Simulation results of radiation characteristics of standard, conical and tapered BHA.
Keywords
1. Introduction
Monofilar and multifilar helical antennas are the most widely proposed antennas in satellite communications systems. The main reason why these antennas constitute an asset in applications concerning satellite and space communications generally is circular polarization. Good axial ratio provides precise measurement of the polarization of the received signal due to immunity of the circularly polarized wave to Faraday rotation of the signal propagating through the ionosphere.
In addition to circular polarization, monofilar helical antennas offer the advantage of high gain in axial direction over a wide range of frequencies which makes them suitable for applications in broadband satellite communications. Split beam and conical beam radiation patterns of bifilar and quadrifilar helical antennas respectively, offer even more applications in mobile satellite communications (Kilgus, 1975; Nakano et al., 1991). Also, backfire helical antenna has stood out as a better feed element for parabolic reflector than the axial mode helical antenna and horn antennas (Nakano et al., 1988). Beside the number of wires in helical antenna structure, it is possible to use antenna’s physical parameters to control the directivity pattern. Phase velocity of the current can be controlled by changing the pitch angle and circumference (Kraus, 1988; Mimaki & Nakano, 1998), and the ground plane can be varied in its size and shape to achieve a certain form of radiation pattern and higher antenna gain (Djordjevic et al., 2006; Nakano et al., 1988; Olcan et al., 2006). Various materials used in helical antenna design, even only for the purpose of mechanical support or isolation, can noticeably influence the antenna’s performance so this should be taken into account when designing and modeling the desirable helical antenna structure ( Casey & Basal, 1988 a; Casey & Basal, 1988b; Hui et al., 1997; Neureuther et al., 1967; Shestopalov et al., 1961; Vaughan & Andersen, 1985).
A theoretical study of a sheath, tape and wire helix given in (Sensiper, 1951) provided the base for a physical model of the helical antenna radiation mechanism. The complex solutions of the determinantal equation for the propagation constants of the surface waves traversing a finite tape helix are used to calculate the current distribution on helical antenna in (Klock, 1963). The understanding of the waves propagating on the helical antenna structure can also provide a good assessment of the circular polarization purity as well as the estimation of varying the helical antenna radiation characteristics by changing the antenna’s physical parameters and using various materials in helical antenna design (Maclean & Kouyoumjian, 1959; Neureuther et al., 1967; Vaughan & Andersen, 1985). Although an analytical approach can sometimes provide a fast approximation of helix radiation properties (Maclean & Kouyoumjian, 1959), generally it is a very complicated procedure for an engineer to apply efficiently and promptly to the specified helical antenna design. Therefore, we combine the analytical with the numerical approach, i. e. the thorough understanding of the wave propagation on helix structure with an efficient calculation tool, in order to obtain the best method for analyzing the helical antenna.
In this chapter, a theoretical analysis of monofilar helical antenna is given based on the tape helix model and the antenna array theory. Some methods of changing and improving the monofilar helical radiation characteristics are presented as well as the impact of dielectric materials on helical antenna radiation pattern. Additionally, backfire radiation mode formed by different sizes of a ground reflector is presented. The next part is dealing with theoretical description of bifilar and quadrifilar helices which is followed by some practical examples of these antennas and matching solutions. The chapter is concluded with the comparison of these antennas and their application in satellite communications.
2. Monofilar helical antennas
The helical antenna was invented by Kraus in 1946 whose work provided semi-empirical design formulas for input impedance, bandwidth, main beam shape, gain and axial ratio based on a large number of measurements and the antenna array theory. In addition, the approximate graphical solution in (Maclean & Kouyoumjian, 1959) offers a rough but also a fast estimation of helical antenna bandwidth in axial radiation mode. The conclusions in (Djordjevic et al., 2006) established optimum parameters for helical antenna design and revealed the influence of the wire radius on antenna radiation properties. The optimization of a helical antenna design was accomplished by a great number of computations of various antenna parameters providing straightforward rules for a simple helical antenna design.
Except for the conventional design, the monofilar helical antenna offers many various modifications governed by geometry (Adekola et al., 2009; Kraft & Monich, 1990; Nakano et al., 1986; Wong & King, 1979), the size and shape of reflector (Carver, 1967; Djordjevic et al., 2006; Nakano et al., 1988; Olcan et al., 2006), the shape of windings (Barts & Stutzman, 1997, Safavi-Naeini & Ramahi, 2008), the various guiding (and supporting) structures added ( Casey & Basal, 1988 a; Casey & Basal, 1988 b; Hui et al., 1997; Neureuther et al., 1967; Shestopalov et al., 1961; Vaughan & Andersen, 1985) and other. This variety of multiple possibilities to slightly modify the basic design and still obtain a helical antenna performance of great radiation properties with numerous applications is the motivation behind the great number of helical antenna studies worldwide.
2.1. Helix as an antenna array
A simple helical antenna configuration, consisted of a perfectly conducting helical conductor wounded around the imaginary cylinder of a radius
Considering the tape is narrow,
The element factors
where
where Φ
Unlike the element factor, the array factor defines the directivity and does not influence the polarization properties of the antenna. It is found (Kraus, 1949) that, although (3) and (4) are different in form, the patterns (1) and (2) for entire helix are nearly the same, and the similar could also be stated for the dielectrically loaded antenna. Furthermore, the main lobes of
Assuming only a single travelling wave on the helical conductor, following (1)-(2), a helix antenna can be depicted as an array of isotropic point sources separated by the distance
This is justified as the absolute of (5) and (7) are approximately equal, and small differences become noticeable only for
Ideally, applying (6)-(8), the radiation characteristics of the helical antenna and the antenna geometry can be directly connected by single variable, the velocity
helix can be applied as a fair approximation. The determinantal equation for the wave propagation constants on an infinite helical waveguide is given and analyzed in (Klock, 1963; Mittra, 1963; Sensiper, 1951, 1955) and generalized forms of the equation for helices filled with dielectrics are considered in (Blazevic & Skiljo, 2010
; Shestopalov et al. 1961; Vaughan & Andersen, 1985). The solutions are obtained in a form of the Brillouin diagram for periodic structures, which dispersion curves are symmetrical with respect to the ordinate (the circumference of the helix in wavelengths). The calculated propagation constants (phase velocities) of free modes are real numbers settled within the triangles defined by lines
However, due to the assumption of the existence of only a single travelling wave, the modeling of helical antenna as a finite length section of the helical waveguide has some practical shortcomings, which becomes more problematical as the antenna length becomes shorter. Consider an example of the typical axial mode current distribution on Fig. 3, obtained at
The analytical procedure of a satisfying accuracy for determining the relationship between the powers of the surface waves traversing the arbitrary sized helical antenna may still be sought using a variational technique, assuming the existence of only two principal propagation modes (normal and axial), and a sinusoidal current distributions for each of them taking into account the velocities calculated for the infinite helical waveguide, as shown by (Klock, 1963). However, as the formula for the total current on the helix involves integrals of a very complex form, one may rather chose to use the classical design data given in (Kraus, 1988) which, for helices longer than three turns, define the optimum design parameters in a limited span of the pitch angles in the frequency range of the axial mode. The semi-empirical formulas for antenna gain
Because of the traveling-wave nature of the axial-mode helical antenna, the input impedance is mainly resistive and frequency insensitive over a wide bandwidth of the antenna and can be estimated by (10). The discrepancy from a pure circular polarization, described with axial ratio
where
The existence of multiple free modes on a helical antenna makes the theoretical analysis even more complicated when a dielectric loading is introduced. Consider two examples of the Brillouin diagram in the region
The existence of multiple axial modes as in Fig. 4 b) implicates a possibility of the existence of a number of optimal frequencies (A points), one for each axial mode. However, if the permittivity is high enough and the pitch angle low enough, the power of the lowest axial mode may be found to be insufficient to shape a significant beam radiation. Then the solution A at the lowest mode branch of the dispersion curve is settled below the minimum beam mode frequency
2.2. Impact of materials used in helical antenna design
A frequently used antenna is the conventional monofilar helical structure wrapped around a hollow dielectric cylinder providing a good mechanical support, especially for thin and long helical antennas. In the case of commercially manufactured helical antennas they are often covered with non-loss dielectric material all over, while in amateur applications sometimes low cost lossy materials take place. The properties of various materials used in antenna design and their selection can be of great importance for meeting the required antenna performance, and the purpose of this chapter is to provide an insight to its influence based on a practical example.
The CST Microwave Studio was used to analyze the impact of various materials and their composition on helical antenna design and optimal performance. Since the chapter focuses on longer antennas, a 12-turn helix was chosen. We created the helical structure with the following parameters:
The antenna shown in Fig. 6 a) is the reference model of the helical antenna constructed of a perfectly conducting helical conductor and a finite size circular reflector using the hexahedral mesh.
The simulation results in Fig. 7 demonstrate the influence of applied materials on the antenna VSWR and gain in frequency band from 1.8-2.8 GHz. Each material was examined separately except for the practical design of the antenna which included all the materials used. First step to practical design of the helical antenna depicted in Fig. 6 a) was the replacement of the PEC material with the copper one, which produced negligible effects on the antenna parameters as expected. Lossy dielectric wire coating added to reference model with permittivity and conductivity selected to be
Comparing the obtained antenna gain of 13.96 dB at
2.3. Changing the parameters of helix to achieve better radiation characteristics
High antenna gain and good axial ratio over a broad frequency band are easily achieved by various designs of a helical antenna which can take many forms by varying the pitch angle (Mimaki and Nakano, 1998; Nakano et al., 1991 ; Sultan et al., 1984), the surrounding medium (Bulgakov et al., 1960; Casey and Basal, 1988 ; Vaughan and Andersen, 1985) and the size and shape of reflector (Djordjevic et al., 2006; Nakano et al., 1988; Olcan et al., 2006). In this chapter, we introduce a design of the helical antenna obtained by combining two methods to improve the radiation properties of this antenna; one is changing the pitch angle, i.e. combining two pitch angles (Mimaki and Nakano, 1998; Sultan et al., 1984) and the other is reshaping the round reflector into a truncated cone reflector (Djordjevic et al., 2006; Olcan et al., 2006).
It is shown (Mimaki and Nakano, 1998) that double pitch helical antenna radiates in endfire mode with slightly higher gain over wider bandwidth. Two pitch angles were investigated; 2° and 12.5°, along different lengths of the antenna. Their relative lengths were varied in order to obtain a wider bandwidth with higher antenna gain. In (Skiljo et al., 2010) the axial mode bandwidth was examined by means of parameters defining the limits of the axial radiation mode: axial ratio, HPBW, side lobe level (SLL) and total gain in axial direction, whereas the method of changing the pitch angle was applied to a helical antenna wounded around a hollow dielectric cylinder with the pitch angle of 14°. The maximum gain of the antennas with variable lengths
Various shapes of ground plane were considered: infinite ground plane, square conductor, cylindrical cup and truncated cone, whereas the later produced the highest gain increase relative to the infinite ground plane. So, we used the truncated cone reflector with optimal cone diameters
The results in Fig. 9 depict that HPBW is mainly better in case of the truncated cone reflector but worse with the round reflector, and the antenna gain is improved when using the truncated cone. Also, Fig. 9 b) shows a significant gain increase of the double pitch helical antenna with truncated cone reflector in comparison with the standard one around 2.4 GHz, but the bandwidth of such an antenna gain is not increased.
2.4. Backfire monofilar helical antenna
This chapter gives the information about the effect of the ground plane size on the helical antenna radiation characteristics. It is found that as the diameter of the reflector decreases, the backfire radiation occurs and at the ground plane diameter smaller than the helix diameter it becomes dominant (Nakano et al., 1988). The analysis of a monofilar backfire helix was carried out through the example from chapter 2.1:
3. Multifilar helical antennas
Beside the parameter modifications of monofilar helical antenna, the multiple number of wires in helix structure also offers interesting radiation performances for satellite communications. While monofilar helices are usually employed in transmission (Kraus, 1988), the multifilar helical antennas, bifilar and quadrifilar are mostly utilized at reception where wide beamwitdh coverage is needed to track as many of the visible satellites as possible (Kilgus, 1974; Lan et al., 2004).
3.1. The bifilar helical antenna
Patton was the first to describe bifilar helical antenna (BHA) with backfire radiation achieving maximum directivity just above the cut-off frequency of the main mode of the helical waveguide. The beamwidth broadens with frequency and for pitch angles of about forty five degrees, the beam splits and turns into a scanning mode toward broadside direction. As opposed to monofilar helical antenna, the backfire BHA radiates toward the feed point, its gain is independent of length (provided that the length is large enough) and the beamwidth increases with frequency (Patton, 1962).
Backfire bifilar helix is often used as a feed antenna because of its high efficiency, circularly polarized backward wave and low aperture blockage. In mobile handsets and various aerodynamic surfaces requiring low profile antennas side fed bifilar helical antenna can be used which produces a slant 45° linearly polarized omnidirectional toroidal pattern providing higher diversity gain in all directions (Amin et al., 2007).
In order for the bifilar helix to operate as backfire antenna, it is necessary that the currents flowing from the terminals to the ends of two helices are out of phase and the currents in the reversed direction are in phase. Hence, no radiation in forward direction is possible. This could be explained by the nature of the backward wave of current, where the phase is progressing toward the feed and the group velocity must be away from the feed point. A ground plane is not necessary in bifilar helical antenna design but this antenna usually achieves poor front-to-back (F/B) ratio which can cause interference problems when used as a receiving antenna. However, bifilar helical antenna with tapered feed end improves F/B ratio as well as the antenna power gain and axial ratio in comparison with conical and standard bifilar helical antenna (Yamauchi et al., 1981).
The BHA simulations are carried out in FEKO software on the basis of the following parameters (Yamauchi et al., 1981); the wavelength
In order to reduce the antenna length, Nakano et al. examined bifilar scanning helical antenna with large pitch angle terminated with a resistive load. This antenna generates circularly polarized scanning radiation pattern from backfire to normal. The simulations show the scanning radiation patterns of the bifilar helix with six turns, pitch angle of 68° and diameter of 1.6 cm, through the frequency band from 1.3 – 2.5 GHz ( Nakano et. al, 1991 ). Fig. 13 illustrates typical radiation patterns, the backfire conical and normal radiation pattern reaching the antenna gain of 10 dB, Fig. 13 a) and b), respectively.
F/B (dB) | Gain (dB) | AR | HPBW (°) | |
Standard BHA | 4.5 | 5.6 | 0.79 | 111 |
Conical BHA | 15.6 | 6.5 | 0.92 | 113 |
Tapered BHA | 16 | 7.6 | 0.76 | 87 |
F/B (dB) | Gain (dB) | AR | HPBW (°) | |
Tapered BHA ( |
15.4 | 7.1 | 0.72 | 90 |
Tapered BHA ( |
11.2 | 5.7 | 0.89 | 120 |
Tapered BHA ( |
7.5 | 6 | 0.72 | 85 |
Tapered BHA ( |
14.8 | 7.8 | 0.65 | 82 |
Tapered BHA ( |
14.0 | 7.8 | 0.75 | 87 |
Contrary to monofilar helical antenna, the bifilar helical antenna yields scanning radiation mode when relative phase velocity
3.2. The quadrifilar helical antenna
The quadrifilar helical antenna (QHA), also known as the Kilgus coil, is mostly used for telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C) satellite systems due to its simplicity, small size, wide circularly polarized beam and insensitivity to nearby metal objects. The QHA consists of four helical wires equally spaced circumferentially and fed from the top or the bottom. The open ended QHA generally uses the length of each wire of
Radiation pattern of fractional turn resonant QHA is cardioid-shaped and circularly polarized with wide beamwitdh, but by extending the fractional-turn QHA to an integral number of turns shaped-conical radiation pattern can be obtained for many applications in spacecraft communications (Kilgus, 1975).
The Kilgus coil consisted of four wires
The performance of the QHA is described with the following parameters: the length of one element consisted of two radials and a helical section
In many satellite applications, it is also desirable to concentrate the radiated energy into a shaped conical beam with full cone angles from 120° to 180° (Kilgus, 1975). So, for the same frequency,
4. Conclusion
In this chapter, the basic theory and simulations of helical antennas are presented. It is shown that various radiation patterns can be obtained with conventional helical antenna and its modifications: forward and backward radiation, beam, normal and scanning radiation, from hemispherical to conical-shaped radiation patterns. The circular polarization is easily achieved (except for the normal mode) and it can be improved by end tapering. These modifications include the change of helix geometry, the size and shape of reflector, the number of wires and implementing some guiding structure.
However, when implementing real materials in practical design, they must be evaluated for their influence on the overall antenna performance. Thus, while the depicted analytical approach offers a tool for the optimal design and basic analysis of the helical antenna, although not completely impossible, it becomes too complex to be implemented in final decision about the practical design. The performances of the designed antenna must therefore be tested by some numerical tool or by measurements.
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