Cotton germplasm exploration in China during the past years
1. Introduction
1.1. History of cotton germplasm research in China
China is one of the oldest countries that was found to have a long history of growing cotton. The remotest record was searched in one of the Chinese historic literature book
The Chinese cotton germplasm collection located at the Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Anyang. A medium-term working collection located at Anyang, and a long-term collection located at Beijing, which was established in 1958. An
Six professors have been in charge of the germplasm bank and
2. Collection of cotton germplasm in China, exploration, exchange with other countries
From last century, collection in homeland has gone through three stages of development. The first stage was the years before the 1949. Wang Shanquan and Feng Zhefang firstly started to collect the
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1922-1933 | Thirteen provinces in china, including Shangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Liaoning | 112 |
Wang Shanquan, Feng Zhefang |
1939-1949 | All over the country, including Sichuan, Yunanan | 1200 |
Wang Shanquan, Feng Zhefang, Xi Yuanling, Chenren et al in Central Agricultural Institute |
1952 | 73 |
Huabei Agriculture Research Institute | |
1956-1961 | All over the country | Agriculture Ministry and Xiang Xianlin | |
1980 | Hainan Province, including Yaxian, Baoting, Linshui, Yuedong, Baisha, Danxian, Dongfang, Wenchang | 78 accessions including |
Xiang Xianlin in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, science and technology department in Hiannan province. |
1983 | Guizhou province, including Kaili, Chongjiang, Rongjiang, Sandou, Luodian, Wangmo, Guanling, Zhenning | 36 |
Xiang Xianlin, Zhang Zhuxian in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Yang Shiquan in Guizhou |
1983 | Guangxi province, including Donglan, Bama, Nandan, Sanjiang, Fuchuan, Guiping, Debao, Jingxi, Pingguo | 18 |
Liu Guoqiang, Fu Huaiqin in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sheng Duanzhuang in Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
2002 | Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunan province | 89 |
Wang Kunbo, Liu Fang et al in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
2005 | Yunnan, Guangxi province, including Mojiang, Jiangcheng, Kaiyuan, Maguan, Funing, Napo, Leye, Longlin, Tiandong, Pingguo, Daxin, Debao, Shangsi | Six |
Liu Guoqiang, Jia Yinhua in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
2009 | Guizhou, Guangxi province | 16 |
Du Xiongming, Zhou Zhongli, Jia Yinhua, Sun Junling, He Shoupu in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
2012-2013 | Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan province | 26 |
Sun Junlin, Jia Yinhua, He Shoupu, Pan Zaoe et al in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
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1984 | Mexico | Hu Shaoan in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chen Zhongfang in Institute of industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences | |
1979-1993 | Mexico, including Sonora, Sinoloba, Baja California Sur, Colima, Yucatan, Michoacan, Colima | 243 wild species and Landraces, including race |
Shen Duanzhuang, Huang Junqi, Xiao Songhua, Zhou Baoliang et al in Institute of industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
2011-2013 | Hawaii, USA | 20 |
Wang Kunbo, Liu Fang, Zhou Zhongli in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
2013 | Brazil | Wang Kunbo, Liu Fang in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences | |
2013 | Australia | Wang Kunbo Liu Fang in Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
Collections obtained from foreign countries are showed in Table 2 and Table 3. The earlier introduction of germplasm of Upland cotton were Deltapine lines imported from USA which were the main varieties grown in China in 1950s [15-17]. Following, Acala and Stonville lines were also introduced to China which helped to enhance new cultivars by the native breeders based on these materials. From 1980 to 1997, Ma Jiazhang, Xiang Shikang, and Liu Guoqiang imported genetic stocks, PD lines and
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1977 | Import 9 wild species from Czechoslovakia Prague tropical subtropical Agricultural Research Institute of Kasetsart University, including |
1980 | Import 50 genetic stocks from USA, and 7 |
1982 | Import 21 wild species from USA, including |
1983 | Import 27 PD lines from USA, and 33 lines from French |
1984 | Import 6 wild species from Mexico, including |
1986 | Import 38 lines from Pakistan, including 6 wild species and 7 |
1986 | Import 6 wild species from The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia, including |
1987 | Import 79 GP lines and 3 wild species including |
1989 | Import 3 wild species from Cote d'Ivoire, including |
1990 | Import 52 lines, including 3 wild species |
1991 | Import 55 lines from USA, 8 lines from French, 5 line from Egypt, 1 line from Burma, 1 line from Barbados |
1992 | Import 94 lines from Australia, including 16 wild species |
1990-1995 | Import 8 |
1999 | Import 35 lines from Mexico |
2001 | Import 36 MAR lines from USA |
2006 | Import 418 |
2008 | Import 100 lines from Uzbekistan |
2009-2013 | Import 990 lines from Russia |
3. Status of cotton germplasm preservation in China
Funding for maintenance of the collections was provided by the Chinese government under the National Key Technology Research and Development Program, and the National Key Basic Research and Development Program, Funds primarily provided by the National Science Foundation of China, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Ministry of Agriculture. There are five full-time staff members assigned to the maintenance and conservation of the germplasm collection. The total collection consists of 8,868 accessions that represent cultivated species (
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7402 | 6305 | 1057 |
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633 | 532 | 101 |
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433 | 350 | 83 |
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18 | 15 | 3 |
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350 | 350 | |
Wild species | 32 | 15 | 17 |
Total | 8868 | 7567 | 1261 |
7,221 accessions were preserved for long-term in Beijing at-18°C under 57% relative humidity. The collection in Anyang, considered the working collection, contains 8,868 accessions and is maintained at 0°C under 50% relative humidity. The Hainan Island nursery site maintained an
The seeds of germplasm accessions in the working collection were renewed according to individual accession germination rates. When germination rates fell under 65%, or the weight of individual accession was no more than 150g, these accessions would be increased and renewed for the maintaining of the viability, genetic integrity and releasing for the research. 50-100 seedlings of each individual should been kept in the field for the harvest of enough healthy seeds. The field was chose according to the environments of origins of the accessions for propagation. The
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Nandeware, New South Wales, Australia |
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Centre and South Australia |
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West Australia |
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Kimberley, Australia |
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North Australia |
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Kimberley, Australia |
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Centre and North Australia |
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Centre Australia |
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Centre Australia |
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Arizona, USA; Sonora and Warburg, Mexico |
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Mexico |
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Baja California, Mexico |
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Galapagos islands |
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San Marcos and Baja California, Mexico |
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Baja California, Mexico |
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Sonora, Mexico |
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Warburg, Mexico |
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Mexico |
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Mexico |
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Mexico |
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Guerrero, Mexico |
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Centre and West Peru |
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Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia |
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cape verde islands |
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Yemen |
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Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya |
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Somalia, Oman, Pakistan |
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Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania |
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Angola, Botswana, Namibia |
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Hawaii |
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Brazil |
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Galapagos islands |
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Afghanistan | 1 | Kenya | 5 | ||||||
Albania | 1 | 3 | Mali | 2 | |||||
Angola | 1 | Mexico | 17 | 1 | |||||
Argentina | 7 | Nepal | 5 | ||||||
Australia | 154 | Nicaragua | 1 | ||||||
Brazil | 4 | Nigeria | 3 | ||||||
Bulgarian | 14 | North Korea | 3 | ||||||
Burkina Faso | 2 | Pakistan | 99 | 1 | |||||
Burma | 1 | Peru | 1 | ||||||
Burundi | 1 | Portuguesa | 1 | ||||||
Cambodia | 1 | Somalia | 2 | ||||||
Cote d'Ivoire | 10 | Soviet Union | 355 | 135 | |||||
Canada | 1 | Spain | 3 | ||||||
Chad | 1 | Sudan | 8 | 1 | |||||
Cameroon | 2 | Sweden | 1 | ||||||
Cuba | 4 | Syria | 7 | 3 | |||||
Czech | 1 | Tanzania | 5 | ||||||
Egypt | 1 | 41 | Turkey | 6 | |||||
France | 29 | Uganda | 11 | ||||||
Ghana | 1 | USA | 1200 | 13 | 11 | ||||
Greece | 6 | Uzbekistan | 11 | ||||||
Hungary | 1 | Vietnam | 5 | ||||||
India | 15 | 1 | Yemen | 1 | |||||
Indonesia | 2 | Yugoslavia | 2 | ||||||
Iran | 1 | Zambia | 1 | ||||||
Japan | 4 | 1 | Other | 4 |
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2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
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997 | 1058 | 574 | 700 | 586 | 1336 | 404 | 400 |
4. Evaluation of cotton germplasm in China
For the utilization of the cotton germpasm, all the accessions in the germplasm bank were evaluated with different method, including the main agronomic traits and mutant beneficial genes. We took charge of some national projects such as “
4.1. Evaluation of agronomic traits
Germplasm accessions were evaluated by field investigation according to “
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1957-1990 | 2943 | 2344 | 2345 | 2844 | 2888 | 365 | 364 | 359 | 1 |
1991-2000 | 1242 | 888 | 897 | 1053 | 1064 | 337 | 356 | 337 | 346 |
2001-2005 | 491 | 470 | 485 | 477 | 484 | 198 | 202 | 208 | 207 |
2006-2009 | 501 | 416 | 500 | 487 | 500 | 284 | 499 | 500 | 498 |
The evaluation of environment adaptation was also carried out in the past years. All germplasms from the foreign origins were divided into three types based on the latitude, including tropical type, subtropical type and temperate zone type, and were grown in Lujiang in Yunan province, Nanjing in Jiangsu province, Yuncheng in Shanxi province, Kuerle in Xinjiang province. It was found that the germplasm from USA were adaptable in Yellow River area and Yangtze River area because of the similar latitude and weather, and the germplasms from Central Asia grew very well in Xinjiang province, but these from Brazil and Africa produce only in Yunan. This provided a guidance for the further introduction germplasm in different area. Some better fiber quality lines were screened after the evaluation in different environments, such as Chuan77-1, Acala1517-70, Acala1517-77, LineF, upland, FJA, Zaoshuchangrong7, ITMA96497, Hopical. Now Nanjing, Anyang, Kuerle, Kuche and Shijiazhuang were chosen as the appointed locations for the environment adaption evaluation of the cotton germplasm in China.
The
4.2. Evaluation with molecular method
The genetic diversity of main sources germplasm of Upland cotton were studied on the basis of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. These germplasm of Upland cotton included the cultivars bred in different periods and grown in different ecological areas, the lines transferred with genes and exotic DNA, and the introgression lines from interspecific hybridization [13]. Meanwhile, SSR fingerprinting analysis were set up to indentify the elite germplasm with high yield and good fiber quality, and QTLs mapping were carried out to screen the markers linked or associated with the beneficial genes [21-24]. Those studies presented an overview of the genetic diversity of the cotton germplasm in China, and provided a guideline for breeders to develop new cultivars efficiently.
4.2.1. Evaluation of introgression G.hirsutum lines
The introgression
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29 | 8 | 62.1 | 2.6 | 1-4 |
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21 | 2 | 4.8 | 2.0 | 2 |
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45 | 15 | 71.1 | 1.7 | 1-5 |
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12 | 2 | 25.0 | 2.0 | 2 |
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7 | 1 | 42.9 | 1.0 | 1 |
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7 | 3 | 57.1 | 1.8 | 1-3 |
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5 | 1 | 20.0 | 1.0 | 1 |
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5 | 2 | 40.0 | 1.0 | 1 |
Total introgression lines | 155 | 25 | 45.2 | 1.8 | 1-5 |
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Specific SSR loci | 0.521** | -0.051 | -0.100 | -0.068 | 0.026 |
Lines with specific loci(%) | -0.029 | -0.439* | 0.475* | -0.288 | -0.494** |
Length (mm) | Uniformity (%) |
Strength (cN/tex) |
Elongation (%) |
Micronaire | |
Specific SSR loci | 0.185 | 0.020 | 0.085 | -0.009 | -0.139 |
Lines with specific loci(%) | 0.215 | 0.192 | 0.438* | 0.319 | 0.100 |
For confirming the detail information of each accession, the database of fingerprints was set up to describe and distinguish some lines. “Decimal string code” was given to each individual based on the fingerprints after running gel with SSR markers, and then the information of the code as an identification number was integrated with the existent database. This helped to keep the uniformity of the accessions in the germplasm bank and the releasing lines. Till now 330 cultivars have been assigned with the “Decimal string code”, and more lines will be done in the future [25].
4.2.2. Identification of the genes or QTLs in the specific germplasm
For further finding and using the potential beneficial genes, QTLs mapping and cloning of genes were carried out using the mutant lines that were developed through physical and biologic methods or/and collected from other institutes. A new fiber developmental mutant
5. Germplasm release and utilization
The purpose of the collection and evaluation of cotton germplasm is to release and utilization for the improvement of breeding based on the screening of the beneficial genes. The procedures were made to fit for the normal release and utilization for the research. Since recorded files, a large number accessions have been released and helped to promote the yield, quality and resistance in the development of cotton breeding in China.
5.1. Germplasm release
Formal germplasm seed requests within China are needed to provide to the Cotton Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. A Material Transfer Agreement is required to distribute seeds of requested germplasm. Seed requests from outside of China require a complex procedure for approval. Cotton characterization and evaluation database is linked with Chinese Germplasm Resource System (CGRIS: http://icgr.caas.net.cn). More than 11241 accessions cotton germplasm have been released for the customers in China and a few foreign counties till 2006 (Table 11). Since 2007, different accessions have been grown in the field every year and have been arranged for demonstration in the boll opening stage for the selection and utilization of the researchers. Through this way, the researchers could visually recognize and know the lines in the germplasm bank, and decide what they want to choose for the breeding and other research. Therefore, the numbers of accessions released in recent years which were selected by the researchers themselves increased dramatically every year.
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Henan | 2525 | 27 | Shanghai | 20 | 4 |
Xinjiang | 1803 | 21 | Tianjin | 11 | 3 |
Jiangsu | 981 | 22 | Jilin | 4 | 1 |
Hebei | 863 | 24 | Xizang | 3 | 1 |
Beijing | 862 | 15 | Guangdong | 1 | 1 |
Shandong | 573 | 18 | Yunnan | 1 | 1 |
Hubei | 542 | 15 | USA | 204 | |
Jiangxi | 422 | 9 | Brazil | 52 | |
Hunan | 356 | 11 | Russia | 50 | |
Sichuan | 330 | 5 | Vietnam | 18 | |
Shanxi | 314 | 8 | Australia | 12 | |
Zhejiang | 257 | 4 | Ethiopia | 10 | |
Liaoning | 256 | 6 | Pakistan | 15 | |
Anhui | 122 | 16 | Marcello | 6 | |
Shanxi | 101 | 5 | Kazakhstan | 3 | |
Gansu | 52 | 5 | India | 1 | |
Hainan | 28 | 4 | Others | 190 | |
Chongqin | 25 | 2 | Total | 11241 |
5.2. Germplasm utilization
5.2.1. Utilization of basic germplasm
All these accessions shared with the researchers have helped to develop some import cultivars. Some basic accessions have made important contribution to the improvement of cotton breeding, which could be summarized in three stages in the development of cotton germplasm. In the first stage, the germplasm imported from USA, such as TX 53, Stoneville 4, Stoneville 4B, Stoneville 2B, Coker 100, D.P.L 14, D.P.L 15, and Empire, were the main basic lines to promote the breeding level in China [15-17,26-27]. More than one thousand new lines were bred based on these basic lines. Guannong No.1 is the typical cultivar that was bred using the basic line King, and also was used as new basic line for the new cultivar breeding. In the second stage, the cultivars and germplasm selected by the Chinese breeders, such as Yishuhong, Jingmian 1, Ganmian 1, Xuzhou 209, Xuzhou 1818, Dongting 1, Zhongmiansuo 2, Zhongmiansuo 3, Zhongmiansuo 4, Zhongmiansuo 7, Jiangsumian 1, Jiangsumian 2 and Jiangsumian 3, became the new basic lines, which were commercialized and grown in larger areas. Some lines with resistant genes also were used as the basic lines, such as Liaomian 1, Liaomian 3, Shanmian 3, Shanmian 4, Shanmian 5, 52-128, 57-681, and D.P.L 16 from USA, as well as 24-21 and KK1543 from the Soviet Union. New cultivars that were created using these basic lines, replaced the varieties imported from foreign countries in commercialization. In the third stage, the basic lines with the resistant to the disease, early maturity, high lint percentage and male sterility, were used that resulted in the resistant lines 86-1 and Zhongmiansuo 12, early mature lines Heishan mian 1 and Zhongmiansuo 10, high lint percent and heterotic line Jimian 1, and male sterile line Dong A. The glandless lines such as Lambright GL-5 and Mcnair 210 introduced from USA, helped to create new type of cultivars in China. The basic germplasm lines of
Some important cultivars have been bred after the basic lines were introduced to the breeders in China. Zhongmiansuo 12 was from the crossing of Uganda 3 and Xingtai 6871, which was the first high yielding cultivars that was resistant to Fusarium wilt and was ever grown in nearly 50% cotton area in China during 1992-1996. Lines 52-128, 57-681-52-128 and 57-681 were selected from D.P.L 15 and Texas 531 bred by Sichuan cotton institute, and became the important lines that provided the gene source of resistance to Fusarium wilt. In China, Liaomian 1 and Liaomian 2 were the pioneer varieties with Verticillium wilt. Resistance. Two varieties of Zhong 8004 and Zhong 8010 resistant to Verticillium wilt were produced. Lines Shan 1155 and Zhong 3474 with resistance to Fusarium and Verticillium wilt provided resistant genes for seven varieties. In the 1990s, almost 111 varieties had the resistant genes of Verticillium wilt from the lines 86-6, Chuan 737, Chuan 2802, Shan 2234, Shan 6192, Chuanmian 239, Huai 910 and Chuanmian 243.
5.2.2. Utilization of germplasm with beneficial traits and genes
Germplasm with beneficial agronomic traits were utilized in the past year for purpose of the good quality, high yield, and multiple resistance in the cotton breeding. Nine PD lines with good fiber quality, such as PD 4548 and PD 2164, have been the origin of eleven new cultivars including Emian 21, Lumian 14, and Wanmian 10. The new varieties Xinluzao 6, Xinluzao9 and Xiangzamian 9 came from the contribution of line Bellsiro with good fiber quality [24, 26]. Lumian 9 had the pedigree of Acala. In the field of resistant research, Simian 3 that was important and popular in commercialization, was devoloped by importing the Fusarium wilt resistant genes from the line Yankang 76-75. Also Liaomian 5 was the origin of Verticillium wilt resistant gene and contributed to the breeding of six new varieties including Zhongmiansuo 20 and Lumian 7. Chuanmian 109 that possessed the gene of resistance to aphid, helped to create the cultivars Chuanmian 109-1 and Jingmian 1 with the resistant to the aphid. In recent years, more and more varieties were bred through composing different kinds of powerful genes from the special germplasm lines. For example, Chuang 075 was from the lines Zhongmiansuo 12, Yumian 19 and Zhnongmiansuo 21 with Verticillium wilt resistance. Zhongmiansuo 44 developed from the line Zhong 2369 with Fusarium wilt resitance, the line Tamcot CD3Hal with drought tolerance and the line Zhongmiansuo 17 with high yield. Zhongmiansuo 49 derived from the early mature line Jing 444 and the line Zhongmiansuo 35 with salt tolerance and high yield. Zhongmiansuo 48 with good fiber quality, big boll and high yield, was from the big boll line Su9108.
5.2.3. Utilization of special germplasm with specific traits
Some special cotton germplasm showed different characteristics to the standard lines in the traits of leaf shape, flower color, bract shape, absence of nectarines, fiber color etc. The first special trait used in the breeding was okra leaf, which reduced the vegetative growth for keeping well light ventilation, and was resistant to
5.2.4. Utilization of wild species
Wild species possess many beneficial genes that have been swept in the domestication of cotton. Researchers in China started to study and untilize the wild species very early. The most famous variety was Shiyuan 321 from the hybridization of
6. Future perspectives and suggestions
In future, further research need to be carried out based on the current result of cotton germplasm in China for providing the development of cotton breeding. First, expeditions to the origin sites should be emphasized in the following stage of collection, especially expeditions in the origin sites of wild species and landraces. Exchange with the countries that had special and more diversity germplasm should be continued for enriching the diversity of cotton in China. Second, the method of evaluation should be renewed, and new methods such as the association analysis with new generation sequencing technology should be used in the procedure of screening of important germplasm carrying beneficial genes. The genes with drought and salt tolerance that are required urgently in North-west China cotton production suffering from water deficiency and salinity, should be identified accurately with high throughput methods. Third, new lines should be created through comprehensive techniques using the current germplasm resources. One novel line could significantly change the reputation of cotton breeding. Forth, high efficient database should be set up for recording all the information of the cotton germplasm, including the agronomic traits and molecular data.
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