Abstract
Piperaceae, a Latin name derived from Greek, which in turn originates from the Arabic word babary—black pepper, is considered one of the largest families of basal dicots, found in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The species that belong to this family have a primarily pantropical distribution, predominantly herbaceous members, occurring in tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Central America and the Amazon region. The Piperaceae family includes five genera: Piper, Peperomia, Manekia, Zippelia and Verhuellia. Brazil has about 500 species distributed in the Piper, Peperomia and Manekia genera. The Piper genus, the largest of the Piperaceae family, has about 4000 species. Within the Piper genus, about 260–450 species can be found in Brazil. Piper species have diverse biological activities and are used in pharmacopeia throughout the world. They are also used in folk medicine for treatment of many diseases in several countries including Brazil, China, India, Jamaica and Mexico. Pharmacological studies of Piper species point toward the vast potential of these plants to treat various diseases. Many of these species are biologically active and have shown antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, enzyme inhibitor, antiparasitic, antiplatelet, piscicide, allelopathic, antiophidic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, amebicide and diuretic possibilities.
Keywords
- Piperaceae
- Piper
- essential oils
- biological activities
- chemical constituents
1. Introduction
Nature, in general, has produced most of the known organic substances. Among the various kingdoms of nature, the plant kingdom has contributed most significantly to the supply of secondary metabolites. For example, essential oils derived from plants have great value due to their applications as medicines, cosmetics, food and agrochemicals [1, 2].
Essential oils constitute a complex mixture of low molecular weight substances (usually less than 500 Da) obtained by hydrodistillation or by extraction with organic solvents [2, 3]. A single plant may contain between 20 and 100 secondary metabolites belonging to different chemical classes. Terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and aromatic compounds are metabolites present in essential oils [2]. Among the terpenoids, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes make up the largest group of substances in essential oils [2, 4].
About 3000 essential oils are produced using less than 2000 plant species, among which 300 are important from a commercial point of view. Essential oil production is 40,000–60,000 tons/year with a market value estimated at $700 million, indicating an increase in production and essential oil consumption worldwide [2].
In Brazil, the production of essential oils began at the end of the second decade of the twentieth century based on the extraction of native species to meet the demands of the foreign market. Interest in essential oils is based not only on the possibility of obtaining aromatic compounds (pleasant odor) and the application of products such as perfumes, fragrances and cosmetics, but also on possessing therapeutic properties such as insecticides, fungicides, bactericides or a precursor compound of molecules with high added value [5].
2. Piperaceae family
Piperaceae is a Latin name derived from Greek, which in turn originates from the Arabic babary, which means black pepper. It is considered one of the largest families of basal dicots, present in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres [5]. In this family, there are species with a primarily pantropical distribution, having mostly herbaceous representatives (vines, shrubs and even some trees) [5, 6].
This family includes five genera:
3. Piper genus
In Brazil,
The
The decoction of
Many
Piperaceae’s contribution to scientific and technological knowledge is considered very significant. Chemistry studies of
4. Chemical composition of essential oils of the Piper species from Brazil
From a chemical point of view, essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile substances that are lipophilic and usually odoriferous and liquid. They are endowed with aromas that are almost always pleasant and colorless when recently extracted [29]. They can contain from 20 to 60 or more different compounds at various concentrations [30].
The composition of essential oils is constantly being transformed, according to seasonal variation and circadian rhythms. It may also be determined by genotype, environmental factors, and plant cultivation and collection procedures. It can vary according to geographical origin, drying, harvest time, type of fertilizer, but the main components responsible for the aroma seem to remain constant [31].
The
Species | Part of plant used | Main chemical compounds | Biological properties | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Spathulenol; caryophyllene oxide | Anti-leishmania ( | [32] | |
Aerial parts | α-pinene; β-selinene; α-selinene; selin-11-en-4-α-ol | Cytotoxic; antifungal; antioxidant; anticholinesterase | [33] | |
Leaves, stems, aerial parts | Caryophyllene oxide; spathulenol; β-pinene; camphene; δ-elemene; β-elemene; β-caryophyllene; germacrene D; bicyclogermacrene | Antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory; gastric antiulcer; cytotoxic; antifungal; antioxidant; anticholinesterase | [33, 34] | |
Fruits, leaves | β-pinene; E- caryophyllene; β-cubebene; β-elemene; α-copaene; α-farnesene; 1,8-cineole; α-terpineol; dillapiole | Larvicidal ( | [35–38] | |
Leaves | Antifungal ( | [39] | ||
Branches | Camphene | Antitumoral | [21] | |
Leaves | 1-butyl-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene; terpinolene; | Larvicidal ( | [11] | |
Leaves | ( | Antifungal | [40] | |
Leaves | Antifungal ( | [39] | ||
Leaves | Cytotoxic ( | [41] | ||
Aerial parts | δ-3-carene; limonene; α-copaene; β-caryophyllene; α-humulene; β-selinene; caryophyllene oxide | Cytotoxic; antifungal; antioxidant; anticholinesterase | [33] | |
Leaves | Safrol; α-terpinolene | Antifungal ( | [24, 42, 43] | |
Leaves | Asaricin; myristicin | Larvicidal ( | [44] | |
Leaves | Larvicidal ( | [44] | ||
Leaves | Antimicrobial; antifungal | [45] | ||
Leaves | Isoelemicin; Apiol; δ-guaiene | Antifungal ( | [35, 39] | |
Seeds | Limonene; | Larvicidal ( | [35] | |
Leaves | Dillapiol; myristicin | Larvicidal ( | [45] | |
Leaves | Anti-inflammatory | [46] |
An analysis of the essential oil from the leaves and stem of a
In Ref. [34], 35 constituents were identified in the essential oil from the leaves and stem of
In Ref. [48] mainly non-oxygenated sesquiterpenes were identified in the chemical composition of the essential oil of seven
From the literature about the phytochemical study of the essential oil of
According to Ref. [49], the essential oil from the leaves of
The study of the essential oil of three
The analysis of the essential oil of
Analyses of the essential oils from the leaves, stems and flowers of
5. Biological activities of essential oils of the Piper species from Brazil
Due to their complex chemical composition, essential oils show a range of pharmacological actions, making them potential sources for the development of new drugs [53].
The antimicrobial activity of essential oils, both
Work done with essential oils obtained from medicinal plants has shown activity on plant pathogen control that could replace the use of pesticides, which, in the long term, cause negative impacts on society and the environment due to pollution from their chemical waste [55]. The essential oils of
Ref. [43] evaluated the insecticidal activity of the essential oil of
Ref. [33] reported anticholinesterase activity for the essential oils of
Essential oils from the fruits of
In a study conducted by Girola et al. [21], the monoterpene camphene isolated from essential oil of
The essential oil of
The literature reports a wide range of essential oils from the
6. Conclusions and future perspectives
According to the literature, we can say that the essential oils from the
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