1. Introduction
Organochlorine pesticides such as DDT and HCH had been abundantly produced and used since the around twentieth century in all over the world and environmental pollution, food contamination and human body pollution had developed into social problem because of their high bioconcentration potential and high persistency. The use and manufacturing of DDT and HCH were forbidden in many countries including Japan in all over the world in the first half in 1970's.
In Japan, the use of organochlorine pesticides registered in persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was prohibited, for example, in 1971 for DDT and HCH and in 1986 for chlordane. Levels of DDT and HCH have been monitored annually in wildlife such as fish, shellfish and bird from a freshwater lake, 17 sea areas and 2 land areas in Japan since 1979 [1-31]. Lake Biwa, the largest in Japan, was selected as a freshwater lake and a freshwater fish, Japanese dace from the lake was selected as a wildlife sample.
In the world, a few reports have been published for long-term monitoring of POPs in aquatic biota from lakes only in USA and Sweden. In USA, the use of DDT was prohibited in 1972. Levels of POPs such as DDT, chlordanes, Mirex, Dieldrin have been monitored annually in fish from the Grate Lakes since 1970 [32, 33]. In Sweden, the use of DDT was prohibited in 1970. Levels of DDT, HCB and HCH have been monitored annually in fish from Lake Storvindeln since 1968 [34].
On the other hand, many field data have been published for temporal monitoring of DDT and HCH in fish from lakes [35-70] and rivers [40, 51, 68, 71-101].
This study was performed for the accumulation of fundamental data on DDT and HCH contamination of fish in lakes and rivers in the world to evaluate their concentration changes by POPs Regulation. The data were collected from the published reports in which the accuracy in the chemical analyses of the pesticides was over the standard level. This chapter consisted of (1) Residue of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes and rivers in the world, (2) Long-term trends of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes in the world, (3) Composition of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes and rivers in the world.
Each of the T-DDT and T-HCH concentration data in fish from lakes and rivers was compared for the 38 lakes surveyed in 8 countries of Europe and America and 8 countries of Asia and Africa from 1995 to 2008 and for the 28 rivers surveyed in 8 countries of Europe and America, 4 countries of Asia, Africa and Oceania from 2000 to 2009.
Long-term trends of T-DDT and T-HCH in Japanese dace from Lake Biwa were shown from 1979 to 2009 and half-lives (t1/2) were calculated for T-DDT and T-HCH. The t1/2 values were 9 years for T-DDT and 4 years for T-HCH. Similarly, long-term trends of T-DDT in fish from Lake Biwa, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan and Lake Storvindeln were shown and the t1/2 values of T-DDT were calculated. The t1/2 values were 9, 11, 8 and 7 years, respectively, in Lake Biwa, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan and Lake Storvindeln. There were no wide differences in the t1/2 values between the four lakes.
Composition of T-DDT in fish from lakes and rivers in the world was compared for the 25 lakes in 15 countries of Europe, America, Asia and Africa from 1996 to 2008 and for the 16 rivers in 8 countries of Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Oceania from 2000 to 2009. Similarly, composition of T-HCH in fish from lakes and rivers in the world was compared for the 16 lakes in 8 countries of Europe, America, Asia and Africa from 1996 to 2008 and for the 11 rivers in 5 countries of Europe and Asia from 2001 to 2006.
2. Residue of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes and rivers in the world
Residue of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes and rivers in the world (Survey years: 1995∼2009) was reviewed from literatures in the past. The residue data were summarized in Table 1 for the lakes [22-31, 35-70] and in Table 2 for the rivers [40, 51, 68, 71-101].
| No. | Species | na | Analyte | Lake | Year | Country | T-HCH b | T-DDT c | References |
| L-1 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2000 | Japan | 3 ng/g wet wt | 13 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2002) |
| L-2 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2001 | Japan | 2 ng/g wet wt | 10 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2003) |
| L-3 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2002 | Japan | 1.79 ng/g wet wt | 6.5 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2004) |
| L-4 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2003 | Japan | 0.97 ng/g wet wt | 8.0 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2005) |
| L-5 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2004 | Japan | 0.55 ng/g wet wt | 8.4 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2006) |
| L-6 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2005 | Japan | 0.29 ng/g wet wt | 9.3 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2007) |
| L-7 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2006 | Japan | 0.90 ng/g wet wt | 8.3 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2008) |
| L-8 | Raibow trout (male) | 4 | Muscle | Lake Mashu | 2003 | Japan | 2.98 ng/g wet wt | 1.49 ng/g wet wt | Takazawa et al. (2005) |
| L-9 | Raibow trout (female) | 6 | Muscle | Lake Mashu | 2003 | Japan | 2.71 ng/g wet wt | 1.72 ng/g wet wt | Takazawa et al. (2005) |
| L-10 | Japanese dace (male) | 3 | Muscle | Lake Mashu | 2003 | Japan | 1.75 ng/g wet wt | 0.66 ng/g wet wt | Takazawa et al. (2005) |
| L-11 | Japanese dace (female) | 6 | Muscle | Lake Mashu | 2003 | Japan | 2.45 ng/g wet wt | 0.56 ng/g wet wt | Takazawa et al. (2005) |
| L-12 | Raibow trout (male) | 3 | Muscle | Lake Mashu | 2002 | Japan | 3.23 ng/g wet wt | 3.50 ng/g wet wt | Takazawa et al. (2005) |
| L-13 | Raibow trout (female) | 9 | Muscle | Lake Mashu | 2002 | Japan | 2.19 ng/g wet wt | 1.27 ng/g wet wt | Takazawa et al. (2005) |
| L-14 | Unkown | 6 | Whole | Taihu Lake Region | 1999∼2000 | China | 46 ng/g wet wt | 12 ng/g wet wt | Feng et al. (2003) |
| L-15 | Carp | 3 | Whole | Lake Tai | 2000 | China | 64 ng/g fat wt | 980 ng/g fat wt | Nakata et al. (2005) |
| L-16 | Topmouth culter | 3 | Whole | Lake Tai | 2000 | China | 67 ng/g fat wt | 750 ng/g fat wt | Nakata et al. (2005) |
| L-17 | Spotted steed | 3 | Whole | Lake Tai | 2000 | China | 75 ng/g fat wt | 700 ng/g fat wt | Nakata et al. (2005) |
| L-18 | Catfish | 3 | Whole | Lake Tai | 2000 | China | 68 ng/g fat wt | 1000 ng/g fat wt | Nakata et al. (2005) |
| L-19 | Gymoncypris namensis | 4 | Muscle | Nam Co Lake | 2005 | China | 2.57 ng/g wet wt | 17.2 ng/g wet wt | Yang et al. (2007) |
| L-20 | Gymoncypris waddellii | 4 | Muscle | Yamdro Lake | 2005 | China | 1.56 ng/g wet wt | 2.76 ng/g wet wt | Yang et al. (2007) |
| L-21 | C. auratus | 8 | Edible part | Gaobeidian Lake (Beijing) | 2006 | China | 6.41 ng/g wet wt | 21.96 ng/g wet wt | Li et al. (2008) |
| L-22 | M. anguillicaudatus | 5 | Edible part | Gaobeidian Lake (Beijing) | 2006 | China | 2.61 ng/g wet wt | 14.08 ng/g wet wt | Li et al. (2008) |
| L-23 | H. leuciscultures | 8 | Edible part | Gaobeidian Lake (Beijing) | 2006 | China | 11.14 ng/g wet wt | 84.4 ng/g wet wt | Li et al. (2008) |
| L-24 | Herbivorous | 9 | Muscle | Songkhla Lake (Thale Luang) | 1997 | Thailand | | 170 ng/g fat wt | Kumblad et al. (2001) |
| L-25 | Herbivorous | 10 | Muscle | Songkhla Lake (Thale Sap) | 1997 | Thailand | | 36 ng/g fat wt | Kumblad et al. (2001) |
| L-26 | Herbivorous | 8 | Muscle | Songkhla Lake (Thale Sap Songkhla) | 1997 | Thailand | | 35 ng/g fat wt | Kumblad et al. (2001) |
| L-27 | Channa striata | 64 | Muscle | Kolleru Lake | Unkown | India | | | Amaraneri & Pillala (2001) |
| L-28 | Channa striata | 56 | Liver | Kolleru Lake | Unkown | India | | | Amaraneri & Pillala (2001) |
| L-29 | Catla catla | 58 | Muscle | Kolleru Lake | Unkown | India | | | Amaraneri & Pillala (2001) |
| L-30 | Catla catla | 38 | Liver | Kolleru Lake | Unkown | India | | | Amaraneri & Pillala (2001) |
| L-31 | P. phuturio | 2 | Whole | Haleji Lake | 1999 | Pakistan | | 4.55 ng/g wet wt | Sanpera et al. (2002) |
| L-32 | C. lalia | 3 | Whole | Haleji Lake | 1999 | Pakistan | | 5.58 ng/g wet wt | Sanpera et al. (2002) |
| L-33 | G. giuris | 1 | Whole | Haleji Lake | 1999 | Pakistan | | 5.94 ng/g wet wt | Sanpera et al. (2002) |
| L-34 | Several kinds | 81 | Edible part | Lake Jarun | 2000 | Croatia | 0.40 ng/g wet wt* | 0.80 ng/g wet wt* | Bosnir et al. (2007) |
| L-35 | Arctic char | 25 | Muscle | Lake Ellasjøen | 1996 | Norway | | 60 ng/g wet wt | Evenset et al. (2004) |
| L-36 | Arctic char | 12 | Muscle | Lake Øyangen | 1996 | Norway | | 4.3 ng/g wet wt | Evenset et al. (2004) |
| L-37 | Whitefish (Female) 100-200g | 13 | Muscle | Lake Stuorajavri | 2005 | Norway | ND | 0.35 ng/g wet wt | Christensen et al. (2007) |
| L-38 | Whitefish (Male) 100-200g | 10 | Muscle | Lake Stuorajavri | 2005 | Norway | ND | 0.41 ng/g wet wt | Christensen et al. (2007) |
| L-39 | Pike | 5 | Muscle | Lake Stuorajavri | 2005 | Norway | ND | 0.24 ng/g wet wt | Christensen et al. (2007) |
| L-40 | Brown trout | 1 | Muscle | L. Tuma (remote alpine lake) | 2003 | Switzerland | | 1100 ng/g fat wt (+op') | Schmid et al. (2007) |
| L-41 | Brown trout | 1 | Muscle | L. Moesola (remote alpine lake) | 2003 | Switzerland | | 680 ng/g fat wt(+op') | Schmid et al. (2007) |
| L-42 | Lake trout | 1 | Muscle | L. Diavolezza (remote alpine lake) | 2003 | Switzerland | | 130 ng/g fat wt(+op') | Schmid et al. (2007) |
| L-43 | Catfish | 8 | Muscle | Lake Trasimeno | 1998 | Italy | 14.3 ng/g fat wt | 216 ng/g fat wt | Elia et al. (2006) |
| L-44 | Mullet (Lisa aurata) | 13 | Muscle | Lake Ganzirri | 2001 | Italy | | 3.8 ng/g wet wt (Max.) | Licata et al. (2003) |
| L-45 | Landlocked | 5 | Whole | Lake Maggiore | 2002-2004 | Italy | | 2500 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2006) |
| L-46 | Whitefish | 5 | Whole | Lake Maggiore | 2002-2004 | Italy | | 1370 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2006) |
| L-47 | Perch | 5 | Whole | Lake Maggiore | 2002-2004 | Italy | | 1860 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2006) |
| L-48 | Chub | 5 | Whole | Lake Maggiore | 2002-2004 | Italy | | 1190 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2006) |
| L-49 | Rudd | 5 | Whole | Lake Maggiore | 2002-2004 | Italy | | 2770 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2006) |
| L-50 | Tench | 5 | Whole | Lake Maggiore | 2002-2004 | Italy | | 2720 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2006) |
| L-51 | Perch | 1 | Muscle | Bolsena Lake | 2002 | Italy | 0.02 ng/g wet wt | 2.26 ng/g wet wt | Orban et al. (2007) |
| L-52 | Perch | 1 | Muscle | Bracciano Lake | 2002 | Italy | 0.09 ng/g wet wt | 0.38 ng/g wet wt | Orban et al. (2007) |
| L-53 | Perch | 1 | Muscle | Salto Lake | 2002 | Italy | 0.03 ng/g wet wt | 0.61 ng/g wet wt | Orban et al. (2007) |
| L-54 | Pelagic landlocked shad | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como (Como branch) | 2006 | Italy | | 1010 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2008) |
| L-55 | Pelagic landlocked shad | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como (Como branch) | 2007 | Italy | | 840 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2008) |
| L-56 | Pelagic landlocked shad | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como (Lecco branch) | 2007 | Italy | | 610 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2008) |
| L-57 | Pelagic landlocked shad | 1 | Muscle | Lake Iseo | 2007 | Italy | | 570 ng/g fat wt | Bettinetti et al. (2008) |
| L-58 | Pikeperch | 4 | Muscle | Beysehir Lake | Unkown | Turkey | 70 ng/g wet wt | 27 ng/g wet wt | Aktumsek et al. (2002) |
| L-59 | Carp | 17 | Muscle | Sir Dam Lake | 2003 | Turkey | 0.21 ng/g wet wt* | 14.4 ng/g wet wt* | Erdogrul et al. (2005) |
| L-60 | Oresochromus niloticus | 4 | Muscle | Lake Burullus | 2006 | Egypt | 1.88 ng/g wet wt | 5.13 ng/g wet wt | Said et al. (2008) |
| L-61 | Clarries sp. | 4 | Muscle | Lake Burullus | 2006 | Egypt | 9.83 ng/g wet wt | 12.54 ng/g wet wt | Said et al. (2008) |
| L-62 | Bagrus meridionalis | 4 | Muscle | Lake Malawi | 1996, 1997 | East Africa | | 13.1 ng/g wet wt | Kidd et al. (2001) |
| L-63 | Buccochromis nototaenia | 2 | Muscle | Lake Malawi | 1996, 1997 | East Africa | | 3.4 ng/g wet wt | Kidd et al. (2001) |
| L-64 | Clarius sp. | 1 | Muscle | Lake Malawi | 1996, 1997 | East Africa | | 1.4 ng/g wet wt | Kidd et al. (2001) |
| L-65 | Engraulicyprus sardella | 6 | Whole | Lake Malawi | 1996, 1997 | East Africa | | 4.5 ng/g wet wt | Kidd et al. (2001) |
| L-66 | Genyochromis mento | 5 | Whole | Lake Malawi | 1996, 1997 | East Africa | | 1.0 ng/g wet wt | Kidd et al. (2001) |
| L-67 | Labeotropheus fuelleborni | 6 | Whole | Lake Malawi | 1996, 1997 | East Africa | | 1.1 ng/g wet wt | Kidd et al. (2001) |
| L-68 | Boulengerochromis microlepis | 1 | Whole | Lake Tanganyika (North end) | 1999 | Burundi | 288.2 ng/g fat wt | 794.7 ng/g fat wt | Manirakiza et al. (2002) |
| L-69 | Chrysichthys sianenna | 1 | Whole | Lake Tanganyika (North end) | 1999 | Burundi | 90.6 ng/g fat wt | 339.3 ng/g fat wt | Manirakiza et al. (2002) |
| L-70 | Oreochromis niloticus | 1 | Whole | Lake Tanganyika (North end) | 1999 | Burundi | 66.2 ng/g fat wt | 393.1 ng/g fat wt | Manirakiza et al. (2002) |
| L-71 | Limnothrissa miodon | 1 | Whole | Lake Tanganyika (North end) | 1999 | Burundi | 21.2 ng/g fat wt | 60.7 ng/g fat wt | Manirakiza et al. (2002) |
| L-72 | Stolothrissa tanganyikae | 1 | Whole | Lake Tanganyika (North end) | 1999 | Burundi | 55.1 ng/g fat wt | 95.7 ng/g fat wt | Manirakiza et al. (2002) |
| L-73 | Nile tilapia | 43 | Edible part | Lake Victoria (Napoleon Gulf) | 1998 | Uganda | | 1.39 ng/g wet wt | Kasozi et al. (2006) |
| L-74 | Nile perch | 37 | Edible part | Lake Victoria (Napoleon Gulf) | 1998 | Uganda | | 1.67 ng/g wet wt | Kasozi et al. (2006) |
| L-75 | Nile tilapia and Nile perch | | Muscle | Lake Victoria (Kome Island) | 1999 | Tanzania | | 20 ng/g wet wt | Henry & Kishimba (2006) |
| L-76 | Nile tilapia and Nile perch | | Muscle | Lake Victoria (Katunguru) | 1999 | Tanzania | | 15 ng/g wet wt | Henry & Kishimba (2006) |
| L-77 | Nile tilapia | 10 | Muscle | Lake Taabo | Unkown | Cote d'Ivoire | 225.8 ng/g dry wt | 124.1 ng/g dry wt | Roche et al. (2007) |
| L-78 | African catfish | 7 | Muscle | Lake Taabo | Unkown | Cote d'Ivoire | 130.0 ng/g dry wt | 94.6 ng/g dry wt | Roche et al. (2007) |
| L-79 | Raibow trout | 3 | Muscle | Rae Lake (Sierra Nevada) | 1995, 1996 | USA | | 1.24 ng/g wet wt | Ohyama et al. (2004) |
| L-80 | Raibow trout | 6 | Muscle | Blue Lake (Sierra Nevada) | 1995, 1996 | USA | | 2.13 ng/g wet wt | Ohyama et al. (2004) |
| L-81 | Raibow trout | 5 | Muscle | Pear Lake (Sierra Nevada) | 1995, 1996 | USA | | 9.99 ng/g wet wt | Ohyama et al. (2004) |
| L-82 | Raibow trout | 2 | Muscle | Donner Lake (Sierra Nevada) | 1995, 1996 | USA | | 3.71 ng/g wet wt | Ohyama et al. (2004) |
| L-83 | Raibow trout | 4 | Muscle | Huntington Lake (Sierra Nevada) | 1995, 1996 | USA | | 30.55 ng/g wet wt | Ohyama et al. (2004) |
| L-84 | Raibow trout | 5 | Muscle | Lake Berryessa (Sierra Nevada) | 1995, 1996 | USA | | 13.01 ng/g wet wt | Ohyama et al. (2004) |
| L-85 | Lake trout | 10 | Muscle | Lake Chelan (Wapato Basin) | 2003 | USA | | 943 ng/g wet wt | Washington State Department of Ecology (2005) |
| L-86 | Burbot | 7 | Muscle | Lake Chelan (Wapato Basin) | 2003 | USA | | 315 ng/g wet wt |
| L-87 | Kokanee | 7 | Muscle | Lake Chelan (Wapato Basin) | 2003 | USA | | 57 ng/g wet wt |
| L-88 | Raibow trout | 3 | Muscle | Lake Chelan (Wapato Basin) | 2003 | USA | | 14 ng/g wet wt |
| L-89 | Burbot | 3 | Muscle | Lake Chelan (Lucerne Basin) | 2003 | USA | | 22 ng/g wet wt |
| L-90 | Raibow trout | 1 | Muscle | Roses Lake | 2003 | USA | | 96 ng/g wet wt |
| L-91 | Black Crappie | 1 | Muscle | Roses Lake | 2003 | USA | | 32 ng/g wet wt |
| L-92 | Lg Scale Sucker | 15 | Muscle | Vancouver Lake | 2005-2006 | USA | ND | 23 ng/g wet wt | Washington State Department of Ecology (2007) |
| L-93 | Common Carp | 15 | Muscle | Vancouver Lake | 2006 | USA | ND | 65 ng/g wet wt |
| L-94 | Lg Mouth Bass | 5 | Muscle | Vancouver Lake | 2006 | USA | ND | 42 ng/g wet wt |
| L-95 | N. pikeminnow (Large size) | 10 | Whole | Lake Washington | 2001-2003 | USA | | 258 ng/g wet wt | McIntyre & Beauchamp (2007) |
| L-96 | Cutthroat trout (Large size) | 10 | Whole | Lake Washington | 2001-2003 | USA | | 168 ng/g wet wt | McIntyre & Beauchamp (2007) |
| L-97 | Yellow perch (Large size) | 9 | Whole | Lake Washington | 2001-2003 | USA | | 59 ng/g wet wt | McIntyre & Beauchamp (2007) |
| L-98 | Smallmouth bass (Large size) | 3 | Whole | Lake Washington | 2001-2003 | USA | | 63 ng/g wet wt | McIntyre & Beauchamp (2007) |
| L-99 | Lake trout | 10 | Muscle | Kusawa Lake | 1993 | Canada | 1.21 ng/g wet wt | 40.85 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-100 | Lake trout | 14 | Muscle | Kusawa Lake | 1999 | Canada | 1.68 ng/g wet wt | 122.43 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-101 | Lake trout | 9 | Muscle | Kusawa Lake | 2001 | Canada | 0.91 ng/g wet wt | 49.71 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-102 | Lake trout | 10 | Muscle | Kusawa Lake | 2002 | Canada | 0.62 ng/g wet wt | 23.51 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-103 | Lake trout | 24 | Muscle | Lake Laberge | 1993 | Canada | 4.69 ng/g wet wt | 360.87 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-104 | Lake trout | 13 | Muscle | Lake Laberge | 1996 | Canada | 6.50 ng/g wet wt | 205.54 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-105 | Lake trout | 5 | Muscle | Lake Laberge | 2000 | Canada | 2.30 ng/g wet wt | 82.96 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-106 | Lake trout | 16 | Muscle | Lake Laberge | 2001 | Canada | 0.80 ng/g wet wt | 75.09 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-107 | Lake trout | 5 | Muscle | Lake Laberge | 2002 | Canada | 1.58 ng/g wet wt | 43.56 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-108 | Lake trout | 8 | Muscle | Lake Laberge | 2003 | Canada | 0.54 ng/g wet wt | 55.81 ng/g wet wt | Ryan et al. (2005) |
| L-109 | Trahira (Hoplias malabaricus) | 10 | Muscle | Ponta Grossa Lake | 2005 | Brazil | | 92.3 ng/g dry wt | Miranda et al. (2008) |
| L-110 | Trahira (Hoplias malabaricus) | 10 | Liver | Ponta Grossa Lake | 2005 | Brazil | | 54.68 ng/g dry wt | Miranda et al. (2008) |
| L-111 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2007 | Japan | 0.51 ng/g wet wt | 6.9 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2009) |
| L-112 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2008 | Japan | 0.68 ng/g wet wt | 8.0 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2010) |
| L-113 | Japanese dace | 5 | Muscle | Lake Biwa | 2009 | Japan | 0.41 ng/g wet wt | 8.0 ng/g wet wt | Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2011) |
| L-114 | Semutundu (Bagrus docmac) | | Muscle | Lake Edward | Unkown | Uganda | | 33 ng/g wet wt | Ssebugere et al. (2009) |
| L-115 | Mamba (Protopterus aethiopinus) | | Muscle | Lake Edward | Unkown | Uganda | | 29 ng/g wet wt | Ssebugere et al. (2009) |
| L-116 | Enjunguri (Haprochromis nigripinnis) | | Muscle | Lake Edward | Unkown | Uganda | | ND | Ssebugere et al. (2009) |
| L-117 | Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | | Muscle | Lake Edward | Unkown | Uganda | | 33 ng/g wet wt | Ssebugere et al. (2009) |
| L-118 | Male (Clarias gariepinus) | | Muscle | Lake Edward | Unkown | Uganda | | ND | Ssebugere et al. (2009) |
| L-119 | Tilapia and Catfish | 13 | Edible part | Lake Volta, Lake Bosumtwi, Weija Lake | 2008 | Ghana | 0.72 ng/g fat wt | 329.4 ng/g fat wt | Adu-Kumi et al. (2010) |
| L-120 | 6 kinds of fish | 60 | Muscle | Lakes (n=8) in Tibetan Plateau | 2006-2007 | China | 0.55 ng/g wet wt | 4.0 ng/g wet wt (+op') | Yang et al. (2010) |
| L-121 | Common carp | 23 | Unknown | Baiyangdian Lake | 2008 | China | 0.38 ng/g wet wt | 1.28 ng/g wet wt | Dai et al. (2011) |
| L-122 | Crucian carp | 25 | Unknown | Baiyangdian Lake | 2008 | China | 0.47 ng/g wet wt | 1.03 ng/g wet wt | Dai et al. (2011) |
| L-123 | Crucian carp | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como | 2007 | Italy | 1.0 ng/g dry wt | 1.03 ng/g dry wt (+op') | Villa et al. (2011) |
| L-124 | White fish | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como | 2007 | Italy | 7.35 ng/g dry wt | 12.4 ng/g dry wt (+op') | Villa et al. (2011) |
| L-125 | Pike | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como | 2007 | Italy | 0.4 ng/g dry wt | 4.89 ng/g dry wt (+op') | Villa et al. (2011) |
| L-126 | Chub | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como | 2007 | Italy | ND | 5.89 ng/g dry wt (+op') | Villa et al. (2011) |
| L-127 | Perch | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como | 2007 | Italy | 0.7 ng/g dry wt | 7.75 ng/g dry wt (+op') | Villa et al. (2011) |
| L-128 | Pikeperch | 1 | Muscle | Lake Como | 2007 | Italy | 0.57 ng/g dry wt | 10.4 ng/g dry wt (+op') | Villa et al. (2011) |
a No. of analyzed samples; Mean (n≥2) or single determination values (n=1) are listed for PCB, T-HCH and T-DDT ( * Median value)b T-HCH = α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCHc T-DDT = pp'-DDE + pp'-DDD + PP'-DDT
Table 1.
Concentrations of T-HCH and T-DDT in fish from lakes in the world
| No. | Species | na | Analyte | River | Year | Country | T-HCH b | T-DDT c | References |
| R-1 | Color gudgeon | 10 | Whole | Guanting Reservoir | 2002 | China | 7.15 ng/g wet wt | 9.23 ng/g wet wt | Sun et al. (2005) |
| R-2 | Feral carp | 10 | Whole | Guanting Reservoir | 2002 | China | 0.72 ng/g wet wt | 5.04 ng/g wet wt | Sun et al. (2005) |
| R-3 | White fish | 1 | Unknown | Qiantang River (Downstream) | 2005 | China | 3.96 ng/g wet wt | 13.51 ng/g wet wt | Zhou et al. (2007) |
| R-4 | Crucian carp | 1 | Unknown | Qiantang River (Downstream) | 2005 | China | 3.84 ng/g wet wt | 5.64 ng/g wet wt | Zhou et al. (2007) |
| R-5 | Perch | 1 | Unknown | Qiantang River (Downstream) | 2005 | China | 2.62 ng/g wet wt | 8.34 ng/g wet wt | Zhou et al. (2007) |
| R-6 | Snake head mullet | 1 | Unknown | Qiantang River (Upstream) | 2005 | China | 3.18 ng/g wet wt | 5.01 ng/g wet wt | Zhou et al. (2007) |
| R-7 | Bulltrout | 1 | Unknown | Qiantang River (Upstream) | 2005 | China | 2.85 ng/g wet wt | 2.30 ng/g wet wt | Zhou et al. (2007) |
| R-8 | Ptychobarbus dipogon | 3 | Muscle | Lhasa River | 2005 | China | 0.286 ng/g wet wt | 2.07 ng/g wet wt | Yang et al. (2007) |
| R-9 | Schizopygopsis younhusbandi | 3 | Muscle | Lhasa River | 2005 | China | 0.75 ng/g wet wt | 2.99 ng/g wet wt | Yang et al. (2007) |
| R-10 | C. auratus | 5 | Edible part | Huairou Reservoir (Beijing) | 2006 | China | 0.34 ng/g wet wt | 7.53 ng/g wet wt | Li et al. (2008) |
| R-11 | M. anguillicauda-tus | 6 | Edible part | Huairou Reservoir (Beijing) | 2006 | China | 5.42 ng/g wet wt | 44.17 ng/g wet wt | Li et al. (2008) |
| R-12 | P. fulvidraco | 4 | Edible part | Huairou Reservoir (Beijing) | 2006 | China | 1.93 ng/g wet wt | 34.5 ng/g wet wt | Li et al. (2008) |
| R-13 | Crucian carp | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Jinhua) | 2006 | China | 253 ng/g fat wt | 514 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-14 | White fish | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Jinhua) | 2006 | China | 222 ng/g fat wt | 315 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-15 | Crucian carp | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Fuchunjiang) | 2006 | China | 1054 ng/g fat wt | 1408 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-16 | White fish | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Fuchunjiang) | 2006 | China | 152 ng/g fat wt | 1330 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-17 | Crucian carp | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Fuyang) | 2006 | China | 577 ng/g fat wt | 155 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-18 | White fish | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Fuyang) | 2006 | China | 467 ng/g fat wt | 715 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-19 | Crucian carp | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Hangzhou) | 2006 | China | 936 ng/g fat wt | 1199 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-20 | White fish | 1 | Edible part | Qiantang River (Hangzhou) | 2006 | China | 844 ng/g fat wt | 3008 ng/g fat wt | Zhou et al. (2008) |
| R-21 | Many kinds of fish | 19 | Whole | Pearl River Estuary | 2004 | China | 0.20 ng/g wet wt* | 77 ng/g wet wt* | Guo et al. (2008) |
| R-22 | Kissing gourami | 2 | Whole | Ciliwung River | 2003 | Indonesia | 24 ng/g fat wt | 800 ng/g fat wt | Sudaryanto et al. (2007) |
| R-23 | Common carp | 1 | Whole | Ciliwung River | 2003 | Indonesia | 3.4 ng/g fat wt | 37 ng/g fat wt | Sudaryanto et al. (2007) |
| R-24 | Tilapia mossambique | 1 | Whole | Ciliwung River | 2003 | Indonesia | 6.0 ng/g fat wt | 1100 ng/g fat wt | Sudaryanto et al. (2007) |
| R-25 | Walking catfish | 4 | Whole | Ciliwung River | 2003 | Indonesia | 11 ng/g fat wt | 610 ng/g fat wt | Sudaryanto et al. (2007) |
| R-26 | Unknown (n=10) | | Unknown | Rivers and streams in Kumaun Himalayas | 1999 | India | 1 ng/g wet wt | 13 ng/g wet wt | Sarkar et al. (2003) |
| R-27 | Scatophagus argus | 3 | Muscle | Ferok River | 2003 | India | 0.72 ng/g wet wt | 3.11 ng/g wet wt | Sarkar et al. (2006) |
| R-28 | Platicephalus sp. | 3 | Muscle | Korappuzha River | 2003 | India | 5.4 ng/g wet wt | ND | Sarkar et al. (2006) |
| R-29 | Etroplus suratensis | 3 | Muscle | Pukatri River | 2003 | India | 0.06 ng/g wet wt | 0.44 ng/g wet wt | Sarkar et al. (2006) |
| R-30 | Burbot | 3 | Liver | Pechora River | 1988 | Russia | 11 ng/g wet wt | 57 ng/g wet wt | Zhulidov et al. (2002) |
| R-31 | Burbot | 3 | Liver | Pechora River | 1994 | Russia | 4 ng/g wet wt | 9 ng/g wet wt | Zhulidov et al. (2002) |
| R-32 | Several kinds | 103 | Edible part | Sava River | 2000 | Croatia | 0.70 ng/g wet wt* | 1.80 ng/g wet wt* | Bosnir et al. (2007) |
| R-33 | 4 kinds of fish | 4 | Muscle | Dniester River (Upstream) | 2001 | Moldova | | 17.3 ng/g wet wt | Sapozhnikova et al. (2005) |
| R-34 | 5 kinds of fish | 5 | Muscle | Dniester River (Downstream) | 2001 | Moldova | | 10.2 ng/g wet wt | Sapozhnikova et al. (2005) |
| R-35 | European river lamprey | 31 | Whole | Rivers flowing (n=8) to Bothnian Bay | Unkown | Finland | 3.03 ng/g wet wt | 46 ng/g wet wt | Merivirta et al. (2006) |
| R-36 | European river lamprey | 19 | Whole | Rivers (n=5) flowing to Bothnian Sea | Unkown | Finland | 4.20 ng/g wet wt | 68 ng/g wet wt | Merivirta et al. (2006) |
| R-37 | Chub | 3 | Muscle | River Nestos (Paranesti) | 2004 | Greece | 0.27 ng/g wet wt | 0.40 ng/g wet wt | Christoforidis et al. (2008) |
| R-38 | Chub | 3 | Muscle | River Nestos (Komnina) | 2004 | Greece | 0.10 ng/g wet wt | ND | Christoforidis et al. (2008) |
| R-39 | Barbel | 3 | Muscle | River Nestos (Paranesti) | 2004 | Greece | 0.91 ng/g wet wt | 0.47 ng/g wet wt | Christoforidis et al. (2008) |
| R-40 | Barbel | 3 | Muscle | River Nestos (Komnina) | 2004 | Greece | 0.15 ng/g wet wt | 0.25 ng/g wet wt | Christoforidis et al. (2008) |
| R-41 | Common trout | 5 | Muscle | River Turia | 2000 | Spain | | 4.3 ng/g wet wt | Bordajandi et al. (2003) |
| R-42 | European eel | 11 | Muscle | River Turia | 2000 | Spain | | 45.3 ng/g wet wt | Bordajandi et al. (2003) |
| R-43 | Brown trout | 28 | Whole | Two rivers in Cantabria | 2001 | Spain | 0.55 ng/g dry wt | 20.2 ng/g dry wt | Guitart et al. (2005) |
| R-44 | Eurasian minnow | 17 | Whole | Two rivers in Cantabria | 2001 | Spain | 1.04 ng/g dry wt | 23.0 ng/g dry wt | Guitart et al. (2005) |
| R-45 | European eel | 16 | Whole | Two rivers in Cantabria | 2001 | Spain | 0.66 ng/g dry wt | 39.4 ng/g dry wt | Guitart et al. (2005) |
| R-46 | Barbel | 3 | Whole | Ebro River Basin (Presa de Pina) | 2003 | Spain | | 35.9 ng/g dry wt | Lacorte et al. (2006) |
| R-47 | Bleak | 6 | Whole | Ebro River Basin (Presa de Pina) | 2003 | Spain | | 71.9 ng/g dry wt | Lacorte et al. (2006) |
| R-48 | Common carp | 1 | Whole | Ebro River Basin (Flix) | 2003 | Spain | | 983 ng/g dry wt | Lacorte et al. (2006) |
| R-49 | Bleak | 3 | Whole | Ebro River Basin (Flix) | 2003 | Spain | | 487 ng/g dry wt | Lacorte et al. (2006) |
| R-50 | Barbel | 2 | Muscle | Cinca River (Upstream) | 2002 | Spain | | 31 ng/g wet wt (+op') | De la Cal et al. (2008) |
| R-51 | Barbel | 2 | Muscle | Cinca River (Downstream) | 2002 | Spain | | 780 ng/g wet wt (+op') | De la Cal et al. (2008) |
| R-52 | Bleak | 1 | Whole | Cinca River (Upstream) | 2002 | Spain | | 5 ng/g wet wt (+op') | De la Cal et al. (2008) |
| R-53 | Bleak | 2 | Whole | Cinca River (Downstream) | 2002 | Spain | | 508 ng/g wet wt (+op') | De la Cal et al. (2008) |
| R-54 | Tilapia zilli | 2 | Unknown | Ogba River | Unkown | Nigeria | | 56 ng/g wet wt | Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007) |
| R-55 | Catfish | 2 | Unknown | Ogba River | Unkown | Nigeria | | 106 ng/g wet wt | Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007) |
| R-56 | Tilapia zilli | 2 | Unknown | Ovia River | Unkown | Nigeria | | 61 ng/g wet wt | Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007) |
| R-57 | Catfish | 2 | Unknown | Ovia River | Unkown | Nigeria | | 115 ng/g wet wt | Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007) |
| R-58 | Tilapia zilli | 2 | Unknown | Ikoro Riber | Unkown | Nigeria | | 20 ng/g wet wt | Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007) |
| R-59 | Catfish | 2 | Unknown | Ikoro Riber | Unkown | Nigeria | | 34 ng/g wet wt | Ize-Iyamu et al. (2007) |
| R-60 | Smallmouth bass | 3 | Whole | Willamette River (Lower Superfund) | 2000 | USA (Oregon) | < 8 ng/g wet wt | 320 ng/g wet wt | Sethajintanin et al. (2004) |
| R-61 | Common carp | 3 | Whole | Willamette River (Lower Superfund) | 2000 | USA (Oregon) | < 8 ng/g wet wt | 97 ng/g wet wt | Sethajintanin et al. (2004) |
| R-62 | Carp | 3 | Muscle | Okanogan River (Oroville) | 2001 | USA | | 336 ng/g wet wt | Washington State Department of Ecology (2003) |
| R-63 | Mountain whitefish | 3 | Muscle | Okanogan River (Oroville) | 2001 | USA | | 350 ng/g wet wt |
| R-64 | Smallmouth bass | 3 | Muscle | Okanogan River (Oroville) | 2001 | USA | | 157 ng/g wet wt |
| R-65 | Akupa sleeper fish | 1 | Unknown | Hanalei River | 2001 | USA (Hawai'i) | < 1 ng/g wet wt | < 2 ng/g wet wt | Orazio et al. (2007) |
| R-66 | Chinook salmon | | whole | Lower Columbia Estuary | 2001-2002 | USA | | 1800-27000 ng/g fat wt (+op') | Johnson et al. (2007) |
| R-67 | Largemouth bass | 10 | whole | Mobile River basin (Lavaca) | 2004 | USA (Alabama) | | 24.9 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2009) |
| R-68 | Largemouth bass | 10 | whole | Mobile River basin (Mcintosh) | 2004 | USA (Alabama) | | 6946 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2009) |
| R-69 | Largemouth bass | 10 | whole | Mobile River basin (Bucks) | 2004 | USA (Alabama) | | 92.8 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2009) |
| R-70 | Largemouth bass | 8 | whole | Mobile River basin | 2004 | USA | | 53.84 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-71 | Largemouth bass | 6 | whole | Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin | 2004 | USA | | 87.45 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-72 | Largemouth bass | 6 | whole | Savannah River Basin | 2004 | USA | | 18.98 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-73 | Largemouth bass | 6 | whole | Pee Dee River Basin | 2004 | USA | | 37.84 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-74 | Carp | 8 | whole | Mobile River basin | 2004 | USA | | 41.58 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-75 | Carp | 6 | whole | Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin | 2004 | USA | | 90.64 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-76 | Carp | 6 | whole | Savannah River Basin | 2004 | USA | | 16.42 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-77 | Carp | 6 | whole | Pee Dee River Basin | 2004 | USA | | 20.42 ng/g wet wt | Hinck et al. (2008) |
| R-78 | Chub | 10 | Muscle | River Elbe (Downstream Pardubice) | 2004 | Czech Republic | 24 ng/g fat wt | 2850 ng/g fat wt (+op') | Randak et al. (2009) |
| R-79 | Chub | 8 | Muscle | River Elbe (Downstream Neratovice) | 2004 | Czech Republic | 486 ng/g fat wt | 4830 ng/g fat wt (+op') | Randak et al. (2009) |
| R-80 | Chub | 4 | Muscle | River Elbe (Downstream Usti nad Labem) | 2004 | Czech Republic | 53 ng/g fat wt | 6480 ng/g fat wt (+op') | Randak et al. (2009) |
| R-81 | Chub (Leuciscus cephalus) | 10 | Muscle | Svratka River (Modřice) | Apr.-2007 | Czech Republic | 1.0 ng/g wet wt | 34.9 ng/g wet wt (+op') | Lána et al. (2010) |
| R-82 | Chub (Leuciscus cephalus) | 10 | Muscle | Svratka River (Modřice) | Oct.-2007 | Czech Republic | 0.7 ng/g wet wt | 29.4 ng/g wet wt (+op') | Lána et al. (2010) |
| R-83 | Chub (Leuciscus cephalus) | 9 | Muscle | Svratka River (Rajhradice) | Apr.-2007 | Czech Republic | 0.9 ng/g wet wt | 40.0 ng/g wet wt (+op') | Lána et al. (2010) |
| R-84 | Chub (Leuciscus cephalus) | 11 | Muscle | Svratka River (Rajhradice) | Oct.-2007 | Czech Republic | 2.6 ng/g wet wt | 28.8 ng/g wet wt (+op') | Lána et al. (2010) |
| R-85 | Fish (Large size) | | whole | Mississippi River (Upper) | 2004-2005 | USA | | 11.16 ng/g wet wt | Blocksom et al. (2010) |
| R-86 | Fish (Large size) | | whole | Missouri River | 2004-2005 | USA | | 8.18 ng/g wet wt | Blocksom et al. (2010) |
| R-87 | Fish (Large size) | | whole | Ohio River | 2004-2005 | USA | | 18.32 ng/g wet wt | Blocksom et al. (2010) |
| R-88 | Fish (Small size) | | whole | Mississippi River (Upper) | 2004-2005 | USA | | 6.57 ng/g wet wt | Blocksom et al. (2010) |
| R-89 | Fish (Small size) | | whole | Missouri River | 2004-2005 | USA | | 5.47 ng/g wet wt | Blocksom et al. (2010) |
| R-90 | Fish (Small size) | | whole | Ohio River | 2004-2005 | USA | | 15.60 ng/g wet wt | Blocksom et al. (2010) |
| R-91 | European eel | 30 | Muscle | Garigliano River (Campania region) | 2005-2006 | Italy | | 52.91 ng/g wet wt | Ferrante et al. (2010) |
| R-92 | Brown trout (Salmo trutta) | 9 | Muscle | Quemquentreu river | 2006 | Argentina | | 1.7 ng/g wet wt | Ondarza et al. (2011) |
| R-93 | Brown trout (Salmo trutta) | 9 | Liver | Quemquentreu river | 2006 | Argentina | | 7.4 ng/g wet wt | Ondarza et al. (2011) |
| R-94 | Sábalo fish (Prochilodus lineatus) | 7 | Muscle | Río de la Plata basin | 2003-2004 | Argentina | 9 ng/g wet wt | 340 ng/g wet wt (+op') | Colombo et al. (2011) |
| R-95 | Eel | 10 | Muscle | Rivers in South Canterbury | 2009 | New Zealand | | 33.5 ng/g wet wt * | Stewart et al. (2011) |
| R-96 | Brown trout | 5 | Muscle | Rivers in South Canterbury | 2009 | New Zealand | | 16.8 ng/g wet wt * | Stewart et al. (2011) |
| R-97 | Largemouth bass | | Muscle | Blackwater River (Lower) | 2004 | USA (Florida) | | ND | Karouna-Renier et al. (2011) |
| R-98 | Largemouth bass | | Muscle | Perdido River (Lower) | 2004 | USA (Florida) | | 0.51 ng/g wet wt | Karouna-Renier et al. (2011) |
| R-99 | Largemouth bass | | Muscle | Yellow River (Lower) | 2004 | USA (Florida) | | ND | Karouna-Renier et al. (2011) |
| R-100 | Tilapia | 8 | Muscle | Noha River (Okinawa-Manko) | 2006 | Japan | 24 ng/g fat wt | 3800 ng/g fat wt | Malarvannan et al. (2011) |
| R-101 | Tilapia | 8 | Muscle | Hija River (Okinawa-Kadena ) | 2006 | Japan | 4.7 ng/g fat wt | 1100 ng/g fat wt | Malarvannan et al. (2011) |
| R-102 | Tilapia | 8 | Muscle | Shikaza River (Okinawa-Onna village) | 2005 | Japan | 10 ng/g fat wt | 680 ng/g fat wt | Malarvannan et al. (2011) |
a No. of analyzed samples; Mean (n≥2) or single determination values (n=1) are listed for PCB, T-HCH and T-DDT (* Median value)b T-HCH = α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH c T-DDT = pp'-DDE + pp'-DDD +pp'-DDT
Table 2.
Concentrations of T-HCH and T-DDT in fish from rivers in the world
Residue of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes in the world is shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively, for the concentration data (ng/g wet wt.) and (ng/g fat wt. and ng/g dry wt. possible to be calculated as ng/g wet wt.). Each of the T-DDT and T-HCH concentration data was compared for the 38 lakes surveyed in 8 countries of Europe and America and 8 countries of Asia and Africa from 1995 to 2008. Each data is shown as single determination value (n=1) and mean (n≧2) or mean and range values (n≧2) for the surveys in plural fish species, sampling sites and survey years.
T-DDT concentrations in the fish from the lakes of America were relatively high and the higher concentrations were detected in USA like the previous report [102]. Those of Europe were relatively low except for two lakes in Italy. Those of Asia and Africa including Japan were relatively low as a whole, although relatively high concentrations were detected in a part of lakes in China. T-HCH concentrations in the fish from the lakes in the world were relatively low. The highest T-HCH concentration was 46 ng/g wet wt. in Taihu Lake of China [46] and relatively low concentration of 1.4 ng/g wet wt. (average, n=7) was detected in Lake Biwa of Japan [22-28].
Residue of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from rivers in the world is shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively, for the concentration data (ng/g wet wt.) and (ng/g fat wt. and ng/g dry wt. possible to be calculated as ng/g wet wt.). Each of the T-DDT and T-HCH concentration data was compared for the 28 rivers surveyed in 8 countries of Europe and America, 4 countries of Asia, Africa and Oceania from 2000 to 2009. Each data is shown as single determination value (n=1) and mean (n≧2) or mean and range values (n≧2) for the surveys in plural fish species, sampling sites and survey years.
Figure 1.
Residue of T-DDT in fish from lakes in the worl
Figure 2.
Residue of T-HCH in fish from lakes in the world
Figure 3.
Residue of T-DDT in fish from rivers in the world
Figure 4.
Residue of T-HCH in fish from rivers in the world
T-DDT concentrations in the fish from the rivers of USA were relatively high like the previous report [102]. Those of Europe were relatively low except for a part of lakes in Czech Republic and Spain. Those of Asia and Africa were relatively low as a whole, although relatively high concentrations were detected in a part of rivers of China.
T-HCH concentrations in the fish from the rivers in the world were relatively low like the lakes in the world and the highest T-HCH concentration was 7.7 ng/g wet wt. (average, n=8) in Qiantang River of China [101].
3. Long-term trends of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes in the world
T-HCH and T-DDT concentrations in fish were calculated as the simple sum of the constituents. T-HCH is the sum of α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH and T-DDT is the sum of pp’-DDT, pp’-DDD and pp’-DDE. For Japan, T-DDT and T-HCH concentration data in Japanese dace from Lake Biwa were cited from reports of Ministry of the Environment, Japan (1980 – 2011) [1-31]. For Canada and USA, T-DDT concentration data in lake trout from Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan were cited from a report of Environment Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2007) [32] and a source figure of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009) [33], respectively. For Sweden, T-DDT concentration data in pike from Lake Storvindeln were cited from a source figure of Swedish EPA (2002) [34].
All data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel graph wizard. For each location and analyte, nonlinear procedure was used to fit the exponential model: y=ae-kx, where y is the concentration in each composite sample, x is the sampling date, and a and k are model parameters estimated by nonlinear procedure to obtain a specific model that best fits the data.
Long-term trends of T-DDT and T-HCH in Japanese dace from Lake Biwa are shown from 1979 to 2009 in Figure 5 along with long-term trends estimated using the first-order model. Both insecticides were found to decline in a consistent pattern. Model parameters (a, k) and R2 values were calculated for each of the data sets and are shown in Figure 5. Half-lives (t1/2) were calculated for T-DDT and T-HCH from a parameter (k). The t1/2 values were 9 years for T-DDT and 4 years for T-HCH.
Long-term trends of T-DDT in fish from Lake Biwa, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan and Lake Storvindeln are similarly shown in Figure 6. The t1/2 values of T-DDT were 9, 11, 8 and 7 years, respectively, in Lake Biwa, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan and Lake Storvindeln. There were no wide differences in the t1/2 values of T-DDT in the fish among the four lakes. The same extent of the decline rate in the T-DDT inflow into the four lakes was presumed from the same extent of the decline rate of T-DDT in the fish of the four lakes.
Figure 5.
Long-term trends of T-DDT and T-HCH in Japanese dace from Lake Biwa
Figure 6.
Long-term trends of T-DDT in fish from Lake Biwa, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan and Lake Storvindeln
4. Composition of T-DDT and T-HCH in fish from lakes and rivers in the world
Composition of T-DDT in fish from lakes in the world is shown in Figure 7 for the survey data in the 25 lakes in 15 countries of Europe, America, Asia and Africa from 1996 to 2008 [22-28, 35, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 49-53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70]. Few (ND∼0.6 %) or low (1∼6 %) percentage of PP'-DDT was detected in Lake Biwa and Lake Mashu of Japan, Lake Tai and three lakes of China, Lake Stuorajavri of Norway, Lake Ganzirri of Italy and Sir Dam Lake of Turkey. Metabolites of PP'-DDT (pp'-DDE and pp'-DDD) were detected at high percentage and long-term no use of DDT was presumed in the countries. On the other hand, high percentage (44∼88 %) of PP'-DDT was detected in Lake Edward of Uganda, three lakes of Ghana, Lake Burullus of Egypt, Lake Victoria of Tanzania and Ponta Grossa Lake of Brazil. DDT was presumed to be used in the countries in recent years or in the sampling date. The use of organochlorine pesticids such as DDT was prohibited or restricted in the 1970’s for Japan and 1980’s for Europe and in 1983 for China. This corresponded well to the survey data described above. Low percentage of PP'-DDT in the fish from Lake Michigan and Lake Superior of USA was reported in the previous report [102]. The percentage of PP'-DDT was similarly low (5 %) in the fish from Vancouver Lake in the present report. In Africa, the use of DDT was restricted in in the 1980’s and low percentage of PP'-DDT was reported in the fish from Manzara Lake or Idku Lake in the previous report [102]. The present result in Lake Burullus was different from the previous report and the use of DDT was presumed in recent years or in the sampling date. Details of the restriction on the use of DDT in Egypt were obscure.
Composition of T-DDT in fish from rivers in the world is shown in Figure 8 for the survey data in the 16 rivers in 8 countries of Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Oceania from 2000 to 2009 [51, 68, 73, 77, 79, 80, 83, 86, 88, 91, 94, 95, 98, 100, 101].
In China, relatively high percentage (38 %) of PP'-DDT was detected in Qiantang River of China (2005). However, low percentage (2∼10 %) of PP'-DDT was detected in Lhasa River, Huairou Reservoir and Qiantang River (2006). In Japan, India, Greece, Spain and USA, low percentage (ND∼12 %) of PP'-DDT was similarly detected. No use of DDT was presumed in recent years or in the sampling date in all rivers except for Qiantang River of China surveyed in 2005.
Composition of T-HCH in fish from lakes in the world is shown in Figure 9 for the survey data in the 16 lakes in 8 countries of Europe, America, Asia and Africa from 1996 to 2008 [22-28, 35, 42, 44, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60, 61, 65, 68]. Composition of T-HC in Lake Biwa of Japan (α-HCH 7 %, β-HCH 91 % and γ-HCH 3 %) was similar to that in Lake Tai of China (α-HCH 10 %, β-HCH 84 % and γ-HCH 6 %). It was known that technical HCH (α-HCH 65∼70 %, β-HCH 6∼14 %, γ-HCH 10∼13 % andδ-HCH 5∼8 %) had been used in China, India and former Soviet Union since 1979 [103]. In Japan, technical HCH was also used without purification until 1971. This is the reason for the similarity of HCH composition in the fish between Japan and China (Lake Biwa and Lake Tai). However, the percentage of β-HCH in Yamdro Lake and Gaobeidian Lake was relatively low and the percentage of β-HCH in Lake Biwa of Japan was higher than that in the lakes of China. There was a probability of high β-HCH percentage in Japan because β-HCH was highly persistent and the period after prohibition on the use of β-HCH was longer in Japan than in China. On the other hand, the percentage of β-HCH in Rainbow trout and Japanese dace from Lake Mashu in Japan was low. Composition of T-HC in Japanese dace from Lake Mashu (α-HCH 64∼67 %, β-HCH 11 % and γ-HCH 22∼25 %) was much different from that of Lake Biwa (α-HCH 6∼8 %, β-HCH 89∼92 % and γ-HCH 2∼3 %). This is probably because HCH was loaded in Lake Mashu through the atmosphere [104] and the percentage of α-HCH in the water of Lake Mashu was much higher than that of Lake Biwa.
Figure 7.
Composition of T-DDT in fish from lakes in the world
Figure 8.
Composition of T-DDT in fish from rivers in the world
Figure 9.
Composition of T-HCH in fish from lakes in the world
On the other hand, purified lindane (γ-HCH: more than 99 %) was used in Europe and America differently from Japan, China, etc. This is probably because of the high percentage of γ-HCH in Bolsena Lake and Salto Lake of Italy, Sir Dam Lake of Turkey, Lake Burullus of Egypt, Lake Tanganyika of Burundi and three lakes of Ghana.
Composition of T-HCH in fish from rivers in the world is shown in Figure 10 for the survey data in the 11 rivers in 5 countries of Europe and Asia from 2001 to 2006 [51, 68, 73, 77, 86, 92, 100, 101].
In China, high percentage of γ-HCH was detected in Qiantang River and Huairou Reservoir differently from the survey data in the lakes. The use of lindane was presumed in the two river basins. In Korappuzha River of India, the use of technical HCH was presumed and this corresponded well to the report that technical HCH had been used in China, India and former Soviet Union since 1979 [103]. Particularly high percentage of γ-HCH was detected in Nestos River of Greece and this corresponded well to the use of lindane in Europe and America similarly in the case of the lake. For Okinawa Prefecture in Japan, the use of technical HCH in Shikaza River and Hija River and the use of lindane in Noha River were presumed from the composition of T-HCH shown in Figure 10. The high percentage of γ-HCH in Noha River did not correspond to the use of technical HCH in Japan.
Figure 10.
Composition of T-HCH in fish from rivers in the world
5. Conclusion
T-DDT concentrations in the fish from the lakes and rivers of America were relatively high, but those of Europe, Asia and Africa were relatively low. T-HCH concentrations in the fish were relatively low in both of the lakes and rivers in all over the world. T-DDT and T-HCH compositions were respectively compared among lakes and rivers from America, Europe, Asia and Africa. DDT was presumed to be used in Uganda, Egypt, Tanzania and Brazil in recent years or in the sampling date from the high percentage of pp'DDT in the composition of T-DDT and its metabolites in the several kinds of fish from Lake Edward, Lake Burullus, Lake Victoria and Ponta Grossa Lake. No use of DDT was presumed in USA and European countries from the low percentage of pp'DDT in the lake fish in the countries. Technical HCH was presumed to be used in Japan, China and India from the low percentage of γHCH in the composition of T-HCH in the lake and the river fish in the countries. On the contrary, Lindane was presumed to be used in the countries of Europe and Africa from the high percentage of γHCH in the lake and the river fish in the countries. Half-lives (t1/2) of T-DDT in fish from lakes in Japan, Canada, USA and Sweden were calculated from the long-term monitoring data using an exponential decay model to evaluate the decline rate of DDT contamination in the lake environment. The t1/2 values were 9 years for Lake Biwa in Japan, 11 years for Lake Ontario in Canada, 8 years for Lake Michigan in USA and 7 years for Lake Storvindeln in Sweden. There were no wide differences in the t1/2 values of T-DDT in the fish among the four lakes.
