Ernst Gebetsroither

By Ernst Gebetsroither, Johann Züger and Wolfgang Loibl

Part of the book: Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks

By Angelo Finco, Stefano Oliveri, Giacomo Gerosa, Wilfried Winiwarter, Johann Züger and Ernst Gebetsroither

Part of the book: Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks

By Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Ernst Gebetsroither, Johann Züger, Dirk Schmatz and Achilleas Psomas

Part of the book: Management Strategies to Adapt Alpine Space Forests to Climate Change Risks

By Wolfgang Loibl, Ghazal Etminan, Ernst Gebetsroither-Geringer, Hans-Martin Neumann and Santiago Sanchez-Guzman

Urban agglomerations show different development patterns and stages. Here, we describe, discuss and compare urban agglomerations in different continents. The introduction section gives a general overview of specific issues of urban agglomerations. Different characteristics in Europe, Asia and America are discussed as experienced by the article’s co-authors, living in or working for urban agglomerations in these continents. First, the history of urbanization and agglomeration evolvement is described, then patterns, functional structures and relations, drivers as well as social and demographic characteristics are discussed (e.g. migration, aging, household structure, housing patterns, workplaces, etc.). Transportation infrastructure (roads, public transport systems) is also addressed as trigger for spatial dynamics causing certain effects (floor space, office and apartment rents releasing urban sprawl or hyper-densification), as well as gentrification. Further topics are urban governance and its impact on agglomeration development. Recent state and future trends will be debated, if important. A conclusion section summarizes the comparison of state, dynamics, drivers and trends.

Part of the book: Urban Agglomeration