1. Introduction
The international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) is a joint international research and development project that aims to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion power. The reactor tokomak (vacuum vessel) is made of stainless steel, and contains nine sectors welded together; each sector has about the size of 10 meter high and 6 meter wide. The sectors of ITER vacuum vessel (VV) (Fig. 1) require more stringent tolerance (±5mm) than normally expected for the size of the structure involved. The walls (inner wall and outer wall) of ITER sectors are of 60mm thick and are joined by high quality leak tight welds. In addition to the initial vacuum vessel assembly, the sectors may have to be replaced for repair. Meanwhile, the machining operations and lifting of a possible e-beam gun column system require extreme stiffness property and good accuracy. The payload to weight ratio also has to be significantly better than it is in the commercial industrial robots.
The conventional robots, providing a high nominal payload, are lack of stiffness and accuracy in such machining condition. Since commercially available machines capable of handling large payloads require floor mounting and their workspaces are insufficient for reaching the cross section at a single mounting position, a special robot is needed. Parallel robots have high stiffness, high dynamic performance and good payload to weight ratio in comparison with the conventional serial robots. Stewart [1] presented the novel idea of six-degree-of-freedom parallel robot in 1960’s. A remarkable number of research articles and books about parallel manipulators have been published during the last two decades. There are also a number of successful industrial applications developed [2], [3], [4], [7]. The parallel manipulators have potential advantages compared with the conventional serial link manipulators. The parallel manipulators are closed-loop mechanism presenting good performances in terms of accuracy, rigidity, high speed, and ability to handle large loads. They are becoming popular in applications such as machining, welding, assembly, flight and vehicle simulators, mining machines, and pointing devices [2], [3], [4], [7]. In some industrial applications, it is necessary to move the end-effector of manipulator from point to point rapidly. On the other hand, some applications require extreme stiffness properties. Each of these properties can be achieved by an appropriate design of parallel structure. The most important drawback of parallel robots is the small workspace, which can be made larger by adding additional serial axes in the robot.
For the assembly of the ITER vacuum vessel sector, the precise positioning of welding end-effectors at some distance in a confined space from the available supports will be required, while it is not possible using conventional machines or robots. The parallel robot presented in this paper is able to carry out welding and machining processes from inside the ITER vacuum vessel, consisting of a six degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism mounted on a carriage driven by electric motor/gearbox on a rack. The robot carries both welding gun (such as a TIG, hybrid laser or e-beam welding gun to weld the inner and outer walls of the ITER vacuum vessel sectors) and machining tools (to cut and mill the walls with necessary accuracy). It can also carry other heavy tools and parts to a required position inside the vacuum vessel.
The robot offers not only a device but also a methodology for assembling and repairing VV. For assembling, an on-line six-degree-of-freedom-seam-finding algorithm has been developed. The algorithm enables the robot to find welding seam automatically in a very complex environment. For machining, the multi flexible machining processes carried out automatically by the robot have also been investigated, including edge cutting, smoothing, and defect point milling. The kinematic design of the robot has been optimised for the ITER access and a hydraulically actuated prototype has been built. Finally the experimental results are presented and discussed. The earlier development phases of the robot are presented in [8] and [9].
2. Structure of VV and assembling process
The inner and outer walls of the VV of ITER are made of 60mm-thick stainless steel 316L and are welded together through an intermediate, so-called “splice plate”, inserted between the sectors to be joined. The splice plates have two important functions: (
The assembly or repair will be performed according to four phases: cutting, edge machining and smoothing, welding, and non-destructive tests (NDT) control. The robot will carry out welding, machining, and inspecting inside the VV. The maximum robot force arises from cutting. It can be up to 3kN.
In order that the robot can operate in the cross section of the vessel, a track is assembled inside the sector. The track has a rack on one side of the rail and it is supported by manifolds and beams (shown in Fig. 2). The robot driven on the rail carries out welding or machining along the edge of the sector. After finishing the assembly of two sectors, the robot has to be moved to the next sector where there is also a track assembled. After finishing the assembly of all the sectors, the robot can be taken out via the port of VV.
3. Kinematics of parallel robot
3.1. Structure of parallel robot
The proposed parallel robot has ten degrees of freedom (Fig. 3). It consists of two relatively independent sub-structures: (
The carriage mainly consists of 5 units.
The electric servo motor with position feedback controller offers the high accurate motion. In order to output large torque to drive the heavy mass and payload, the reduction unit CYCLO is added to the motor to reduce speed and to transmit high torque to the driving gear. Two V-shaped wheels keep the carriage on the tracking rail at right position to avoid the cross motion. Two drive units are used in the carriage to offer enough torque in order to drive the robot and payload around inside the VV.
A Stewart based mechanism, driven by six servo control water hydraulic cylinders, offers six-degree freedom to the end-effector, where the machining head and welding gun are mounted. Because of the special shape of the VV, a full six-degree freedom motion for tool is needed to enable the robot to carry out welding and machining. The Hexa-WH can offer the required accuracy and the high force capacity due to its novel configuration and the hydraulic drive.
3.2. Kinematics model
The kinematics model is very important for the robot motion control. As the robot has redundant degree freedom, it is difficult to find the kinematics solution directly. The kinematics models can first be set up for the carriage and the Hexa-WH separately, and then be combined together by using an optimization algorithm in solving the redundant problem [4], [5].
As described above, the carriage offers the robot the four-degree freedom: two linear motions and two rotations; while the Hexa-WH offers the end-effector the full six-degree freedom. The transformation matrix of the robot can be defined as:
where
Once the parameters of joints are given, the forward kinematics of the robot can be defined as
To solve the forward kinematic model of the Hexa-WH, the numeric iterative method can be employed and it can be solved from its inverse kenamatic model given later in the chapter.
As the robot has four-degree freedom of redundancy, we give an inverse kinematic model first to the carriage, then to the Hexa-WH.
Then
The inverse kinematics model for the Hexa-WH is
where
The length of each cylinder can be found, when (x, y, z, γ, β, α) is defined with respect to frame o4.
There are two ways to combine the two inverse kinematic models to get the solution of the whole robot. One simple way is to calculate the coordinates (x, y, z, γ,
4. Control system
4.1. Hydraulic control system
Fig. 6 shows the water hydraulic system. Pressure servo control is applied in locking cylinders. Position servo controller is used in cylinders 1-7. There are three loops in the servo position control: the position loop together with the speed loop that provide an accurate and fast trajectory tracking; and the load pressure feedback loop that is applied to damping the self-excited oscillations, which normally occur in the natural frequency. The speed loop can eliminate the speed error, while the pressure feedback damps the vibration of hydraulic actuators (Fig. 7).
The hydraulic cylinders normally lack damping that makes the cylinder control difficult by using conventional PID-controllers. The damping can effectively be increased by means of load pressure feedback. The major drawback in using pressure feedback is its negative effect on the static stiffness of the actuator. To overcome this problem, the high pass filters are used in the load pressure feedback loops. The high pass filter removes the negative effect of pressure feedback at low frequency.
4.2. Motor control
Two drive motors contribute effort for the tracking motion of the robot. As the tracking rails are not always straight, the speeds of the two motors are not the same when the robot is moving. The torque control together with a position feedback algorithm is implemented. Fig. 8 shows the control principle.
In this method, one motor works as master, and another one works as slave. For the master motor, the position control plus the speed control is applied to guarantee the required speed and position accuracy of the carriage on the tracking rail. For the slave motor, the torque control is applied, which contributes the driving torque for the robot.
4.3. Control of hardware and software
Because there are no commercial controller and software available for the special functions of the parallel robot, an open architecture of hardware and programmable software are being developed. Fig. 9 shows the structure of hardware control system. The controller is an industrial-PC-based motion controller. It provides a reliable and easy-at-use environment for controlling the robot because Earthnet bus is used in the connection of iPC and I/O interfaces.
The software is defined in Fig. 10, including graphical interface, trajectory planning, forward and inverse kinematics models, interpolator, controller, and I/O interface functions. And those functions have to be integrated with the program offered by iPC and run completely in real time.
5. Machining and welding testing mock-up
The parallel robot has been built in Lappeenranta University of Technology and the machining and welding test mock-up is designed shown in Fig.11. The mock-up is one quarter of a sector built up for testing the machining and welding functions of the robot. Before the mock-up, some welding and machining tests have been carried out with the first prototype of the parallel robot named Penta-WH. The laser welding with seam tracker has been tested in stainless steel and the machine cutting with disc saw has been tested in the stainless steel machining process. The robot performs well in the tests.
5.1. Machining
The cutting test was carried out with stainless steel. The high speed steel cutting tool was used in the test. It is 200mm in diameter and 4mm in thickness. The problem in the experiment was that the high speed cutting tool wore out quickly during the cutting. The carbide tools, which are much more suitable for cutting stainless steel, are suggested to be used in the cutting operations in the ITER.
5.2. Laser welding test
In the ITER assembly, the high quality welds are required to avoid the leak of tritium. They can be achieved by a highly automatic and remotely controlled welding procedure. To guarantee the welding quality, a seam tracker, which guides the robot motions along the center of a welding seam, is employed. With a seam tracker, the parallel robot has the capability to correct the motion trajectory on-line to keep the welding head at the right position and orientation in relation to the welding seam. The position errors of the welding head related to the welding seam caused by the distortion of material and the imprecise track rail are described in Fig. 12.
During testing, the laser welding head is mounted on the end-effector of the parallel robot while the seam tracking sensor is mounted in the front of the welding head for guiding the robot welding (Fig. 12). The work piece is assembled randomly in the y and z directions during testing. It has approximately a one-degree angle about the Y and Z-axes. The position of seam is unknown for the robot before the seam finding. The maximum output power used in the testing is 3 kW YAG. It has a 200mm focal length resulting in a 0.6 mm diameter focal spot on the work piece. The beam parameter product is 25 mm-mrad. The work piece is made of stainless steel AISI 316LN. It has a 7mm-thickness, 600mm-length, and 0.2mm-root gap for welding.
Two seam tracking algorithms were tested during laser welding trials. One is the off-line teaching algorithm that has two steps: (i) the robot follows the planned trajectory of the seam and records the data from the seam tracker; and after that (ii) the robot compensates the motion trajectory from the data recorded and starts welding following the new motion trajectory. Fig.13 shows the welding results. The second algorithm is the on-line teaching algorithm. In the algorithm, the robot corrects the trajectory on-line using data from the seam tracker during the welding motion. Fig.14 shows the welding results achieved during the tests.From the test results, we can conclude that the on-line teaching algorithm is better than the off-line teaching algorithm, because the on-line teaching algorithm compensates the distortion of the work piece during the welding process.
6. Conclusion
A hybrid parallel robot with four additional serial motion axes is developed for carrying out the necessary machining and welding tasks in the assembling and repairing of the ITER Vacuum Vessel. The robot is capable of holding all necessary machining tools and welding end-effectors in all positions accurately and stably. The kinematics analysis of the robot is presented. The models are complex because of the redundant structure of the robot. The models are separately derived for the Hexa-WH and the carriage mechanism. An optimization algorithm finds the solution in the trajectory planning, ensuring the maximum stiffness during the robot motion. The experiments of the laser welding tests with the seam tracker have been carried out. Both the on-line and off-line teaching algorithms have been developed and the results show that the online teaching algorithm is better. The machining cutting tests with stainless steel have been tested. The entire design and testing process of the robot is a very complex task due to the high specialization of the manufacturing technology needed in the ITER reactor. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed solutions quite well.
Acknowledgments
The laser welding test is carried out in collaboration with the laser laboratory of VTT in Lappeenranta, Finland, the whole work, supported by the European communities under the contract of Association between EURATOM/Finnish TEKES, was carried out within the framework of the European Fusion Development Agreement, and the views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.
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