band gap of N-TiO2 photocatalyst slightly decreases with increasing N content. In addition, the sub-band energies related to the impurity energy level were observed in the N-TiO2 photocatalyst because of the interstitial N species and the sub-band gap energies were found to have decreased from 2.18 eV with 10 wt% N-TiO2 photocatalyst. In contrast, the replacement of O by N is difficult because of the radius of N (17.1 nm) being higher compared to O (14 nm) and the electroneutrality can be maintained by oxygen vacancies, that are provided by replacement of three oxygen vacancies by two nitrogen atom [71]. N-TiO2 photocatalyst reduces the oxygen energy vacancies from 4.2 to 0.6 eV, suggesting that N favors the formation of oxygen vacancies [72].
\nIn contrast, O atoms (14 nm) could be substituted easily by F atoms (13.3 nm) because of their similar ionic radius [73]. Yu et al. [64] reported that the F-doped TiO2 (F-TiO2) is able to absorb visible light due to the high-density states that were evaluated to be below the maxima valence band, although there was no shift in the band edge of TiO2. Samsudin et al. found a synergistic effect between fluorine and hydrogen in hydrogenated F-doped TiO2 which enabled light absorption in UV, visible and infrared light illumination with enhanced electrons and holes separation. Surface vacancies and Ti3+ centres of the hydrogenated F-doped catalyst coupled with enhanced surface hydrophilicity facilitated the production of surface-bound and free hydroxyl radicals. Species present on the surface of the catalyst triggered the formation of new Ti3+ occupied states under the conduction band of the hydrogenated F-doped TiO2, thus narrowing the band gap energy [73]. Enhanced photocatalytic performance of N-doped TiO2 over pure TiO2 has also been ascribed to efficient separation of electron-hole pairs as well as an increased creation of surface radicals such as hydroxyl The band gap can also be narrowed by doping TiO2 with S, since replacement of S into TiO2 can be performed easily due to larger radius of S atoms (18 nm) compared to O atoms (14 nm). S incorporation in TiO2 has been reported to change the lattice spacing of the TiO2 with a reduction in the band gap width from 3.2 to 1.7 eV allowing for higher photocatalytic activity [74]. N, S and C co-doped TiO2 samples photocatalytic reduction of Cr(IV) showed that the co-doping and calcination played an important role in the microstructure and photocatalytic activity of the catalysts. The co-doped samples calcined at 500°C showed the highest activities ascribed to the synergistic effect in enhancing crystallization of anatase and (N, S and C) co-doping. The carbon doped TiO2 (C-TiO2) is reported to be more active than N-TiO2, therefore, C-TiO2 has received special attention [75]. Noorimotlagh et al. [76] investigated the photocatalytic removal of nonylphenol (NP) compound using visible light active C-TiO2 with anatase/rutile. It was found that the doping of C into TiO2 lattice may enhance the visible light utilization and affect the structural properties of the as-synthesized photocatalysts. Moreover, it was reported that after C doping and changing the calcination temperature, the band gap was narrowed from 3.17 to 2.72 eV and from 2.72 to 2.66 eV, respectively. Ji et al. [61] reported the preparation of C-TiO2 with a diameter of around 200 nm and the tube wall was composed of anatase TiO2, amorphous carbon, crystalline carbon and carbon element doping into the lattice of TiO2. The C-TiO2 nanotubes exhibited much better performance in photocatalytic activity than bare TiO2 under UV and visible light. The obtained results were ascribed to the C doping, which narrowed the band gap energy of TiO2, extended the visible light adsorption toward longer wavelength and hindered charge recombination.
\nAlthough single metal doped and non-metal doped TiO2 have exhibited excellent performance in decreasing the electrons and holes recombination, but they suffer from thermal stability and losing a number of dopants during catalyst preparation process [77]. Therefore, co-doping of two kinds of atoms into TiO2 has recently attracted much interest [78]. The electronic structure of TiO2 can be altered by co-doping on TiO2 by formation of new doping levels inside its band gap. Abdullah et al. [77] reported that the doping levels situated within the band gap of TiO2 can either accept photogenerated electrons from TiO2 valence band or absorb photons with longer wavelengths. Therefore, suggesting that the TiO2 absorption range can be expanded.
\nZang et al. [79] evaluated the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine under UV and visible light irradiation by N,F-codoped TiO2 nanowires and nanoparticles in aqueous phase. It was found that photocatalytic degradation of atrazine was higher in the presence of N,F-codoped TiO2 nanowires than that of N,F-codoped TiO2 nanoparticles. The higher photocatalytic performance in the presence of N,F-codoped TiO2 nanowires was attributed to the higher charge carrier mobility and lower carrier recombination rate. Moreover, the speed of electron diffusion across nanoparticle intersections is several orders of magnitude smaller compared to that of nanowire because of frequent electron trapping at the intersections of nanoparticles and increasing the recombination of separated charges before they reach the TiO2 nanoparticles surface. Park et al. [80] showed the best performance for novel Cu/N-doped TiO2 photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. It was found that the Cu/N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles provided higher surface area, active charge transfer and decreased charge recombination. Moreover, the addition of suitable content of Cu- to N-doped TiO2 electrode effectively inhibited the growth of TiO2 nanoparticles and improved the optical response of the photoelectrode under visible light irradiation. Chatzitakis et al. [81] studied the photoelectrochemical properties of C, N, F codoped TiO2 nanotubes. It was found that increasing surface area is not followed by increase in the photoconversion efficiency, but rather that an optimal balance between electroactive surface area and charge carrier concentration occurs.
\nZhao et al. [82] investigated the photocatalytic H2 evolution performance of Ir-C-N tridoped TiO2 under UV-visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles was reported to be improved by Ir-C-N tridoped TiO2 under UV-visible light, due the synergistic effect between Ir, C and N on the electron structure of TiO2. It was found that Ir existed as Ir4+ by substituting Ti in the lattice of TiO2 nanoparticles, whereas the C and N were also incorporated into the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles in interstitial mode. The absorption of TiO2 nanoparticles was expanded into the visible light region and the band gap was narrowed to ~3.0 eV, resulting in improved photocatalytic H2 evolution under UV-visible light irradiation. Tan et al. [83] investigated the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by W–Bi–S-tridoped TiO2 nanoparticles. It was found that the absorption edge of TiO2 was expanded into visible-light region after doping with W, Bi and S and the catalytst showed the best photocatalytic activity, than that of TiO2, S-TiO2, W–S–TiO2 and Bi–S–TiO2. This might be attributed to the synergistic effect of W, Bi and S.
\nAmongst the various strategies that have been used to enhance TiO2 photocatalytic activity, improvement of morphology, crystal structure and surface area have also been considered important and widely investigated approach to achieve better photocatalytic performance. The nanotitania crystallinity can simply be enhanced by optimizing the annealing temperature. However, the stability of the structure and geometries have to be considered when annealing [84]. For the nanotitania morphology and surface area, various ordered structures have been studied. TiO2 nanotubes [85, 86], nanowires [79], nanospheres [87], etc. Tang et al. fabricated monodisperse mesoporous anatase TiO2 nanospheres using a template material and found the resulting catalysts to show high photocatalytic degradation efficiency and selectivity towards different target dye molecules and could be readily separated from a slurry system after photocatalytic reaction [87]. Anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been reported to allow a high control over the separation of photogenerated charge carriers in photocatalytic reactions. The nanotube array has as key advantage the fact that nanotube modifications can be embedded site specifically into the tube wall or at defined locations along the tube wall. This allows for engineering of reaction sites giving rise to enhanced photocatalytic efficiencies and selectivities [88].
\nThe design and preparation of graphene-based composites containing metal oxides and metal nanoparticles have attracted attention for photocatalytic performances. For example, Tan et al. [89] prepared a novel graphene oxide-doped-oxygen-rich TiO2 (GO–OTiO2) hybrid heterostructure and evaluated its activity for photoreduction of CO2 under the irradiation of low-power energy-saving daylight bulbs. It was found that the photostability of O2–TiO2 was significantly improved by the addition of GO, at which the resulting hybrid composite retained a high reactivity. The photoactivity attained was about 1.6 and 14.0 folds higher than that of bare O2–TiO2 and the commercial Degussa P25, respectively. This high photocatalytic performance of GO–OTiO2 was attributed to the synergistic effect of the visible-light-responsiveness of O2–TiO2 and an enhanced separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers at the intimate interface of GO–OTiO2 heterojunctions. This study is reported to have opened up new possibilities in the development of novel, next generation heterojunction photocatalysts for energy and environmental related applications. Lin et al. [90] also investigated photoreduction of CO2 with H2O vapor in the gas-phase under the irradiation of a Xe lamp using TiO2/nitrogen (N) doped reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/NrGO) nanocomposites. They found that the quantity and configuration of N dopant in the TiO2/NrGO nanocomposites strongly influenced the photocatalytic efficiency, and the highest catalytic activity was observed for TiO2/NrGO nanocomposites with the highest N doping content. Moreover, modified TiO2/rGO demonstrated a synergistic effect, enhancing CO2 adsorption on the catalyst surface and promoting photogenerated electron transfer that resulted in a higher CO2 photoreduction rate of TiO2/NrGO. Qu et al. [91] prepared the graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with high quantum yield (about 23.6% at an excitation wavelength of 320 nm) and GQDs/TiO2 nanotubes (GQDs/TiO2 nanoparticles) nanocomposites and the photocatalytic activity was tested towards the degradation of methyl orange. It was found that the GQDs deposited on TiO2 nanoparticles can expand the visible light absorption of TiO2 nanoparticles and enhance the activity on photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under UV-vis light irradiation (ʎ = 380–780 nm). Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of GQDs/TiO2 nanoparticles was approximately 2.7 times as higher than that of bare TiO2 nanoparticles. Tian et al. [92] reported the preparation of N, S co-doped graphene quantum dots (N, S-GQDs)-reduced graphene oxide- (rGO)-TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NT) nanocomposites for photodegradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. It was found that the S-GQDs+rGO + TiO2 nanocomposites simultaneously showed an extended photoresponse range, improved charge separation and transportation properties. Moreover, the apparent rate constant of N, S-GQDs+rGO + TiO2NT is 1.8 and 16.3 times higher compared to rGO + TiO2NT and pure TiO2NT, respectively. Suggesting that GQDs can improve the utilization of solar light for energy conversion and environmental therapy.
\nAnother drawback of TiO2 nanoparticles mentioned above is the formation of uniform suspension in water which makes its recovery difficult, therefore hindering the application of photocatalytic in an industrial scale. As a result, many studies have attempted the modification of TiO2 nanoparticles on support materials such as clays [93, 94] quartz [95], stainless steel [96], etc. Clays have been reported to be a significant support material for TiO2 nanoparticles because of their layered morphology, chemical as well as mechanical stability, cation exchange capacity, non-toxic nature, low cost and availability. Therefore, TiO2/clay nanocomposites have attracted much attention for application in both water and air purification and have been prepared by numerous researchers. Belver et al. [97] investigated the removal of atrazine under solar light using a novel W-TiO2/clay photocatalysts. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of W-TiO2/clay catalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic performance than that of an un-doped TiO2/clay, which was explained by the presence of W ions in the TiO2 nanostructure. The substitution of Ti ions with W resulted in the increase of its crystal size and the distortion of its lattice and moderately narrower band gap of photocatalysts. Mishra et al. [98] reported the preparation of TiO2/clay nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation of VOC and dye. They found that the photocatalytic performance of TiO2/clay nanocomposites is highly dependent on the clay texture (as 2:1 clays show highest activity than 1:1) apart from their surface area and porosity. Moreover, the reactions involving TiO2/Clay photocatalyst were fast with rate constant of 0.02886 and 0.04600 min−1 for dye and VOC respectively than the other nanocomposites.
\nIn this chapter, we have given an overview of the development of modified TiO2 catalysts and its future prospects from a scientific point of view. We note that the field has experienced major advances in the last 5 years especially in the area of modifying TiO2 with carbon nanomaterials. Based on the literature we have covered here, we believe that there is still quite a lot that can be achieved in improving the performance of TiO2 catalysts for photocatalytic applications.
\nThere are no conflicts of interest to declare.
IntechOpen implements a robust policy to minimize and deal with instances of fraud or misconduct. As part of our general commitment to transparency and openness, and in order to maintain high scientific standards, we have a well-defined editorial policy regarding Retractions and Corrections.
",metaTitle:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaDescription:"Retraction and Correction Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/retraction-and-correction-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\\n\\n1. RETRACTIONS
\\n\\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\\n\\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\\n\\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\\n\\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\\n\\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\\n\\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\\n\\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\\n\\n3. CORRECTIONS
\\n\\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\\n\\n3.1. ERRATUM
\\n\\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\\n\\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\\n\\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\\n\\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\\n\\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\\n\\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\\n\\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\\n\\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
\n\nA Corrigendum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter is a result of an Author’s miscalculation or oversight. A published Corrigendum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n4. FINAL REMARKS
\n\nIntechOpen wishes to emphasize that the final decision on whether a Retraction, Statement of Concern, or a Correction will be issued rests with the Academic Editor. The publisher is obliged to act upon any reports of scientific misconduct in its publications and to make a reasonable effort to facilitate any subsequent investigation of such claims.
\n\nIn the case of Retraction or removal of the Work, the publisher will be under no obligation to refund the APC.
\n\nThe general principles set out above apply to Retractions and Corrections issued in all IntechOpen publications.
\n\nAny suggestions or comments on this Policy are welcome and may be sent to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-09-11
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5227},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10367},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15790}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118189},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9667",title:"Neuroimmunology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9cf0e8203ce088c0b84add014fd8d382",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Robert Weissert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"79343",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Weissert",slug:"robert-weissert",fullName:"Robert Weissert"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10744",title:"Astrocyte",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b770f09e3f87daa5d8525fa78f771405",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10744.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9043",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Studies by an Ecocultural and Transactional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d21066c7438e459e4c6fb13217a5c8c",slug:"parenting-studies-by-an-ecocultural-and-transactional-perspective",bookSignature:"Loredana Benedetto and Massimo Ingrassia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9043.jpg",editors:[{id:"193200",title:"Prof.",name:"Loredana",middleName:null,surname:"Benedetto",slug:"loredana-benedetto",fullName:"Loredana Benedetto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5229},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9122",title:"Cosmetic Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207026ca4a4125e17038e770d00ee152",slug:"cosmetic-surgery",bookSignature:"Yueh-Bih Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9122.jpg",editors:[{id:"202122",title:"Prof.",name:"Yueh-Bih",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"yueh-bih-tang",fullName:"Yueh-Bih Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8098",title:"Resources of Water",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d251652996624d932ef7b8ed62cf7cfc",slug:"resources-of-water",bookSignature:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran, Muhammad Salik Javaid, Aftab Sadiq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8098.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"167917",title:"Dr.",name:"Prathna",middleName:null,surname:"Thanjavur Chandrasekaran",slug:"prathna-thanjavur-chandrasekaran",fullName:"Prathna Thanjavur Chandrasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8415",title:"Extremophilic Microbes and Metabolites",subtitle:"Diversity, Bioprospecting and Biotechnological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e0321bc93b89ff73730157738f8f97",slug:"extremophilic-microbes-and-metabolites-diversity-bioprospecting-and-biotechnological-applications",bookSignature:"Afef Najjari, Ameur Cherif, Haïtham Sghaier and Hadda Imene Ouzari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",middleName:null,surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"654",title:"Seismology",slug:"seismology",parent:{title:"Geology and Geophysics",slug:"geology-and-geophysics"},numberOfBooks:13,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:309,numberOfWosCitations:364,numberOfCrossrefCitations:191,numberOfDimensionsCitations:435,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"seismology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8257",title:"Seismic Waves",subtitle:"Probing Earth System",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a7acf0b6350ff87cc629283bfe248f8",slug:"seismic-waves-probing-earth-system",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao and Genti Toyokuni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8257.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8361",title:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"788c034eec48a4e2f1f6a2f1788d3346",slug:"applied-geophysics-with-case-studies-on-environmental-exploration-and-engineering-geophysics",bookSignature:"Ali Ismet Kanlı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8361.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"243975",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Ismet",middleName:null,surname:"Kanlı",slug:"ali-ismet-kanli",fullName:"Ali Ismet Kanlı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8282",title:"Polar Seismology",subtitle:"Advances and Impact",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"69e0f0e64b988f29d30532c2618705b2",slug:"polar-seismology-advances-and-impact",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8282.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"compact",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"6213",title:"Risk Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee3d73b48171426d2edb88e55e20f615",slug:"risk-assessment",bookSignature:"Valentina Svalova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6213.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62677",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Svalova",slug:"valentina-svalova",fullName:"Valentina Svalova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5958",title:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy",subtitle:"New Insights and Contributions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7007d85d2a3d26fe08d934f72b0278d",slug:"seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-integrated-stratigraphy-new-insights-and-contributions",bookSignature:"Gemma Aiello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5958.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3059",title:"Engineering Seismology, Geotechnical and Structural Earthquake Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2edf2eec98179a50d827dd4fd9dbe011",slug:"engineering-seismology-geotechnical-and-structural-earthquake-engineering",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3551",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"New Advances in Seismology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1e244d7ea470738d42bc37e38470f22",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-new-advances-in-seismology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3551.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2227",title:"Tectonics",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b4c2f80af61284334fb3655852de9f7",slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Evgenii Sharkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",middleName:null,surname:"Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1602",title:"New Achievements in Geoscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2742feb8ad590c91677e0dd148fc36d",slug:"new-achievements-in-geoscience",bookSignature:"Hwee-San Lim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1602.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3910",title:"Dr.",name:"Hwee-San",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"hwee-san-lim",fullName:"Hwee-San Lim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2051",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Statistical Studies, Observations and Planning",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"492268d0be01c6d76f0e2e4ac5c35730",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-statistical-studies-observations-and-planning",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2051.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"605",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"Seismology, Seismotectonic and Earthquake Geology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f97c97f3cf8d09622afa27f3fd2d1e4",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-seismology-seismotectonic-and-earthquake-geology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/605.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2048",title:"Earthquake Research and Analysis",subtitle:"New Frontiers in Seismology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"28d7da86de8c245c5391e4a78f6c2d53",slug:"earthquake-research-and-analysis-new-frontiers-in-seismology",bookSignature:"Sebastiano D'Amico",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2048.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"52181",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastiano",middleName:null,surname:"D'Amico",slug:"sebastiano-d'amico",fullName:"Sebastiano D'Amico"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:13,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37859",doi:"10.5772/50009",title:"Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Margin of Laurussia in the Paleozoic",slug:"plate-tectonic-evolution-of-the-southern-margin-of-laurussia-in-the-paleozoic",totalDownloads:4820,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:40,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Jan Golonka and Aleksandra Gawęda",authors:[{id:"16567",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Golonka",slug:"jan-golonka",fullName:"Jan Golonka"}]},{id:"26255",doi:"10.5772/30219",title:"Modelling Seismic Wave Propagation for Geophysical Imaging",slug:"modelling-seismic-wave-propagation-for-geophysical-imaging-",totalDownloads:6001,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,book:{slug:"seismic-waves-research-and-analysis",title:"Seismic Waves",fullTitle:"Seismic Waves - Research and Analysis"},signatures:"Jean Virieux, Vincent Etienne, Victor Cruz-Atienza, Romain Brossier, Emmanuel Chaljub, Olivier Coutant, Stéphane Garambois, Diego Mercerat, Vincent Prieux, Stéphane Operto, Alessandra Ribodetti and Josué Tago",authors:[{id:"12036",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",middleName:null,surname:"Operto",slug:"stephane-operto",fullName:"Stephane Operto"},{id:"12331",title:"Dr.",name:"Romain",middleName:null,surname:"Brossier",slug:"romain-brossier",fullName:"Romain Brossier"},{id:"12332",title:"Pr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Virieux",slug:"jean-virieux",fullName:"Jean Virieux"},{id:"121171",title:"Dr.",name:"Stéphane",middleName:null,surname:"Garambois",slug:"stephane-garambois",fullName:"Stéphane Garambois"},{id:"122541",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chaljub",slug:"emmanuel-chaljub",fullName:"Emmanuel Chaljub"},{id:"122542",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Coutant",slug:"olivier-coutant",fullName:"Olivier Coutant"},{id:"122544",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Etienne",slug:"vincent-etienne",fullName:"Vincent Etienne"},{id:"122545",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Mercerat",slug:"diego-mercerat",fullName:"Diego Mercerat"},{id:"122546",title:"Mr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Prieux",slug:"vincent-prieux",fullName:"Vincent Prieux"},{id:"122548",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ribodetti",slug:"alessandra-ribodetti",fullName:"Alessandra Ribodetti"},{id:"122550",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",middleName:"M.",surname:"Cruz-Atienza",slug:"victor-cruz-atienza",fullName:"Victor Cruz-Atienza"},{id:"122551",title:"Mr.",name:"Josué",middleName:null,surname:"Tago",slug:"josue-tago",fullName:"Josué Tago"}]},{id:"37864",doi:"10.5772/50145",title:"Role of the NE-SW Hercynian Master Fault Systems and Associated Lineaments on the Structuring and Evolution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins of the Alpine Margin, Northern Tunisia",slug:"role-of-the-ne-sw-hercynian-master-fault-systems-and-associated-lineaments-on-the-structuring-and-ev",totalDownloads:6474,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Fetheddine Melki, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Ben Chelbi, Mourad Bédir and Fouad Zargouni",authors:[{id:"39860",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",middleName:null,surname:"Zouaghi",slug:"taher-zouaghi",fullName:"Taher Zouaghi"},{id:"147368",title:"Dr.",name:"Fetheddine",middleName:null,surname:"Melki",slug:"fetheddine-melki",fullName:"Fetheddine Melki"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"37864",title:"Role of the NE-SW Hercynian Master Fault Systems and Associated Lineaments on the Structuring and Evolution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins of the Alpine Margin, Northern Tunisia",slug:"role-of-the-ne-sw-hercynian-master-fault-systems-and-associated-lineaments-on-the-structuring-and-ev",totalDownloads:6482,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Fetheddine Melki, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Ben Chelbi, Mourad Bédir and Fouad Zargouni",authors:[{id:"39860",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",middleName:null,surname:"Zouaghi",slug:"taher-zouaghi",fullName:"Taher Zouaghi"},{id:"147368",title:"Dr.",name:"Fetheddine",middleName:null,surname:"Melki",slug:"fetheddine-melki",fullName:"Fetheddine Melki"}]},{id:"64562",title:"Electrical Resistivity Tomography: A Subsurface-Imaging Technique",slug:"electrical-resistivity-tomography-a-subsurface-imaging-technique",totalDownloads:1817,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"applied-geophysics-with-case-studies-on-environmental-exploration-and-engineering-geophysics",title:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics",fullTitle:"Applied Geophysics with Case Studies on Environmental, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics"},signatures:"Bing Zhou",authors:null},{id:"37852",title:"Seismic Paleo-Geomorphic System of the Extensional Province of the Niger Delta: An Example of the Okari Field",slug:"seismic-paleo-geomorphic-system-of-the-extensional-province-of-the-niger-delta-an-example-of-the-oka",totalDownloads:6605,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Muslim B. Aminu and Moses O. Olorunniwo",authors:[{id:"140283",title:"Dr.",name:"Muslim",middleName:"B",surname:"Aminu",slug:"muslim-aminu",fullName:"Muslim Aminu"},{id:"143802",title:"Prof.",name:"Moses",middleName:null,surname:"Olorunniwo",slug:"moses-olorunniwo",fullName:"Moses Olorunniwo"}]},{id:"37860",title:"Structural Geological Analysis of the High Atlas (Morocco): Evidences of a Transpressional Fold-Thrust Belt",slug:"structural-geological-analysis-of-the-high-atlas-morocco-evidences-of-a-transpressional-fold-thrust-",totalDownloads:13906,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"Alessandro Ellero, Giuseppe Ottria, Marco G. Malusà and Hassan Ouanaimi",authors:[{id:"144013",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Ottria",slug:"giuseppe-ottria",fullName:"Giuseppe Ottria"},{id:"144580",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Ellero",slug:"alessandro-ellero",fullName:"Alessandro Ellero"},{id:"158054",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco G.",middleName:null,surname:"Malusà",slug:"marco-g.-malusa",fullName:"Marco G. Malusà"},{id:"158056",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ouanaimi",slug:"hassan-ouanaimi",fullName:"Hassan Ouanaimi"}]},{id:"67965",title:"Seismic Velocity Structure in and around the Japanese Island Arc Derived from Seismic Tomography Including NIED MOWLAS Hi-net and S-net Data",slug:"seismic-velocity-structure-in-and-around-the-japanese-island-arc-derived-from-seismic-tomography-inc",totalDownloads:867,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"seismic-waves-probing-earth-system",title:"Seismic Waves",fullTitle:"Seismic Waves - Probing Earth System"},signatures:"Makoto Matsubara, Hiroshi Sato, Kenji Uehira, Masashi Mochizuki, Toshihiko Kanazawa, Narumi Takahashi, Kensuke Suzuki and Shin’ichiro Kamiya",authors:null},{id:"61734",title:"Introduction: Progress of Seismology in Polar Region",slug:"introduction-progress-of-seismology-in-polar-region",totalDownloads:516,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"polar-seismology-advances-and-impact",title:"Polar Seismology",fullTitle:"Polar Seismology - Advances and Impact"},signatures:"Masaki Kanao",authors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}]},{id:"37849",title:"3D Modelling and Basement Tectonics of the Niger Delta Basin from Aeromagnetic Data",slug:"3d-modelling-and-basement-tectonics-of-the-niger-delta-basin-from-aeromagnetic-data",totalDownloads:4761,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",title:"Tectonics",fullTitle:"Tectonics - Recent Advances"},signatures:"A.A. Okiwelu and I.A. Ude",authors:[{id:"139812",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"Afam",surname:"Okiwelu",slug:"anthony-okiwelu",fullName:"Anthony Okiwelu"},{id:"141872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ikechi",middleName:null,surname:"Ude",slug:"ikechi-ude",fullName:"Ikechi Ude"}]},{id:"56780",title:"Stratigraphic Unconformities: Review of the Concept and Examples from the Middle-Upper Paleozoic",slug:"stratigraphic-unconformities-review-of-the-concept-and-examples-from-the-middle-upper-paleozoic",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-integrated-stratigraphy-new-insights-and-contributions",title:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy",fullTitle:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy - New Insights and Contributions"},signatures:"Pavel Kabanov",authors:[{id:"202965",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Kabanov",slug:"pavel-kabanov",fullName:"Pavel Kabanov"}]},{id:"61767",title:"A New Trend in Cryoseismology: A Proxy for Detecting the Polar Surface Environment",slug:"a-new-trend-in-cryoseismology-a-proxy-for-detecting-the-polar-surface-environment",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"polar-seismology-advances-and-impact",title:"Polar Seismology",fullTitle:"Polar Seismology - Advances and Impact"},signatures:"Masaki Kanao",authors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}]},{id:"57373",title:"Introductory Chapter: An Introduction to the Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and to the Integrated Stratigraphy: Concepts and Meanings",slug:"introductory-chapter-an-introduction-to-the-seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-to-the-integrated-",totalDownloads:1456,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"seismic-and-sequence-stratigraphy-and-integrated-stratigraphy-new-insights-and-contributions",title:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy",fullTitle:"Seismic and Sequence Stratigraphy and Integrated Stratigraphy - New Insights and Contributions"},signatures:"Gemma Aiello",authors:[{id:"100661",title:"Dr.",name:"Gemma",middleName:null,surname:"Aiello",slug:"gemma-aiello",fullName:"Gemma Aiello"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"seismology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/books/aldosterone-mineralocorticoid-receptor-cell-biology-to-translational-medicine/potential-benefit-of-mineralocorticoid-receptor-antagonists-in-kidney-diseases",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"aldosterone-mineralocorticoid-receptor-cell-biology-to-translational-medicine",chapter:"potential-benefit-of-mineralocorticoid-receptor-antagonists-in-kidney-diseases"},fullPath:"/books/aldosterone-mineralocorticoid-receptor-cell-biology-to-translational-medicine/potential-benefit-of-mineralocorticoid-receptor-antagonists-in-kidney-diseases",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()