Abstract
This chapter starts with a brief mention of the Leishmania species and sandflies vectors that occur in the Neotropical region, especially in the Brazilian Amazon. The main focus of this chapter is a review of the taxonomic, biologic and epidemiologic studies conducted in Lutzomyia umbratilis, the main vector of Leishmania guyanensis in the northern region of Brazil. We associated these data with the population genetics studies carried out in this sandfly vector by our research team. The genetic studies were made with six samples of L. umbratilis from the central region of the Brazilian Amazon, using a large fragment (1,181 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA COI gene. Also, another study was conducted in these samples using the DNA barcode region. The results revealed rather high levels of genetic variability for all samples analyzed and a pronounced genetic differentiation between samples from both banks of the Negro and Amazon rivers. The degree of differentiation found may reflect the presence of distinct species within L. umbratilis, suggesting that the Amazon and Negro rivers may be acting as effective barriers, preventing gene flow between populations living on the two sides. These findings have important implications for epidemiology, especially regarding vector competence, which is vital information for surveillance and vector control strategies. Furthermore, this diversification process of L. umbratilis represents an interesting example for speciation studies.
Keywords
- Sandflies
- Brazilian Amazon
- Population genetics
- Speciation
- Cryptic species
1. Introduction
Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are insects of medical and veterinary importance since they are involved in transmission of various pathogens (bacteria, virus and protozoa) that cause diseases such as Bartonellosis, Arboviruses and Leishmaniasis. The latter is caused by trypanosomatids of the genus
In the Americas, CL occurs from southern USA to northern Argentina, but its main focus is concentrated in South America, especially in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru, with approximately 90% of the recorded cases of the muco-cutaneous type [5,6]. Yet, in spite of its importance, leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world [5].
In Brazil, there has been an expansion of this disease since 1950 [7,8]. Currently, CL has been reported in all Brazilian states, causing outbreaks in several regions of country [9], especially in the Brazilian Amazon. This situation has been correlated to several factors, such as deforestation, the construction of highways and dams, implementation of agricultural poles, migrations of human populations, new mining ventures, the emergence of villages and cities, the use of forest locations for military training, among other factors [6-8,10-16].
There are approximately 30 species of
In addition to those listed in Table 1, other species of sandflies have been observed in the Brazilian Amazon region, harboring
The detection and identification of the
Phlebotomine sandflies are amply distributed in all continents, except in Antarctica. Out of the six genera belonging to the subfamily Phlebotominae, only
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Visceral and cutaneous* |
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Group |
Canids ( |
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Not registered |
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Ungrouped Group |
Rodents ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Rodents ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Unknown |
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Cutaneous |
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Rodents ( Marsupials ( fox ( |
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Not registered |
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Marsupials ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Group |
Marsupials ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Ungrouped |
Domestic cat |
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Not registered |
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Rodents ( |
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Not registered | Unknown | Rondent( |
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Not registered | Unknown | Rondent ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Rodents ( spp., |
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Cutaneous |
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Group |
Rodent ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Xenarthrans ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Xenarthrans ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Rodent ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Xenarthrans ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Primates ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Xenarthrans( |
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Not registered |
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Xenarthrans ( |
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Cutaneous |
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Unknown |
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Not registered |
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Unknown |
Similar to other insect groups, the Brazilian Amazon hosts a large diversity of sandfly species likely because of the great variety of ecological niches available [36] which are favorable for survival and reproduction. For example, in a single hectare of forest 50 sandfly species were captured [37]. This high level of diversity of insect vectors and also of reservoirs permits the simultaneous circulation of several species of
In northern South America, in particular in the Brazilian Amazon region, the transmission of CL is associated to
2. Distribution, biological aspects and population genetics of Lutzomyia umbratilis
In the last years, as genetic molecular markers became available, the number of studies on population genetics and evolutionary genetics in sandfly species has significantly increased [44-49], and the results have revealed large intra-population genetic variation, genetically populations structured, genetic lineages and cryptic species complexes. In the case of vector species, the knowledge of the genetic structure of populations and the processes responsible for the differentiation distribution is important for the identification of the disease transmission heterogeneity patterns. Such patterns are often produced by the presence of cryptic species, structured populations and/or genetic lineages, which may show variation in the degrees of anthropophily, susceptibility of females to infection by the pathogen, infection rates and females longevity. The identification of these factors is of paramount importance for developing effective management and vector control strategies.
The diversification patterns (structured populations, lineages, complete speciation) observed in sandfly species have generally been associated to multiple factors, such as climate barriers (or climate events in the past), geographic distances, differences in latitude or altitude, habitat modification, landscape fragmentation caused by anthropogenic actions and others, vegetation type or geographic barriers (rivers, mountains). These factors can reduce the dispersal capacity of sandflies, leading them to become isolated populations and causing loss of genetic diversity and increase of differentiation among the populations, as discussed by Ready et al. [50] with regard to
Despite its importance as vector and the probable existence of a cryptic species complex, only few studies have tested the role of the rivers barrier in the genetic subdivision of
In addition to the isozyme studies mentioned above, the most recent population genetics analyses were performed on the six
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Latitude; Longitude | |||
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Cachoeira Porteira, Oriximiná, Pará | 1° 28’ S; 56° 22’ W | 18 |
BR-174 Highway, Amazonas | 2° 36’ S; 60° 02’ W | 15 | |
Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas | 2° 43’ S; 59° 47’ W | 15 | |
Manaus, Amazonas | 3° 04’ S; 59° 57’ W | 4 | |
Manacapuru, Amazonas | 3° 14’ S; 60° 31’ W | 24 | |
Novo Airão, Amazonas | 2° 47’ S; 60° 55’ W | 35 |
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Cachoeira Porteira x BR-174 Highway | 0.0522 (368.40) | 3.52 | 0.00297 | 0.00017 | 4 | 0 |
Cachoeira Porteira x Rio Preto da Eva | 0.0569*** (353.67) | 2.99 | 0.00248 | 0.00017 | 2 | 0 |
Cachoeira Porteira x Manaus | 0.0230 (394.02) | 3.92 | 0.00332 | 0.00025 | 1 | 0 |
BR-174 Highway x Rio Preto da Eva | 0.0189 (30.46) | 1.48 | 0.00125 | 0.00002 | 3 | 0 |
BR-174 Highway x Manaus | -0.0390 (56.29) | 2.20 | 0.00187 | -0.00012 | 3 | 0 |
Rio Preto da Eva x Manaus | 0.1841 (45.35) | 1.87 | 0.00158 | 0.00008 | 2 | 0 |
Manacapuru x Novo Airão | 0.0548 (58.74) | 1.81 | 0.00153 | 0.00008 | 4 | 0 |
Cachoeira Porteira x |
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10.19 |
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BR-174 Highway x |
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9.78 |
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Rio Preto da Eva x |
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8.98 |
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Manaus x |
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10.42 |
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Cachoeira Porteira x |
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10.55 |
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BR-174 Highway x |
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10.21 |
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Rio Preto da Eva x |
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9.43 |
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Manaus x |
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10.84 |
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9.99 |
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Another study was conducted subsequently on these
The genetic differentiation observed in these studies supports the biological and morphological differences reported by Justiniano [67] and Justiniano et al. [66]. These results strongly indicate that
Little is known about the natural breeding sites of
Another interesting approach could be genomic population studies using multilocus analysis, especially using loci which are involved in the different biologic aspects of
3. Conclusion
The two genetic lineages of
Finally, further studies of these populations using other molecular genetic markers, as well as additional sampling along the river banks and within interfluves in the Brazilian Amazon, are clearly needed to allow a more precise estimate of the differentiation, number of clades or distinct species. Studies of this kind are currently under way in our laboratory.
Acknowledgments
The results of the articles our team cited here were funded by MCTI/INPA, Brazil, and by grants from the Amazonas Research Foundation (FAPEAM-Universal-Amazonas, process number 3111/2012), Brazil, from the INCT-CENBAM/CNPq/FAPEAM/INPA, Brazil, and from the PRO-EQUIPAMENT/CAPES, Brazil.
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